<p>En mängd forskning har gjorts kring kvinnors hinder att nå chefspositioner och vilka fördomar kvinnliga chefer möter. Många studier visar att fördomar bottnar i bristande överensstämmelse mellan den kvinnliga könsrollen och ledarskapsrollen. Syftet med studien (n = 683) var att undersöka attityder till ledarskap och jämföra hur män och kvinnor inom två könssegregerade yrkesgrupper, sjuksköterskor och poliser, attribuerar manliga respektive kvinnliga egenskaper till ledaregenskaper. Hypoteserna baserades bland annat</p><p>på social identitetsteori. Resultatet visade att bägge yrkesgrupper förknippade framgångsrikt ledarskap med både kvinnliga och manliga egenskaper. Dock var sjuksköterskors skattning av kvinnliga egenskaper kontra ledaregenskaper högre än deras skattning av manliga egenskaper i förhållande till ledaregenskaper. Signifikant högre grad av fördomsbenägenhet gentemot kvinnliga ledare kunde påvisas bland poliserna.</p> / <p>It has been shown that barriers and prejudice’s impede women’s progress to managerial levels. Studies show that prejudice’s derives from perceived sextyping of the managerial role. The aim of the present (n = 683) study was to examine attitudes towards leadership and compare how men and women within two gender segregated occupational groups, nurses and polices, attributes male and female characteristics to successful management. The hypotheses were based on social identity theory. Results revealed that both occupational groups associate successful management with both male and female characteristics. However, nurses’ valuation of female characteristics counter managerial characteristics was higher than their valuation of male characteristics versus managerial characteristics. A significant higher level of prejudice towards female leaders was found among polices.</p>

En mängd forskning har gjorts kring kvinnors hinder att nå chefspositioner och vilka fördomar kvinnliga chefer möter. Många studier visar att fördomar bottnar i bristande överensstämmelse mellan den kvinnliga könsrollen och ledarskapsrollen. Syftet med studien (n = 683) var att undersöka attityder till ledarskap och jämföra hur män och kvinnor inom två könssegregerade yrkesgrupper, sjuksköterskor och poliser, attribuerar manliga respektive kvinnliga egenskaper till ledaregenskaper. Hypoteserna baserades bland annat på social identitetsteori. Resultatet visade att bägge yrkesgrupper förknippade framgångsrikt ledarskap med både kvinnliga och manliga egenskaper. Dock var sjuksköterskors skattning av kvinnliga egenskaper kontra ledaregenskaper högre än deras skattning av manliga egenskaper i förhållande till ledaregenskaper. Signifikant högre grad av fördomsbenägenhet gentemot kvinnliga ledare kunde påvisas bland poliserna. / It has been shown that barriers and prejudice’s impede women’s progress to managerial levels. Studies show that prejudice’s derives from perceived sextyping of the managerial role. The aim of the present (n = 683) study was to examine attitudes towards leadership and compare how men and women within two gender segregated occupational groups, nurses and polices, attributes male and female characteristics to successful management. The hypotheses were based on social identity theory. Results revealed that both occupational groups associate successful management with both male and female characteristics. However, nurses’ valuation of female characteristics counter managerial characteristics was higher than their valuation of male characteristics versus managerial characteristics. A significant higher level of prejudice towards female leaders was found among polices.

Worldwide, education systems have undergone unprecedented change due to a variety of economic, social, and political forces (Limerick, Cunnington & Crowther, 2002). The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is no exception. Continuous educational reform at primary and secondary levels in Mainland China has created new challenges and accountabilities for school principals. The important role of principals in primary and secondary schools has been acknowledged in both policy documents and the broader literature (Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, 1985; F. Chen, 2005; Chu, 2003; W. Huang, 2005; T. Wang, 2003). Yet, most of the literature on primary and secondary school principals in Mainland China is prescriptive in nature, identifying from the perspectives of researchers and academics what principals should do and how they should enact leadership. Lacking in this research is an awareness of the daily practices and lived experiences of principals. Furthermore, within the small body of writing on primary and secondary school principals in Mainland China, gender is seldom given any attention. To date, only a small number of empirical studies have focused on female principals as a specific category of research (Zen, 2004; Zhong, 2004). This study aimed to explore the professional lives of two female exemplary school principals in urban primary schools in Mainland China. A qualitative exploratory case study was used. Semi-structured interviews with each individual female principal, with six teachers in each of the school sites and with the superintendent of each principal were conducted. Field observations and document analysis were also undertaken to obtain multiple insights about their leadership practices. The conceptual framework was based largely on the theory of Gronn (1999) and incorporated five core leadership practices (vision building, ethical considerations, teaching and learning, power utilisation, and dealing with risks and challenges) taken from the wider literature. The key findings of this study were twofold. Firstly, while the five leadership practices were evident in the leadership of the two principals, this study identified some subtle differences in the way they approached each of them. Secondly, contextual factors such as Chinese traditional culture, the contemporary societal context, and the school organisational context, in addition to the biographical experiences of each principal were significant factors in shaping the way in which they exercised their leadership practices in the schools.

With the increasing role played by the females in Chinese economic development, females draw attention from the public promptly. Since Chinese female achieved legally equal rights with male recently, female are still underrepresented at higher organizational levels. The previous researches on female leadership are plentiful and covered various dimensions. In Chinese context, the female leadership is embodied with the empowerment of female entrepreneurs.  Hence, this research is concentrate the challenges facing Chinese female in their work, to meet the attention of why there are less top female leaders and why it is more difficult for female to approach higher leadership levels. The main research question of this thesis is: Why Chinese female facing more challenges/difficulties to move up in their leadership ladders compared to male? Following the qualitative research method, this thesis applies the theory of leadership, gender perspectives in leadership, and female leadership as the theoretical framework. Then, six Chinese female were interviewed for the investigation as the primary data collection. From the dedicated perspectives of the interviewees, the answers are concluded about the research question: ◆  Transformational leadership style makes female fit into male-dominant context. ◆  The gender bias and stereotypes of female still exist and played negative effects. ◆  Balancing the needs between their families and their work is a challenge for female to overcome.

This study examines commonalities and differences in leadership choices preferred by female leaders in Kazakhstan, Sweden and the United States of America. The results of the study show that all respondents (1) value the same leadership traits; (2) recognize the importance of mentorship; (3) share the same opinion about what is the most common mistake that can derail a leader's career and (4) face the same challenges at the workplace. The study revealed differences in following categories: (1) family-work balance issue; (2) conflicts at the workplace; (3) leadership development practices; (4) choosing among equally - qualified candidates. Since the entire Central Asian region is largely overlooked in cultural analysis of managerial styles, I also suggest an original cultural metaphor for Kazakhstan and an original dimensional analysis of Kazakh culture. I also argue that leadership choices develop and transform over the time adjusting to the changes of the social reality.

The subject of female leadership has been widely discussed during the last decades and previous studies has shown that the management is unequal in terms of gender. Previous studies regarding female leadership has often been compared to management administered by male leaders. In this study we want to eliminate the thoughts and norms about male leadership and instead focus on differences within a group of female leaders. Therefore, is the aim of this essay to examine how six female leaders experience their leadership and determine if age and former experiences have an effect. The method follows a qualitative research design based on six semi structured interviews. To unveil potential social differences and distinctions between diverse generations, we have compared responses form three older female leaders with at least 25 years of experience, with three younger leaders with less experience. The applied theories in this paper cover gender roles, leadership, habitus and different kinds of recruitment processes. The outcome shows that the differences between the two age groups are relative small. Despite this, the results shows that the perceived gender roles and its obstacles tend to diminish with increased age and experience. / Kvinnligt ledarskap har sedan flera årtionden tillbaka varit ett omtalat ämne där majoriteten av tidigare forskning studerat kvinnligt ledarskap i relation till det manliga. Eftersom samhället successivt förändras, i en riktning där allt fler kvinnliga ledare träder fram, har vi valt att inrikta oss på kvinnligt ledarskap. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kvinnliga ledares upplevelser av hur det är att arbeta i en ledande position inom den privata sektorn. Vi har valt att jämföra äldre kvinnliga ledare med minst 25 års erfarenhet med yngre kvinnliga ledare med mindre erfarenhet av ledarskap. Anledningen till detta är för att undersöka om eventuella samhälls- och generationsskillnader har en inverkan. Studien tar utgångspunkt i ledarskapsteorier, genusteorier, Bourdieus habitusbegrepp samt olika rekryteringsstrategier. Då fokus har varit att studera kvinnornas upplevelser har vi valt en kvalitativ metod där vi genomfört sex stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien visade att det är en förvånansvärt liten skillnad i upplevelsen av ledarskap mellan yngre och äldre kvinnliga ledare. Det går dock att konstatera att ökad erfarenhet samt ökande ålder minskar upplevelsen av könsstrukturernas begränsningar.

Research shows that women face a lot of obstacles in working life, but how do male employees really view female leadership? The purpose of this study is to investigate what beliefs and experiences men in a male-dominated industry have of female leadership. A deeper understanding wants to be reached about why male employees have beliefs about female leadership. Furthermore, female leadership is studied in relation to male leadership to highlight any hidden beliefs. The previous research highlights gendered leadership, how men are perceived to lead and how women are perceived to lead. Then there is the issue of female leadership in male-dominated industries as well as obstacles and notions of female leadership. Thus, it would be interesting to study male employees' performances and experiences of female leadership in male-dominated industries. To highlight hidden beliefs, the transition from a male to a female boss is studied in a male-dominated industry.The study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews. The results of the study show that there are notions of female leadership. Where gender norms and gender structures can be an influence factor in men's negative beliefs. There are also results of informants feeling that female and male leadership differ. The woman is perceived more relationship-oriented and the man more goal-oriented. Thus, these notions of female leadership seem to form the basis of how men interpret and experience the leadership of their female bosses. / Forskning visar att kvinnor möter en hel del hinder i arbetslivet, men hur ser manligt anställda egentligen på kvinnligt ledarskap? Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka föreställningar och upplevelser män i en mansdominerad bransch har av kvinnligt ledarskap. En djupare förståelse vill nås om varför manliga anställda har föreställningar kring kvinnligt ledarskap. Vidare studeras kvinnligt ledarskap i relation till manligt ledarskap för att synliggöra eventuella dolda föreställningar. Den tidigare forskningen belyser könat ledarskap, hur män uppfattas leda och hur kvinnor uppfattas leda. Sedan tas det upp om kvinnligt ledarskap i mansdominerade branscher samt hinder och föreställningar om kvinnligt ledarskap. Därmed vore det intressant att studera manliga anställdas föreställningar och upplevelser av kvinnligt ledarskap i mansdominerade branscher. För att synliggöra dolda föreställningar studeras övergången från en manlig till en kvinnlig chef i en mansdominerad bransch.Studien baserar sig på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet i studien visar på att det finns föreställningar om kvinnligt ledarskap. Där könsnormer och könsstrukturer kan vara en påverkningsfaktor till männens negativa föreställningar. Det förekommer även resultat på att informanterna upplever att kvinnligt och manligt ledarskap skiljer sig åt. Kvinnan uppfattas mer relationsorienterad och mannen mer målorienterad. Således verkar dessa föreställningar om kvinnligt ledarskap ligga till grund för hur män tolkar och upplever deras kvinnliga chefers ledarskap.

El presente Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional (TSP) tiene como objetivo principal explicar la controversia del liderazgo emocional femenino y su participación en la sostenibilidad de las empresas familiares. Mediante la recopilación de fuentes de información científica se explica las diferentes posturas de cada autor a favor o en contra del tema. Además, es punto de partida que inicia futuras investigaciones del desarrollo del liderazgo femenino. Así mismo, su participación en la sostenibilidad de las empresas familiares a nivel nacional y Latinoamérica. Por otro lado, fomenta igualdad de género en nuestra realidad nacional y propone soluciones a barreras que enfrentan las mujeres para desarrollar su liderazgo. En el capítulo uno, se indica el tema de investigación, se explica la realidad problemática y formulación del problema. Además, se describe el método de la investigación, relevancia, objetivo principal y objetivos específicos. En el capítulo dos, se desarrolla el marco teórico que incluye definiciones básicas del tema que estamos investigando. En el capítulo treses el desarrollo de la investigación, en donde se propone cuatro criterios sobresalientes provenientes de la información controversial recopilada de la base de fuentes científicas. En el capítulo cuatro, se desarrolla el análisis de los resultados. Posturas controversiales del tema. Por último, en el capítulo cinco se plasman las conclusiones a la que hemos llegado después de haber realizado nuestra investigación. / This Professional Proficiency Work (TSP) has as its main objective to explain the controversy of female emotional leadership and its participation on the sustainability of family Business. Through the collection of sources of information, the different position of each author in favor or against the subject will be explained. Likewise, it is a starting point to continue more research about of female leadership and repercussions in family businesses nationally and internationally. On the other hand, it fosters gender equality in our national reality and / or proposes solutions to barriers faced by women to develop their leadership. In chapter 1, the research topic is indicated, the problematic reality and problem formulation are explained. In addition, the research method, relevance, main objective and specific objectives are described. In Chapter 2, the theoretical framework is developed that includes basic definitions of the subject we are investigating. In Chapter 3 is the development of research, where 4 outstanding criteria are proposed from the controversial information collected from the base of scientific sources. In chapter 4, the analysis of the results is developed. Controversial positions of the subject. Finally, chapter 5 shows the conclusions we have reached after having conducted our research.

On the Swedish labor market, there is gender segregation within various professions and a dominance of men in leadership positions. Female leadership in male-dominated industries has increased recently, which has brought challenges as these industries and work roles are traditionally associated with male norms. The purpose of this study is to examine how female leaders experience that they behave and how they experience and handle the treatment at four male-dominated industrial companies. Previous research mainly emphasizes the challenges faced by women in male-dominated industries and leadership positions, and reflects few benefits. This qualitative study is based on material collected through semi-structured interviews with six female leaders in male-dominated industries. The results show that how the female leaders experience that they behave and are treated by colleagues and customers at male-dominated industrial companies differs, but that the majority feel that they adapt to the male norm and are treated differently because they are women. The empirical data also shows that the female leaders' use of different strategies in some cases indicates that they challenge the male norm within the industrial company. / På den svenska arbetsmarknaden finns en könssegregering inom olika yrken och en dominans av män inom ledarskapspositioner. Kvinnligt ledarskap på mansdominerade industriföretag har ökat på senare tid vilket har medfört utmaningar då dessa industrier och arbetsroller traditionellt sett förknippas med manliga normer. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kvinnliga ledare upplever att de beter sig och hur de upplever och hanterar bemötandet på fyra mansdominerade industriföretag. Tidigare forskning betonar främst den problematik som finns i mansdominerade branscher och inom ledarskapspositioner för kvinnor, och skildrar få fördelar. Denna kvalitativa studie baseras på material insamlat via intervjuer med sex kvinnliga ledare på fyra olika mansdominerade industriföretag. Resultatet visar att hur de kvinnliga ledarna upplever att de beter sig och blir bemötta av kollegor och kunder på mansdominerade industriföretag skiljer sig åt, men att majoriteten upplever att de anpassar sig till mansnormen och blir bemötta annorlunda på grund av att de är kvinnor. Empirin visar även att de kvinnliga ledarnas användning av olika strategier i vissa fall indikerar att de utmanar mansnormen inom industriföretaget.

<p> </p><p>The purpose of this case study was to view if there were any differences and similarities between Swedish and American female leaders, with focus on the Swedish female leaders. We also wanted to find out if the American female leaders had problem whit the classcelling.</p><p>Our case study is a quality method, because we wanted to reach the dep't that quality methods can reach. We interviewed four Swedish female leaders and tried to get in touch whit American female leaders but whit out any success. So instead we analyzed already existing research about the American female leadership. </p><p>Our result showed that there were some differences between the two countries; in the same time we also found similarities. The classcelling tends to exist more in Sweden than in the US. </p><p> </p><p> </p>