The Interactions and magnetization reversal of Ni nanowire arrays and synthetic anit-ferromagnetic coupled thin film trilayers have been investigated through first order reversal curve (FORC) method. By using a quantitative analysis of the local interaction field profile distributions obtained from FORC, it has proven to be a powerful characterization tool that can reveal subtle features of magnetic interactions.

This thesis uses ferromagnetic resonance to explore the current-induced torques (CITs) in two different systems, namely YIG/heavy metal bilayers and bulk NiMnSb, at room temperature. We apply a microwave current to the sample while sweeping the external magnetic field, and measure the longitudinal DC voltage. From a symmetry analysis of the ferromagnetic resonance lineshape, the amplitudes and directions of the CITs parameterised by an effective magnetic field are accurately estimated. In Chapter 4, YIG samples of different thickness, capped by either Pt or Ta, are studied. The resonance is driven by both spin-transfer torque and Oersted field, and the DC voltage is attributed to both spin rectification and spin pumping. The CITs can be well analysed from the lineshape of the voltage and its dependence on YIG thickness, from which we deduce that the Oersted field dominates over the spin-transfer torque in driving magnetization dynamics. In Chapter 5, we characterise the CITs in bulk NiMnSb induced by the relativistic spin-orbit coupling effect. Both field-like and antidamping-like spin-orbit torques are observed and analysed in detail. At the end of this chapter, we study the spin-wave resonance driven by the CITs, from which the exchange stiffness of NiMnSb is determined. In Chapter 6, we extrapolate a new form of magnetoresistance in NiMnSb: unidirectional spin-orbit magnetoresistance (USOMR). USOMR scales linearly with the current and has opposite sign when the magnetization is reversed. Similar to the giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers, USOMR can be used to distinguish between two opposite magnetization directions directly in the bulk of the ferromagnet.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15670号 / 工博第3328号 / 新制||工||1502(附属図書館) / 28207 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 勝久, 教授 平尾 一之, 教授 横尾 俊信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Among the many non-equilibrium processes encountered in nature we deal with two different but related aspects. One is the non-equilibrium relaxation process that is at the origin of \'aging phenomena••, and the other one is a non-equilibrium phase transition, called ••dynamic phase transition••. One of the main purposes of our research is to explore more realistic situations than studied previously. Indeed, in the study of aging phenomena certain kinds of disorder effects are considered, and we introduce the ••surface•• as a spatial boundary to the system undergoing the dynamic phase transition. In order to observe these processes as clearly as possible, we study in both cases simple spin systems. Using Monte Carlo simulations we first investigate aging in three-dimensional Ising spin glasses as well as in two-dimensional Ising models with disorder quenched to low temperatures. The time-dependent dynamical correlation length L(t) is determined numerically and the scaling behavior of various two-time quantities as a function of L(t)/L(s) is discussed where t and s are two different times. For disordered Ising models deviations of L(t) from algebraic growth law show up. The generalized scaling forms as a function of L(t)/L(s) reveal a generic simple aging scenario for Ising spin glasses as well as for disordered Ising ferromagnets. We also study the local critical phenomena at a dynamic phase transition by means of numerical simulations of kinetic Ising models with surfaces subjected to a periodic oscillating field. We examine layer-dependent quantities, such as the period-averaged magnetization per layer Q(z) and the layer susceptibility ¥ö(z), and determine local critical exponents through finite size scaling. Both for two and three dimensions, we find that the values of the surface exponents differ from those of the equilibrium critical surface. It is revealed that the surface phase diagram of the non-equilibrium system is not identical to that of the equilibrium system in three dimensions. / Ph. D.

Extensive research work was carried out in past few decades to synthesize new compounds with extended structures by employing various organic linkers and metals. A large number of potential applications of these coordination polymer materials were explored as it contains both inorganic metals as well as organic molecules. The large open pores of coordination polymer compounds were explored for applications such as absorption, separation, and catalysis etc. whereas the framework part provides a model system to study physical properties such as magnetism, luminescence, ferroelectricity etc. We were mainly interested in designing new magnetic materials with extended structures which is the primary objective of this thesis. To study this a systematic investigations are carried out with azide bridged copper(II) compounds. Azide is a versatile ligand which possesses a large number of bridging modes. On the other hand, the coordination flexibility offered by the copper centres makes it to possess diverse coordination number (4-6) as well as geometry. Copper-azide compounds were synthesized at room temperature and the structure was determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Structure and magnetic behavior of the copper-azide compounds were studied and discussed here in this thesis. Further, we have studied selective absorption and separation of aliphatic nitrile compounds by employing a two-dimensional interdigitated coordination polymer. In addition, transformation studies of a Ni5 cluster to a Ni9 cluster have also been carried out. Chapter 1 of this thesis presents a brief overview of azide based compounds and summarizes important copper-azide compounds and their magnetic behavior. In chapter 2, synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of two-dimensional copper-azide based compounds have been presented. Field dependent magnetic studies were also carried out for all the compounds. Chapter 3 presents the synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of copper-azide compounds where 1,2-diaminopropane was employed as a site blocking agent. In chapter 4, the synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of two isostructural three-dimensional copper-azides are presented. In chapter 5, synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of the azide based one and two-dimensional compounds are presented. Chapter 6 presents synthesis and structure of a two-dimensional inter-digitated coordination polymer compounds. The selective absorption and separation of aliphatic nitriles were also presented in this chapter. In chapter 7, synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of Ni clusters are presented. A transformation study to convert a Ni5 cluster to Ni9 cluster was also carried out and presented in this chapter.

Orientadores: Harry Westfahl Junior, Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_RafaelMonteiro_D.pdf: 6829160 bytes, checksum: 4dfae2ffd4b06c5c3c1f89f399700913 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Um dos objetivos centrais das Ciências Naturais é relacionar as estruturas dos mais diversos sistemas com as funções particulares que os caracterizam. Por exemplo, no que se refere a materiais, sejam eles sintéticos ou biológicos, a ciência está constantemente buscando a predição de diferentes propriedades macroscópicas a partir do conhecimento das suas estruturas mi- croscópicas. Nesta tese, investigamos as propriedades magnéticas e de transporte de sistemas que apresentam interações competitivas em diferentes escalas de comprimento. Como resultado desta competição, surge um estado termodinâmico caracterizado por um parâmetro de ordem modulado, dando origem a uma série de con.gurações espacialmente inomogêneas. A termo- dinâmica destes estados modulados pode ser descrita pelo chamado modelo de Brazovskii, que prevê uma transição de primeira ordem, induzida pelas .utuações do parâmetro de ordem, entre a fase homogênea e a fase modulada. Há uma vasta gama de sistemas encontrados na Natureza que parecem se encaixar nesta descrição de Brazovskii, compreendendo estruturas tão díspares quanto cristais líquidos e condensados de píons em estrelas de nêutrons. No presente trabalho, investigamos dois sistemas físicos particulares. Motivados pela rica variedade de domínios obser- vados experimentalmente em filmes finos magnéticos, estudamos as propriedades magnéticas de blocos ferromagnéticos dipolares com dimensões finitas e condições de contorno não-periódicas. Desenvolvendo uma modelagem baseada na solução da Hamiltoniana de Brazovskii, pudemos explicar, de maneira inédita e consistente, a estrutura de domínios magnéticos dos filmes finos de MnAs:GaAs, um promissor candidato a aplicações no campo da spintrônica. Além disso, estabelecemos uma relação clara entre o fenômeno de reorientação magnética e a mudança na forma das curvas de histerese observada nesses filmes. O segundo tipo de sistemas que in- vestigamos foram os isolantes de Mott, cujas propriedades de transporte foram determinadas a partir do modelo de redes de resistores correlacionados. Considerando que a transição de Mott térmica pertence à classe de universalidade de Ising, mostramos que a condutividade macroscópica depende não apenas da magnetização, mas também da densidade de energia, dando origem a um comportamento de crossover. Através destes resultados, lançamos luz sobre a aparente e misteriosa incoerência entre as previsões teóricas e as medidas experimentais recentes envolvendo isolantes de Mott não-dopados. Prosseguindo para as fases inomogêneas dos isolantes de Mott dopados, estudamos a condutividade macroscópica das mesofases eletrônicas com ordenamento de carga esmético e nemático, as quais são encontradas nos niquelatos e nos cupratos, respectivamente. Inspirados nos conceitos da Física dos cristais líquidos, expressamos de forma bastante intuitiva a relação entre as propriedades de transporte e a termodinâmica das mesofases eletrônicas anisotrópicas, descrita pelo modelo de Brazovskii / Abstract: Natural Sciences is to relate the structures of systems to example, in what concerns materials, either synthetic or for the prediction of different macroscopic properties from the knowledge of their microscopic structure. In this thesis, we investigate the magnetic and transport properties of systems with competing interactions in distinct length scales. As a result of such a competition, there is a thermodynamic state characterized by a modulated order parameter, originating a set of spatially inhomogeneous con½gurations. The thermodynamics of these modulated states can be described by the so-called Brazovskii model, which predicts a fluctuation induced first order transition from the homogeneous phase to the modulated phase. There is a large diversity of systems for which the Brazovskii description seems suitable, including utterly disparate structures such as liquid crystals and pion condensates in neutron stars. In the present work, we investigate two particular physical systems. Motivated by the rich variety of domains experimentally observed in magnetic thin films, we study the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic dipolar slabs with finite dimensions and non-periodic boundary conditions. After developing a model based on the solution of the Brazovskii Hamiltonian, we were able to explain, in a consistent and novel way, the magnetic domain structures of MnAs:GaAs thin films, which are promising candidates for spintronics devices. Moreover, we established a clear connection between the film's magnetic reorientation and the experimentally observed change in the hysterisis loops shape. The second class of systems we investigated were the Mott insulators, whose transport properties were determined from the correlated resistor network model. After considering that the finite temperature Mott transition belongs to the Ising universality class, we showed that the macroscopic conductivity depends not only on the magnetization, but also on the energy density, giving rise to crossover behaviour. Using these results, we shed light upon the apparent and mysterious inconsistency between the theoretical predictions and the experimental measurements regarding undoped Mott insulators. Proceeding to the inhomogeneous phases of doped Mott insulators, we studied the macroscopic conductivity of electronic mesophases with smectic and nematic charge ordering, which are found in the nickelates an in the cuprates, respectively. Inspired by the concepts from the Physics of liquid crystals, we expressed in an intuitive way the connection between the transport properties and the thermodynamics of anisotropic electronic mesophases described by the Brazovskii model / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

No description available.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Um formalismo da funÃÃo de Green à usado para calcular o espectro de excitaÃÃes associadas com uma impureza magnÃtica localizada intersticialmente em diferentes estruturas ferromagnÃticas descritas pelo modelo de Ising e de Heisenberg. No capÃtulo 3, descrevemos um ferromagneto de rede cÃbica simples semi-infinita atravÃs do modelo de Ising. Neste caso, as excitaÃÃes nÃo-ressonantes (isto Ã, os modos de defeito fora da regiÃo das ondas de spin de volume e de superfÃcie) e as excitaÃÃes ressonantes (os modos de defeito dentro da regiÃo das ondas de spin de volume) sÃo calculadas numericamente para a fase de alta-temperatura. Duas situaÃÃes sÃo analisadas, dependendo da posiÃÃo da impureza em relaÃÃo a seus vizinhos: a impureza està na superfÃcie; a impureza està na regiÃo de volume. Nos demais capÃtulos, usamos o modelo de Heisenberg/Ising (onde passamos do modelo de Heisenberg para o de Ising atravÃs do controle de um parÃmetro) para descrever os seguintes sistemas: ferromagneto de rede quadrada infinita (capÃtulo 4), ferromagneto de rede quadrada centrada infinita (capÃtulo 5), ferromagneto de rede cÃbica de corpo centrado infinita (capÃtulo 6) e rede favo de mel infinita (capÃtulo 7), todos contendo uma impureza magnÃtica localizada intersticialmente. Nos trÃs primeiros casos, sÃo calculados apenas os modos de defeito acima da banda de volume do material puro (modos Ãpticos). No capÃtulo 7, sÃo analisados apenas os modos de defeito abaixo da banda de volume do material puro (modos acÃsticos).

In dieser Arbeit werden Resultate elektronischer Transportmessungen von supraleitenden Eisenpniktiden und ferromagnetischen Heusler-Verbindungen diskutiert. Die Eisenpniktide sind eine neuartige Klassen von Hochtemperatursupraleitern, deren Eigenschaften sich aus einem Zusammenspiel von Supraleitung und Magnetismus ergeben. Während die sogenannten 122-Pniktide Antiferromagnetismus aufweisen und unter Dotierung in einen supraleitenden Zustand übergehen, konnte in dotiertem LiFeAs Ferromagnetismus beobachtet werden. Undotiert hingegen zeigt dieses Material interessante supraleitende Eigenschaften. Die Heusler-Verbindungen sind u.a. durch ihren Ferromagnetismus bekannt. Das hier untersuchte Co2FeSi ist einer der stärksten Ferromagnete. Der in diesem Material vorhergesagte vollständig spinpolarisierte elektronische Transport, d.h. alle Leitungselektronen besitzen den gleichen Spin, konnte nachgewiesen werden. Die hier genannten Eigenschaften können exzellent mit der Methode der elektronischen Transportmessungen untersucht werden. Deren Ergebnisse aus Messungen an Einkristallen werden in dieser Arbeit diskutiert. / In this work, results of electronic transport measurements are discussed for superconducting iron pnictides as well as for ferromagnetic Heusler compounds. The iron pnictides are a recently discovered class of high temperature superconductors where magnetism might play a crucial role. While the 122-pnictides show antiferromagnetism and migrate to the superconducting state upon doping, ferromagnetism has been observed in doped LiFeAs. On the other hand, in the undoped state this material shows interesting superconducting properties. Among other propierties, Heusler compounds are well known due to their ferromagnetism. Co2FeSi, which was investigated in this work, is one of the strongest ferromagnets. Beside this, one predicts this compound to be a half-metallic ferromagnet with completely spin polarized electronic transport where all conducting electrons have the same spin. The here addressed properties can well be investigated with the method of electronic transport measurements, whose results on single crystals are discussed in this work.

En aquest treball de tesi doctoral es presenta l’estudi del magnetisme de diferents materials de naturalesa metal•lorgànica emmarcats en diferents famílies. Per un cantó, tenim molècules d’alt espí amb anisotropia magnètica uniaxial negativa. Aquesta anisotropia genera una barrera d’energia en aquestes molècules que impedeix al moment magnètic girar lliurement i l’orienta de forma preferent en una direcció de l’espai. El moment magnètic pot canviar el seu sentit d’orientació superant la barrera d’energia de forma clàssica per activació tèrmica o quànticament per efecte túnel. Aquesta propietat es pot utilitzar per aplicacions tecnològiques d’aquestes molècules en el camp de la gravació magnètica d’ultra-alta densitat o en el camp de la computació quàntica, com a qubits magnètics. En la primera part d’aquesta tesi es presenten els estudis de les propietats magnètiques d’algunes d’aquestes molècules pertanyents a la família del Mn12, en diferents entorns (des de monocristalls fins a partícules polimèriques passant per dissolucions), així com noves tècniques de caracterització magnètica d’aquestes molècules com és el dicroisme circular magnètic. Aquest mètode ens permet per primera vegada mesurar alguns fenòmens de física fonamental en aquestes molècules mitjançant caracterització magneto-òptica, com és ara l’efecte túnel del moment magnètic macroscòpic. En el segon bloc d’aquesta tesis es presenta l’estudi del magnetisme d’una nova família de materials nanoporosos altament innovadors, sintetitzats a partir de radicals trifenilmetílics perclorats (PTM), funcionalitzats amb diferents grups carboxílics. L’ús d’aquests radicals ens ha portat a l’obtenció no només de materials nanoporosos amb un alt grau de porositat i unes propietats magnètiques destacables. La cristal•lització d’aquests radicals ha permès la obtenció del primer ferromagnet nanoporós purament orgànic, amb una temperatura de transició del ordre de 125 mK. La cristal•lització de combinacions d’aquests radicals amb ions de metalls de transició en la aproximació metal-orgànica ha donat lloc a varis sistemes notables. La combinació de ions de Cu(III) amb radicals PTM ens permet obtenir la primera esponja magnètica, material nanoporós amb uns 3 nm de diàmetre i amb propietats de pèrdua i reabsorció de solvents reversibles i detectables a través de les seves propietats magnètiques, convertint-se per tant en un sensor magnètic selectiu a certs dissolvents. Per altra banda, la combinació de ions de Co(II) amb els radicals PTM ens porta a la primera estructura nanoporosa magnètica formada per sistemes helicoïdals no inter penetrats i que presenta uns fenòmens de relaxació lenta molt inusuals: aquesta relaxació presenta una forta dependència amb el camp magnètic aplicat y pot ser descrita mitjançant el model de Davidson-Cole. Així doncs, en aquesta tesi es presenten l’estudi de les propietats magnètiques de diversos materials diferents les propietats dels quals poden ser aprofitades sens dubte per aplicacions d’alt nivell tecnològic que van des de la computació quàntica a sensors magnètics de baixa temperatura, passant per la gravació magnètica d’alta densitat. Els resultats presentats han donat lloc a una sèrie de publicacions en revistes científiques d’alt nivell que es detallen a continuació: 1. Gerbier Ph., et al., Synthesis and Characterization of a [Mn12O12(O2CR)16(H2O)4] Complex Bearing Paramagnetic Carboxylate Ligands. Use of a Modified Acid Replacement Synthetic Approach, Monatshefte für Chemie 134 (2003) 265-276 2. Maspoch D.,et al., A nanoporous molecular magnet with a reversible solvent-induced mechanical and magnètic properties, Nature Materials, 2 (2003) 190-195 3. Ruiz-Molina D.,et al., Isolated Single-Molecule Magnets on the Surface of a Polymeric Thin Film, Advanced Materials, 15 (2003) 42-45 4. Domingo N., et al., Synthesis and Characterization of a new chiral nanomagnet, Polyhedron, 22 (2003) 2355-2358 5. Domingo N., et al., Magnetism of Isolated Mn12 Single-molecule Magnets Detected by Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Observation of Spin Tunneling with a Magneto-optical Technique, Physical Review B 69 (2004) 052405 6. Maspoch D., et al., Self-assembly of a Dicarboxylic Radical: a New Pure Organic Robust Paramagnetic Nanoporous Molecular Material, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126 (2004) 730-731 7. Maspoch D., et al., A New Robust Nanoporous Pure Organic Magnet, Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 1828-1832 8. Gerbier Ph., et al., Chiral, single-molecule nanomagnets: synthesis, magnètic characterization and natural and magnètic circular dichroism, Journal of Materials Chemistry 14 (2004) 2455-2460 9. Maspoch D., et al.,Open-shell nanoporous salts formed by the supramolecular assembly of a polycarboxylate perchlorinated triphenylmethyl radical and a Co(bpy)3]2+ cation, Crystal Engineering Communications, 6 (2004) 573 - 578 10. Maspoch D., et al., Carboxylic-substituted Polychlorotriphenylmethyl Radicals, New Organic Building-Blocks to Design Nanoporous Magnetic Molecular Materials, Comptes Rendus Chemie 8 (2005) 1213-1225 / This work shows the study of magnetism of different metal-organic materials from different families. On one side, there are the high spin molecules with negative uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. This anisotropy is the origin of an energy barrier in this type of molecules that blocks the orientation of magnetic moment in a single direction of the space. The magnetic moment can change the sense of its orientation in two ways: classically, by thermal activation over the energy barrier, or in a quantic manner, by quantic tunneling effect of the macroscopic magnetic moment through the energy barrier. This property allows thinking about applications of these type of molecules for ultra-high density magnetic recording and quantum computing, as magnetic qubits. The first part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the magnetic properties of some of this molecules of the Mn12 family, in different environments (from monocrystals to polymeric thin films and dissolutions), as well as new characterization techniques for the magnetic characterization of these molecules such as magnetic circular dichroism. This technique, allowed for the first time the measurement of some fundamental physics phenomena in this molecules through magneto-optical characterization, such as the quantum tunneling of the macroscopic magnetic moment. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the magnetic properties of a new family of nanoporous metal-organic and pure organic materials, synthesized on the basis of perclorated triphenylmethyl radicals (PTM), functionalized with different carboxylic groups. The use of this radicals lead to nanoporous materials with a very high degree of porosity combined with interesting magnetic properties. For example, it is shown the first pure organic nanoporous ferromagnet, with a transition temperature of the order of 125 mK. The combination of these radicals with transition metal ions in the metal-organic approximation, also lead to interesting systems. The combination with Cu(III) ions with PTM radicals lead to the first nanoporous magnetic sponge, with reversible properties of solvent absorption-desorption that can be monitorized through its magnetic properties, thus becoming a low temperature magnetic sensor with solvent selectivity. Finally, the combination of Co(II) ions with PTM radicals lead to the firms nanoporous magnetic structure with non-interpenetrated helical networks that show an unusual slow relaxation of the magnetization; this relaxation shows a strong dependence with the magnetic field and can be described with the Davidson-Cole model.