The diploma thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part is a cost analysis of the company Prompt Ltd. It also deals with possibilities for capacity utilization. The second part presents the actual offer of utility vehicles on the Czech market. Moreover it compares road trains offered to the company according to criteria chosen by the author. The last part of the thesis deals with several options of financing, mainly with comparison of finance lease and loan.

This thesis, "Lease contract", deals with the topic of leasing, especially with the legal aspects of lease transaction. In first part it describes the history of leasing, classification of lease operations according various criteria and advantages and disadvantages of leasing as a form of financing. Second part is focused on the description of Czech lease market, its development and the situation in year 2010. Third part is focused on the legal aspects of lease contract and lease transaction in Czech law and also in international law. Final part of thesis compares general terms and conditions of leasing of three selected companies on Czech market with general term which are recommended by Czech Leasing and Finance Association.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira. Lease-back é uma modalidade de arrendamento mercantil financeiro em que o vendedor do bem e o arrendatário são a mesma pessoa jurídica. Desde 1930, teorias econômicas, políticas e jurídicas têm debatido a importância de propriedade e controle de bens no capitalismo, sendo hoje geralmente aceito que empresas não precisam ter a propriedade dos ativos para desenvolver suas atividades. Neste contexto, operações de lease-back podem ser usadas pelas empresas como uma fonte alternativa de financiamento, em que se dispõe do direito de propriedade sem perder o direito de usar e fruir dos ativos. O foco desta dissertação consiste em analisar (i) o que é um contrato de lease-back; (ii) os elementos de contratos de lease-back; e (iii) a legalidade de contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira, especialmente em vista da proibição do pacto comissório em direitos reais de garantia (penhor, hipoteca e anticrese) e na alienação fiduciária em garantia. / This dissertation analyzes lease-back agreements under Brazilian law. Lease-back is a type of finance lease (arrendamento mercantil financeiro) wherein the seller of the asset and the lessee are the same legal entity. Since 1930s economic, political and legal theories have debated the importance of ownership and control in capitalism and nowadays it is commonly accepted that companies do not need to retain ownership of their assets to develop their business. In this context, lease-back transactions can be used by companies as an alternative source of financing, by disposing of the ownership of their assets without losing the right to use them. The focus of this dissertation is to analyze (i) what is a leaseback agreement; (ii) the elements of lease-back agreements; and (iii) the legality of leaseback agreements under Brazilian law especially in view of potential violation to rules prohibiting pactum commissorium in agreements involving in rem security interests (pledge, mortgage and antichresis) or chattel mortgage (alienação fiduciária em garantia).

Nesta dissertação são analisados os contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira. Lease-back é uma modalidade de arrendamento mercantil financeiro em que o vendedor do bem e o arrendatário são a mesma pessoa jurídica. Desde 1930, teorias econômicas, políticas e jurídicas têm debatido a importância de propriedade e controle de bens no capitalismo, sendo hoje geralmente aceito que empresas não precisam ter a propriedade dos ativos para desenvolver suas atividades. Neste contexto, operações de lease-back podem ser usadas pelas empresas como uma fonte alternativa de financiamento, em que se dispõe do direito de propriedade sem perder o direito de usar e fruir dos ativos. O foco desta dissertação consiste em analisar (i) o que é um contrato de lease-back; (ii) os elementos de contratos de lease-back; e (iii) a legalidade de contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira, especialmente em vista da proibição do pacto comissório em direitos reais de garantia (penhor, hipoteca e anticrese) e na alienação fiduciária em garantia. / This dissertation analyzes lease-back agreements under Brazilian law. Lease-back is a type of finance lease (arrendamento mercantil financeiro) wherein the seller of the asset and the lessee are the same legal entity. Since 1930s economic, political and legal theories have debated the importance of ownership and control in capitalism and nowadays it is commonly accepted that companies do not need to retain ownership of their assets to develop their business. In this context, lease-back transactions can be used by companies as an alternative source of financing, by disposing of the ownership of their assets without losing the right to use them. The focus of this dissertation is to analyze (i) what is a leaseback agreement; (ii) the elements of lease-back agreements; and (iii) the legality of leaseback agreements under Brazilian law especially in view of potential violation to rules prohibiting pactum commissorium in agreements involving in rem security interests (pledge, mortgage and antichresis) or chattel mortgage (alienação fiduciária em garantia).

La réception du contrat de crédit-bail par le droit positif irakien n’a pas besoin d’une acculturation qui prendrait la forme de la soumission ou de l’assimilation aux règles juridiques ayant été élaborées dans un environnement juridique différent. Afin d’être accueilli par le droit positif irakien, le contrat de crédit-bail doit passer par la réception des modèles français, américain, islamique dans le système juridique irakien pour y former un droit mixte d’application spéciale. Pour fournir une explication bien satisfaisante pour la réception d’un modèle du contrat de crédit-bail dans l’ordre juridique irakien, il est indispensable de chercher des propositions plus spécifiques s’agissant la sélection des normes juridiques ; l’ajustement entre les normes empruntées et le système juridique dans lequel ils doivent être reçus ; et les relations entre les deux cultures juridiques. Le législateur irakien ne peut se limiter à une simple copie, car il doit veiller à établir des lois qui sont le reflet de la mentalité et de la culture juridique irakienne. Il est donc indispensable d’explorer plus à fond les forces qui motivent la réception du contrat de crédit-bail par le droit positif irakien : la recherche d’un système juridique, culture juridique, et culture fiscale adéquate. Cette analyse ouvre des perspectives nouvelles et soulève toute une série de questions, étudiées à la lumière des droits français, américain et irakien. Les points soulevés par la première partie de notre thèse montrent bien les stratégies, les démarches et les principaux obstacles de la transplantation indirecte des normes juridiques ayant été élaborées dans un environnement non islamique. C’est donc à l’analyse de la réception indirecte des normes juridiques applicables au contrat de crédit-bail que la première partie de la thèse est consacrée. À côté de la réception indirecte des normes juridiques applicables du contrat de crédit-bail, une transplantation directe des normes comptables et fiscales est indispensable pour la réception du contrat de crédit-bail par le droit positif irakien. L’enjeu de la réception d’un point de vue comptable et fiscal sera dès lors multiple : d’une part, un rapprochement entre le droit comptable, fiscal français et le droit fiscal, comptable irakien est souhaitable et recherché. D’autre part, un rapprochement entre le droit comptable, fiscal américain, ayant été inspiré par les normes comptables et fiscales internationales, et le droit fiscal, comptable irakien est faisable. C’est la compatibilité et l’harmonisation qui sont recherchées. C’est donc à l’analyse de la réception directe des normes comptables et fiscales applicables au contrat de crédit-bail que la deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée. / The receipt of the contract of finance lease in Iraqi positive law does not need an acculturation which would take the shape of submission or the assimilation to the legal rules having been elaborate in a different legal environment. To be integrated into Iraqi substantive law, the contract of finance lease must pass through the transplantation of French, American and Islamic models in the Iraqi legal system to form mixed law of special enforcement. To provide a satisfactory explanation for the adoption of a model of the contract of finance lease in the Iraqi legal system, it is essential to go beyond the often articulated approaches to legal changes. Seeking more specific proposals regarding the selection of legal innovation sources; the fit between the rules borrowed and the system in which they must be received, and the relationships between sectors of the two legal systems. The Iraqi legislator can not be limited a simple copy, because it must be sure to establish laws that are a reflection of the mentality and the Iraqi legal culture. It is therefore essential to further explore the forces that motivate the receipt of finance lease and defines its scope: the search for a legal system, legal culture, tax culture that is perceived as authentic or adequate. This analysis opens up new perspectives and raises a series of questions examined in the light of French, American and Iraqi rights. The points raised by the first part of this thesis show of strategies, approaches and the main obstacles of indirect legal transplantation of rules that have been developed in a non-Islamic environment. So the analysis of indirect receipt legal standards applicable to the contract of finance lease that the first part of the thesis is devoted. Next to the indirect receipt legal rules applicable of the contract of finance lease, a direct transplantation of accounting and tax standards is essential to receipt of contract finance lease the Iraqi positive law. The issue of receipt of an accounting and tax perspective will therefore be multiplied: One hand, reconciliation between the French accounting law, French tax law and, Iraqi accounting law, Iraqi tax law is desirable and sought after. In addition, reconciliation between the U. S. accounting law, U.S. tax law, having been inspired by the international accounting, and tax standards and Iraqi accounting law, Iraqi tax law is feasible. It is then compatibility and harmonization are sought. So the analysis of the direct receipt of accounting and tax rules applicable to the contract of finance lease that the second part of the thesis is devoted.

The master‘s thesis is focused on defining the differences between Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards. The theoretical part defines IAS/IFRS, its development and significance at the international level. It deals with rules and requirements that are set out in the financial reporting framework and also in IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. The differences concerning the reporting of a paricular field of accounting are also described in the theoretical part. The practical part follows up the analysis of the selected company and application requirements of IAS/IFRS on selected items of business corporations. Thanks to the application of the requirements, a statement of financial position and a statement of comprehensive income are proposed in accordance with the rules of IAS/IFRS. Procedural steps which are necessary for the first adoption of IAS/IFRS are covered in the last chapter of the master thesis.

Thesis deals with leasing transactions in view of czech accounting and tax legislation and in view of International financial reporting standards. Emphasis is placed on classification of leases as a finance lease and operating lease and especially on different impact of finance lease transactions on the financial statements of lessor and lessee prepared in accordance with czech legislation and IAS/IFRS.

This diploma thesis is concerned with specific situations regarding accounting for immovable property, including building right, non-monetary investments in fixed capital, immovable property held for sale (as inventory) and finance lease of immovable property. The term immovable property itself is explained from different point of views. Closer look is devoted to acquisition, possession and disposal of immovable property with even more detailed description of investment property valuation and depreciation.

This masters thesis main focus is a statement of cash flows as regulated by czech accounting legislation, International Financial Reporting Standards and US GAAP. First chapter describes the importance of Statement of cash flows and his value added for users of financial statements. The historical context of the statement is shown, it is stated which entities are obligated to report statement of cash flows and lastly the internal structure of the statement is discussed. The second chapter begins by general methods of preparing the statement, then so called specific items are dealt with. The solution of some advanced accounting transactions (government grants, leases, loans, deferred payments etc.) is described. In the end the presentation and dislocure requirements are discussed. Last chapter contains research, where 99 companies are researched, answers are made concerning stated research questions and research hypothesis are concluded.

The main purpose of this diploma thesis is to provide a general overview of the three types of fixed assets financing -- long-term bank loan, capital lease and operating lease; their general description, definition and typology, mainly from the accounting standpoint of view in appliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards. Close attention is also paid to their comparison and outlining their main qualitative and quantitative benefits and disadvantages. The last part of the thesis includes a case study that implements quantitative comparison of the three types of assets financing and their accounting according to the theoretical material contained in the preceding chapters.