京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24415号 / 理博第4914号 / 新制||理||1702(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 浅井 歩, 教授 一本 潔, 教授 横山 央明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Consumer additive manufacturing (3D printing) has rapidly grown over the last decade. While the technology for the most common type, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), has systematically improved and sales have increased, fundamentally, the capabilities of the machines have remained the same. FFF printers are still limited to depositing layers onto a flat build plate. This makes it difficult to combine consumer AM with other objects. While consumer AM promises to allow us to customize our world, the reality has fallen short. The ability to directly modify existing objects presents numerous possibilities to the consumer: personalization, adding functionality, improving functionality, repair, and novel multi-material manufacturing processes. Indeed, similar goals for industrial manufacturing drove the research and development of technologies like direct write and directed energy deposition which can deposit layers onto uneven surfaces. Replicating these capabilities on consumer 3-axis FFF machines is difficult mainly due to issues with reliability, repeatability, and quality. This thesis proposes, demonstrates, and tests a method for scanning and printing dimensionally-accurate (unwarped) digital forms onto physical objects using a modified consumer-grade 3D printer. It then provides an analysis of the machine design considerations and critical process parameters. / Master of Science / Consumer additive manufacturing (3D printing) has rapidly grown over the last decade. While the technology for the most common type, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), has systematically improved and sales have increased, fundamentally, the capabilities of the machines have remained the same. FFF printers are still limited to depositing layers onto a flat build plate. This makes it difficult to combine consumer AM with other objects. While consumer AM promises to allow us to customize our world, the reality has fallen short. The ability to directly modify existing objects presents numerous possibilities to the consumer: personalization, adding functionality, improving functionality, repair, and novel multi-material manufacturing processes. Indeed, similar goals for industrial manufacturing drove the research and development of technologies like direct write and directed energy deposition which can deposit layers onto uneven surfaces. Replicating these capabilities on consumer 3-axis FFF machines is difficult mainly due to issues with reliability, repeatability, and quality. This thesis proposes, demonstrates, and tests a method for scanning and printing dimensionally-accurate (unwarped) digital forms onto physical objects using a modified consumer-grade 3D printer. It then provides an analysis of the machine design considerations and critical process parameters.

The energy absorption capacity of a series of axially crushed composite tubes fabricated from high tow count graphite fiber is compared with those of similar tubes fabricated from aerospace-grade fiber to determine the viability of considering the use of such fibers in automotive applications. To that end, graphite-epoxy tubular specimens with circular and square cross-sectional geometries; stacking sequences with ±45° fibers and with both ±45° and 0° fibers; and two different fiber types were fabricated and crushed both statically and dynamically to examine the energy absorption characteristics. The fiber types, in the form of preimpregnated tow (towpreg) from Thiokol, were Akzo Fortafil 50k fiber and aerospace-grade T300 12k fiber. Using the towpreg, sixteen tubes were filament wound on aluminum mandrels. Three specimens were cut from each of these tubes for a total of forty-eight specimens. Twenty-four of these specimens were crushed statically in a load frame and twenty-four were crushed dynamically in a drop fixture. In order to characterize the tubes and specimens, a number of measurements were taken. These measurements included length, wall thickness, cross-sectional dimensions, volume, and mass. Two important energy absorption measures were examined: the specific energy absorption (SEA) and the ratio of the peak load to the average load. The geometry had a significant effect on the energy absorption but the stacking sequence did not. It was also found that the 50k material was less effective at absorbing energy than the 12k material, but the 50k still may be acceptable. / Master of Science

Filament-based material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) is an established technique in additive manufacturing (AM). However, semicrystalline polymers, such as polypropylene (PP), have limited commercial use in MEAM processes in the past due to their rapid crystallization kinetics and the subsequent effect on the integrity of the generated structures. The rapid crystallization of PP can be controlled by formulating blends of PP with hydrocarbon resins to enable longer re-entanglement times for interlayer adhesion. While the topic of formulating PP blends/composites with other materials to improve the printability has been investigated, variation in properties of commercial PP grades, of similar molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD), on printability is still to be investigated. Those commercial PP grades can have wide variation in properties such as Melt Flow Index (MFI), additive content, and polymer architecture which can impact material properties relevant to printability. To investigate the effect of properties of commercial PP on their printability and mechanical performance, different commercial PP grades, with different properties, are blended with a fixed loading of hydrogenated resins, and the consequent effects on the mechanical properties of MEAM generated PP structures are studied via mechanical analysis. Tensile strength and the extent of interlayer adhesion in the 3D printed blends are characterized through rheological measurements. These measurements emphasize the importance of the relative location of the storage/loss modulus crossover point via small oscillatory frequency sweeps. We specifically show that a relatively higher crossover frequency will correlate with improved interlayer adhesion and reduced warpage in printed structures. However, this improvement is accompanied by a tradeoff, resulting in inferior tensile strength and an increased degree of print orientation anisotropy. / Master of Science / Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, is a transformative technology with high potential to revolutionize the manufacturing landscape. Polymers are widely used in AM for various applications. As a result, extensive research is conducted to enhance the printability and properties of printed polymer structures. Polypropylene (PP) exhibits desirable mechanical, optical, and chemical properties that make its use in AM attractive. Despite this potential, optimizing the use of PP in 3D printing remains challenging. Consequently, extensive research is underway to improve the printability of PP. However, the effects of including additives to enhance the properties of commercial PP grades are often overlooked. We demonstrate that the choice of commercial PP grade is crucial to the mechanical and structural properties of structures generated via AM. This was established by developing a systematic experimental procedure to assess the printability of various PP grades and to measure their key mechanical and structural properties.

Dernière étape avant l'atomisation d'un volume de liquide, les ligaments sont présents dans de nombreuses applications industrielles, de même que dans le monde qui nous entoure ; leur dynamique demeure mal comprise. L'étirement, qui permet de leur donner naissance, affecte leur évolution et la manière dont ils se fragmentent (ou non). Pour quantifier l'effet de ce dernier, nous avons choisi d'étudier des configurations modèles dans lesquelles plusieurs paramètres peuvent être bien contrôlés. Une configuration de type pont liquide permet notamment de contrôler l'étirement via le déplacement de l'un des supports solides (mors). Lorsque l'étirement imposé est modéré, il est possible de prévoir analytiquement la déviation entre la forme dynamique et la forme d'équilibre correspondante, quelle que soit la loi de déplacement du mors. Cette prédiction montre en particulier qu'un pont liquide étiré peut s'épaissir appréciablement en son centre, suggérant un retardement de la rupture. Elle montre également que l'étirement axial est réparti de manière très inhomogène. Lorsque l'étirement est suffisamment vigoureux, les résultats expérimentaux montrent que le détachement capillaire du ligament peut être significativement hâté. Le temps de rupture est relié à la masse emportée par le mors en mouvement et dépend du protocole d'étirement. Les résultats suggèrent également la possibilité d'obtenir des ligaments démesurément longs et fins sans l'intervention d'effets visqueux. / Liquid ligaments represent the last step before atomization of a liquid volume, and are encountered in a variety of industrial applications, as well as the world around us; yet, there is much to learn about their dynamics and breakup. Stretching is an essential ingredient of ligaments formation, and affect their subsequent dynamics as well as the way they break (or not). In order to quantify its action, we choose model configurations where parameters can be controlled. Liquid bridges, in particular, provide a way to impose stretching by moving one of the solid rod supporting the bridge. When stretching is not too strong, it is possible to predict analytically the shift between the dynamical shape of the bridge and the corresponding static shape, for any given rod displacement. Particularly, this prediction show that the central section of a stretched liquid bridge tend to be thicker, which could delay breakup. It also show that the axial elongation rate is far from being uniform. When stretching is vigorous, experimental results show that the ligament initial breakup can be considerably sped up. Breakup time shows to be linked to the mass taken away by the moving rod and depend on stretching protocol. Finally, results suggest that it is possible to generate infinitely long ligaments without the mediation of viscous effects.

Neste trabalho são analisados os aspectos relacionados à otimização estrutural de cilindros de alta pressão em compósitos, a partir do estudo detalhado dos procedimentos de cálculo analítico, utilizando o método análise de rede (netting analysis), juntamente com procedimentos baseados em análise numérica pelo método dos Elementos Finitos, considerando modelos de comportamento ortotrópico do material compósito. São considerados cilindros utilizados para armazenamento de oxigênio, fabricados pelo processo de enrolamento filamentar (filament winding), comparados a cilindros confeccionados em metal quanto à sua aplicabilidade. Após análise de diferentes estudos de caso, conclui-se que os materiais compósitos podem ser aplicados com sucesso em cilindros de alta pressão, desde que estabelecidos alguns parâmetros decisivos ao projeto estrutural do vaso, tais como: critério de falha mais adequado; determinação de dados experimentais dos materiais utilizados; normas e códigos utilizados no projeto e dados da geometria final do vaso, dependentes do processo de fabricação. Propõe-se também a utilização de um ambiente integrado das atividades de projeto e fabricação do compósito. / In this work the aspects related to the structural optimization of composite high-pressure cylinders are analyzed from the thorough study of analytical calculation, by the use of netting analysis, along with procedures based on numerical analysis by the Finite Element method, considering models of composite materials with orthotropic behaviour. Cylinders used for oxygen containment, manufactured by filament winding process, are considered and compared to the cylinders manufactured in metal in terms of their application. The analyses of different case studies allowed to conclude that composite materials can be applied successfully in high pressure cylinders provided that some critical parameters have been established to the vessel structural design, such as: an adequate failure criteria; determination of experimental data for the composite materials used; standards and codes used in the design and the final vessel geometry data, dependent variables of the manufacturing process. An integrated environment of the design and manufacturing activities is proposed as well in order to embrace all of these aspects.

<p>This study reports on the changes in the structural properties of a tungsten-filament when exposed to a methane / hydrogen ambient for different durations at various filament-temperatures.</p>

<p>This study reports on the changes in the structural properties of a tungsten-filament when exposed to a methane / hydrogen ambient for different durations at various filament-temperatures.</p>

Le cytosquelette joue un rôle essentiel dans de nombreux processus cellulaires (division, adhésion, migration, morphogenèse..). Un de ses principaux constituants, les filaments d'actine, des polymères semi flexibles polarisés, forme des réseaux dont les architectures spécifiques permettent au cytosquelette de réaliser ses fonctions physiologiques. Un enjeu majeur en biologie cellulaire est de comprendre comment les cellules peuvent former une telle variété d'organisations à partir de la même entité de base, les monomères d'actine. Nous avons découvert récemment que limiter la nucléation des filaments d'actine à des géométries définies suffit à contrôler la formation de différentes organisations (Reymann et al, 2010). Néanmoins, les paramètres principaux permettant d'expliquer comment ces contraintes géométriques déterminent l'organisation collective des filaments n'ont pas été identifiés. Pour comprendre les lois physiques régissant ce phénomène, j'ai développé des simulations numériques du système expérimental en utilisant le logiciel Cytosim. J'ai pu ainsi montrer que la géométrie, les interactions stériques entre filaments, leurs propriétés mécaniques, et l'efficacité de la nucléation sont les paramètres clés contrôlant la formation de structures. Cette étude propose une base solide pour comprendre l'organisation cellulaire de l'actine en identifiant un système minimal de composants suffisant pour simuler l'émergence de différentes organisations d'actine (réseau branché, faisceaux de filaments parallèles ou antiparallèles). Avec cet outil, nous pouvons à présent prédire, étant donnée une géométrie de nucléation, quelles structures en émergeront.Nous avons alors combiné nos deux méthodes in-vitro et in-silico pour étudier comment le couplage entre l'architecture des réseaux et leur composition biochimique contrôle la réponse contractile. La connectivité entre les filaments en est un facteur crucial. En effet, un réseau peu connecté se déforme seulement localement, et n'instaure pas de comportement global. Une structure fortement connectée est très rigide, les moteurs moléculaires ne peuvent donc pas la déformer efficacement. La contraction d'une structure n'est donc possible que pour des valeurs de connectivité intermédiaires. L'amplitude de cette contraction est alors déterminée par l'organisation des filaments. Ainsi nous avons pu expliquer comment l'architecture mais aussi la connectivité des réseaux gouverne leur contractilité.Finalement, les microtubules sont aussi des acteurs essentiels aux processus cellulaires. Étant longs et rigides, ils servent de senseurs de la forme cellulaire et organisent les organites. Leur distribution spatiale, facteur majeur pour l'organisation cellulaire, est contrôlée dans un grand nombre de types cellulaires par la position du centrosome, un organite qui nuclée la plupart des microtubules. La capacité du centrosome à trouver le centre de la cellule dans de nombreuses conditions physiologiques est particulièrement étonante. Il peut aussi adopter une position décentrée lors de processus cellulaires spécifiques. Des mécanismes pouvant potentiellement expliquer le positionnement du centrosome ont été proposés (Manneville et al., 2006; Zhu et al, 2010), mais ce phénomène reste dans sa plus grande partie inexpliqué. J'ai utilisé les simulations pour explorer différents mécanismes pouvant le contrôler selon différentes conditions. Ces résultats permettent de disposer d'une base théorique pour présumer des mécanismes intervenant dans un système donné. Ils peuvent aussi permettre de valider ou réfuter des hypothèses sur les phénomènes mis en jeu et aider à l'élaboration de nouveaux systèmes expérimentaux.Les simulations que j'ai développées aident ici à étudier des comportements spécifiques, en apportant de nouveaux éclairages sur les comportements collectifs du cytosquelette. Elles pourraient être utilisées comme un outil prédictif ou adaptées pour l'étude d'autres systèmes expérimentaux. / The cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in cellular processes, including cell division, adhesion, migration and morphogenesis. One of its main compenent, the actin filaments, a polarised semi-flexible polymer, contributes to these processes by forming specific collective architectures, whose structural organisations are essential to perform their functions. A major challenge in cell biology is to understand how the cell can form such a variety of organisations by using the same basic entity, the actin monomers. Recently we discovered that limiting actin nucleation to specific regions was sufficient to obtain actin networks with different organization (Reymann et al., 2010). However, our understanding of the general parameters involved in geometrically-driven actin assembly was limited. To understand mechanistically how spatially constraining actin nucleation determines the emergent actin organization, I performed detailed simulations of the actin filament system using Cytosim, a simulation tool dedicated to cytoskeleton system. I found that geometry, actin filaments local interactions, bundle rigidity, and nucleation efficiency are the key parameters controlling the emergent actin architecture. This study sets the foundation for our understanding of actin cellular organization by identifying a reduced set of components that were sufficient to realistically reproduce in silico the emergence of the different types of actin organization (branched actin network, parallel or anti parallel actin bundles). We can now predict for any given nucleation geometry which structures will form.Being able to control the formation of specific structures in-vitro and in-silico, we used the combination of both methods to study how the interplay between actin network architecture and its biochemical composition affects its contractile response. We highlighted the importance of the connectivity between filaments in the structures. Indeed, a loosely connected network cannot have a global behavior, but undergoes only local deformations. A highly connected network will be too rigid to be efficiently deformed by molecular motors. Only for an intermediate range of network connectivity the structures will contract, with an amplitude that depends notably on actin filaments organisation. This work explains how architecture and connectivity govern actin network contractility.Finally, the microtubules are also essential actors of cellular processes. Being long and rigid, they serve as sensors of the cellular shape and can organize the position of organelles in the cytoplasm. Their spatial distribution in the cell is thus a crucial cellular feature. this distribution is determined in a vast number of cell types by the position of the centrosome, an organelle that nucleates the majority of microtubules. Quite strinkingly, the centrosome is able to find the center of the cell in a lot of different physiological conditions, but can nonetheless adopt a decentered position in specific cellular processes. How this positioning is controled is not yet fully understood, but a few potential mechanims have been proposed (Manneville et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2010). I used the simulations to explore different mechanisms taht can explain the position of the centrosome under different conditions. These results offer theorical considerations as a basis to assess which mechanism might prevail in a specific experimental system and may help to design new experimental setups.The simulations that I developed helped to study some specific behavior, by giving new insights into cytoskeleton collective organisations. These simulations can be further used as predictive tool or adapted to other experimental systems.

Neste trabalho são analisados os aspectos relacionados à otimização estrutural de cilindros de alta pressão em compósitos, a partir do estudo detalhado dos procedimentos de cálculo analítico, utilizando o método análise de rede (netting analysis), juntamente com procedimentos baseados em análise numérica pelo método dos Elementos Finitos, considerando modelos de comportamento ortotrópico do material compósito. São considerados cilindros utilizados para armazenamento de oxigênio, fabricados pelo processo de enrolamento filamentar (filament winding), comparados a cilindros confeccionados em metal quanto à sua aplicabilidade. Após análise de diferentes estudos de caso, conclui-se que os materiais compósitos podem ser aplicados com sucesso em cilindros de alta pressão, desde que estabelecidos alguns parâmetros decisivos ao projeto estrutural do vaso, tais como: critério de falha mais adequado; determinação de dados experimentais dos materiais utilizados; normas e códigos utilizados no projeto e dados da geometria final do vaso, dependentes do processo de fabricação. Propõe-se também a utilização de um ambiente integrado das atividades de projeto e fabricação do compósito. / In this work the aspects related to the structural optimization of composite high-pressure cylinders are analyzed from the thorough study of analytical calculation, by the use of netting analysis, along with procedures based on numerical analysis by the Finite Element method, considering models of composite materials with orthotropic behaviour. Cylinders used for oxygen containment, manufactured by filament winding process, are considered and compared to the cylinders manufactured in metal in terms of their application. The analyses of different case studies allowed to conclude that composite materials can be applied successfully in high pressure cylinders provided that some critical parameters have been established to the vessel structural design, such as: an adequate failure criteria; determination of experimental data for the composite materials used; standards and codes used in the design and the final vessel geometry data, dependent variables of the manufacturing process. An integrated environment of the design and manufacturing activities is proposed as well in order to embrace all of these aspects.