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Organic manure effects on selected soil properties, water use efficiency and grain yield of sunflowerMokgolo, Matome Josphinos January 2016 (has links)
MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / The application of organic manures as alternatives to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers is
considered a good agricultural practice for smallholder farmers. However, the effect of organic
manure on soil properties and crop yield depends upon its application rate and chemical
composition. Climatic seasonal variability within the study area could adversely affect crop
production. The amount of rainfall and temperature are among the most important factors that
determines crop production. This field experiment was carried out during the 2013/2014 and
2014/2015 cropping seasons at the University of Venda experimental farm which is located
about 2 km west of Thohoyandou town in the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province.
The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of three types of organic manure
(cattle, poultry and their combination (1:1)) on yield and water use efficiency of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) and selected soil physical and chemical properties under rainfed
conditions. The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four
treatments and four replications (control (C0), cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM) and
their combination (CM + PM)). All organic manures were applied 21 days before planting at a
rate equivalent to 20 t ha-1. The manures were incorporated in the soil using a hoe to an
approximate depth of 10 cm.
Crop water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) were determined using the water balance
equation. Rainfall was measured using three standard rain gauges installed on the experimental
site. Change in soil moisture storage was determined by monitoring soil moisture content
weekly using a neutron water meter (NWM), calibrated on the experimental site.
Data on sunflower dry matter and leaf area index (LAI) was collected at flower bud stage,
flowering stage and at grain maturity stage. Plant height and stem girth were also determined at
the same developmental stages. Grain yield was measured at physiological maturity.
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Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using SPSS software. Due to seasonal variability
encountered during the two cropping seasons, particularly in terms of rainfall, further analysis of
two factors (viz. cropping season and organic manure) and their interaction were performed.
The differences between treatment means were separated using the least significant differences
(LSD) procedure.
The results showed that organic manure application had no significant effect on soil physical
properties. Poultry manure application resulted in lowest bulk density (BD) with a decrease of
32% in the top layer (0 – 20 cm) compared to control. Cattle manure + PM and CM application
decreased BD in the top layer by 14% and 9% compared to control, respectively. Poultry
manure and CM recorded almost the highest similar stable aggregate fractions at all soil depths.
Poultry manure recorded the highest final infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration followed by
CM and CM + PM. The control treatment retained the highest mean water content compared to
other treatments at both field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP). Cattle manure + PM and PM
recorded the least mean water content among others at FC and WP respectively. This could be
as a result of increased micropores by organic manure application on a clayey soil which
allowed an ease movement of water that control treatment which had no manure application.
Total N, Ca, and Zn were significantly different between treatments in the first cropping season
while K, Na, CEC and Zn were significantly different in second cropping season. pH recorded no
significant difference in all treatments in both cropping seasons. CM + PM recorded the highest
OC at top layer (0 – 20 cm) in both cropping seasons compared to other treatments.
Dry matter yield and LAI at flower bud, flowering and maturity stages increased with the
application of different manures compared to the C0. Organic manure application showed a
significant (p<0.05) effect on dry matter at all growth stages in the second cropping season.
Organic manure had a significant effect on LAI only at flower bud stage of the first cropping
season, with PM and CM + PM recording the highest similar value of 1.31. The manure
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application also showed a significant (P<0.05) effect on plant height and stem girth at all
growing stages in the second cropping season, whereas in the first cropping season the
significant effect was only in the flower bud stage for both parameters.
Grain yield was significantly affected by the manure application in the second cropping season.
Manure application in the second cropping season resulted in an increase in the grain yield
compared to the first cropping season, except for PM where the grain yield decreased
significantly by 167.92% from the first cropping season. Then high grain yield in the second
cropping season could be as a result of high WUE reported.
The manure application had a significant effect (p<0.05) on water use efficiency (WUE) in the
second cropping season. The WUE recorded the highest values under CM and CM + PM
treatments in second cropping season than in first cropping season, while PM recorded the
highest WUE value in the first cropping season. Generally, organic manures used obtained
higher grain yield and WUE compared to control.
Keywords: Organic manure, smallholder farmers, sunflower and water use efficiency
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Effect of genotype and phosphorus fertilizer rates on water use and yield of chickpeaMadzivhandila, Thendo 09 December 2013 (has links)
MSCAGR / Department of Plant Production
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The effects of fertilization with bio-digester slurry and the inclusion of carbohydrate additives at ensiling on the nutritive value of Napier grass (pennisetum purpureum) silageRambau, Mashudu Daniel 05 1900 (has links)
MSCAGR (Animal Science) / Department of Animal Science / The objective of the study was to determine the effects of fertilisation with bio-digester slurry and
the inclusion of carbohydrate additives at ensiling on the fermentation characteristics, chemical
composition, ruminal degradability, and in vitro digestibility of Napier grass silage. Napier grass
planted at the School of Agriculture Experimental Farm, University of Venda in 5 m x 4 m plots
replicated three times in a completely randomised design and was irrigated with either biodigester
slurry or no bio-digester slurry (tap water) for a period of 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the
Napier was freshly cut and ensiled for 90 days in 1 litre glass jars in a 2 (Control - tap water and
slurry irrigation) x 4 (No additive, molasses, maize meal and brown sugar) factorial arrangement.
Fermentation quality and nutritive composition were determined using standard protocols. The
dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability was determined in sacco by
incubating feed samples in nylon bags (external dimension: 6 × 12 cm, pore size of 46 μm) in the
rumen in three Bonsmara steers fitted with rumen cannulae for 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120
hours (h). Parameters to describe the dynamics of ruminal degradability of DM and CP were
obtained by fitting the data on the exponential equation P = a + b (1 - e-ct) using the NEWAY
computer program, where “a” is the rapidly degradable fraction, “b” is the slowly degradable
fraction and “c” is the outflow rate. The in vitro DM and CP degradability of rumen undegradable
residue collected after 12, 24 and 48 h incubation was determined by sequential digestion in
pepsin (abomasal) and pancreatin (small intestine) solutions. Fertilisation with bio-digester slurry
increased (P <0.05) CP content of fresh cut Napier grass pre-ensilage. Bio-digester slurry
fertilisation with molasses inclusion improved (P <0.05) the silage DM content which improved (P
>0.05) fermentation characteristics with pH of 4.2 and lowest NH3-N of 13.3 g/kg. Other chemical
compositions and fermentation characteristics were not affected (P >0.05) due to fertilisation x
additives treatment combinations. No bio-digester slurry fertilisation with maize meal inclusion
increased (P <0.01) DM degradability at 0 h incubation. As time progressed to 24 h, no biodigester
slurry fertilisation with no additive included reduced (P <0.01) DM degradability with no
difference (P >0.05) on other treatments. Potential DM degradability (a + b) of no bio-digester
slurry fertilisation with no additive inclusion silage was reduced (P <0.01). The reduction was
associated with low levels (P <0.01) of slowly degradable fraction “b”. In vitro DM and CP
digestibility were not affected (P >0.05) due to fertilisation x additives treatment combinations. In
conclusion, bio-digester slurry application improved the quality of fresh cut Napier grass, with the
combination of bio-digester slurry fertilisation and molasses addition yielding the best silage
quality.
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Effects of macadamia husk compost on physicochemical soil properties, growth and yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. Chinesis) on sandy soilMaselesele, Dembe 07 1900 (has links)
MSCAGR (Plant Production) / Department of Plant Production / Poor soil fertility caused by inadequate supply of nutrients on soil is one of the major constraints limiting crop production especially in the Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa. Therefore, management practices such as application of organic manure to minimize soil infertility is considered as good practice for smallholder farmers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of macadamia husk compost on selected soil properties as well as the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage on sandy loam soil.
A field experiment was carried out during 2018 and 2019 winter season at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) research farm in Levubu. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments (control (zero)), inorganic fertilizer (100:60:60 NPK Kg ha-1) and compost at 15t ha-1 & 30t ha-1 replicated 3 times. Soil was analyzed before planting and after harvesting to determine the influence of applied compost on selected physical properties (soil bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical properties (soil pH, soil organic matter, soil organic C, EC, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Zn and Mn). Number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass and leaf area was collected at three harvests interval (28, 46 and 74 days after transplanting). After each harvest period, leaves were analysed for nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and B). During the final harvest crops were uprooted and root biomass (fresh mass, dry mass and root length) were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on all data using Genstat package 18th addition. Differences between treatment means were separated using the least significant differences (LSD) procedure and correlations analysis was determined using Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient.
Macadamia husk compost application had a significant effect on soil bulk density and water holding capacity. Addition of macadamia husk compost significantly increased soil pH, OC, N, C: N K, P, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, Zn, Ca and Mn. In contrast, addition of macadamia husk compost had no effect on soil EC. Yield components (number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass), root biomass, root length and leaf area increased with application of macadamia husk compost. Yield components, root biomass, root length and leaf area were significantly affected (p<0.01) by harvesting time. Yield components in the second cropping season was greater than yield components in the first season. Macadamia husk compost application showed no significant effect on leaf nutrient content of Chinese cabbage. However, leaf nutrient content was affected by harvesting time.
It is evident from the results of this study that macadamia husk compost affects soil fertility and plant production. The results suggest that macadamia husk compost has a potential to be used as a reliable fertilizer by famers especially smallholder farmers who struggle to buy inorganic fertilizer because they are expensive. Since this study was conducted over two seasons and compost effect tend to be long term, further research is needed on application of macadamia husk compost on soil properties and yield of other crops over wide range of soils. / NRF
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Effect of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer application on selected soil properties and agronomic performance of chickpea (Cicer arietium)Lusibisa, Siphiwe Gloria 05 1900 (has links)
MSCAGR ( Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / See the attached abstract below
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Biochar and poultry manure effects on selected soil physical and chemical properties and maize (Zea Mays) in a dry environmentMusumuvhi, Thabelo 18 May 2018 (has links)
MSCAGR (Soil Science) / Department of Soil Science / Poultry manure (PM) is an inexpensive source of fertilizer but it decomposes quickly and releases carbon and greenhouse gases. Biochar (BC) could be an alternative source of carbon to improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission. This study investigated the effect of co-application of BC and PM on selected soil physical and chemical properties and performance of maize. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Venda experimental farm during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experiment was a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of four rates of BC (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three rates of PM (0, 2, and 4 t ha-1) in a RCBD arrangement replicated three times. Maize was planted in both seasons. After harvest, soil bulk density was determined at four soil depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20 cm), while aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties were determined at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Genstat 17th edition. The least significant difference was used to compare the treatment means at P < 0.05. Soil aggregate stability, organic carbon, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, maize dry matter and maize grain yield increased with increasing rates of BC and PM application at 0 - 15 cm depth in both seasons. The combination of BC at 20 t ha-1 and PM at 4 t ha-1 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased soil bulk density at 5 - 10 cm depth but increased soil available P and total N at the two depths in both seasons. The results of this study suggested that BC and PM improved soil ability to retain and supply nutrients through improved soil aggregate stability and reduced bulk density thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. Combining BC with PM proved to enhance the ability of soil to function by improving selected soil physical and chemical properties thereby improving maize dry matter and grain yield. / NRF
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The effects of biochar and NPK fertilizer on maize performance and selected soil nutrient levelsMahlo, Lewele Alfred 23 June 2020 (has links)
MSCAGR (Soil Sciece) / Department of Soil Science / In most parts of Limpopo Province of South Africa, crop yields are low and continue to decrease due to decline in soil fertility, which has been identified as a major constraint to crop production. Therefore, there is a pressing need for soil amendments such as the application of biochar, which has the potential to improve soil fertility due to its physical and chemical properties. Biochar is the product of incomplete combustion of biomass in the absence of oxygen. The overall objective of the study was to determine the effects of biochar and NPK fertilizer on maize performance and selected soil nutrient levels. A 3x2 factorial experiment was conducted at the School of Agriculture Experimental Farm for two consecutive seasons (2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons). Treatments consisted of biochar applied at three levels, viz. 0, 10 and 20 t/ha and NPK inorganic fertilizer applied at two rates viz. NPK0 (zero NPK fertilizer) and NPK1 {N (150 kg/ha) P (50 kg/ha) K (20 kg/ha)}. The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Maize cultivar (DKC 2147) was used as the test crop. Maize growth and yield measurements assessed included: plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of leaves, leaf area, dry biomass (kg/ha), nutrient uptake, cob yield, grain yield and harvest index. Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depths at the end of each season to determine total N, P, K nutrient levels in the soil. Data collected was subjected to two-way analysis of variance using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of Genstat software version 17. Comparison of means was done using the Standard Error of Deviation (SED) method at 5% level of significance (p<0.05). Biochar and NPK fertilizer had no effect on total N and exchangeable K at all soil depths in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons. Biochar had no effect on phosphorus at all soil depths in 2015/16 and at 0-10 cm soil depth in 2016/17 season. The effect of biochar and NPK fertilizer was highly significant (p<0,001) on available P at 10-20 cm soil depth in 2016/17 season. Significant interactive effect of biochar and NPK fertilizer on soil total N at 10-20 cm (in 2015/16 season), available P and exchangeable K at 10-20 cm soil depth in 2016/17 season was also observed. Plant growth parameters increased with biochar addition at 20 t/ha and NPK1 (150 kg N/ha, 50 kg P/ha, 20 kg K/ha) fertilizer. The results of this study showed that biochar application at the rate of 10 and 20 t/ha has the potential to influence selected soil nutrient levels, maize growth, yield and yield components with and without NPK fertilizer application. Since this study was conducted over two seasons and biochar properties changes over a long-term period, more research is needed to evaluate the effect of biochar on soil nutrient levels and maize growth, nutrient uptake and yield over a long period of time. / NRF
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Restoring degraded soils with organic matter: a case study of the restoration process in macadamia orchards, Limpopo ProvinceNonyana, Thambulo Aubrey 05 August 2015 (has links)
MENVSC / Department of Environmental Sciences
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