Zugl.: Oestrich-Winkel, Europ. Business School, Diss., 2009

Detta arbete analyserar Uppsala och Göteborgs kommunala fastighetsförsäljningar och konsekvenserna som dessa försäljningar kan ha för kommunerna. Uppsala och Göteborgs kommun har båda låga självfinansieringsgrader och därför är ett av deras mål att öka denna. För att kunna uppnå målet kommer de båda kommunerna att genomföra försäljningar av kommunala fastigheter. De fastigheter som kommunerna har bestämt att avyttra är övervägande kommersiella fastigheter men även en del samhällsfastigheter.Uppsala avser att sälja större strategiska fastigheter som innehåller köpcentrum medan Göteborg säljer icke sammanhängande fastigheter som inte anses vara strategiska. Uppsalas försäljning är tre gånger större än Göteborgs sett till yta, och kvadratmeterpriset är högre.Därför får Uppsala in cirka fem gånger högre intäkter än Göteborg. Dessa försäljningar kan få olika tänkbara konsekvenser för kommunerna beroende på vilken typ av fastighet som säljs. Vid försäljningen av kommersiella fastigheter kan mervärdet väl uppväga risken. I Uppsalas fall säljs stora och viktiga fastigheter som är delar av kommunens nysatsning. Om fastigheterna köps och förvaltas av rätt aktör kan fastigheterna lyfta attraktiviteten i hela kommunen.Dessutom ökar konkurrensen på marknaden och det frigörs tid som kommunen kan göra annat med.Göteborg säljer mindre, icke strategiska fastigheter och uppsidan för kommunen är inte lika stor som för Uppsala, men de tar betydligt mindre risk och en svag köpare skulle inte påverka kommunen lika negativt som i Uppsalas fall. Negativa effekter som denna försäljning kan ha är förlorade stordriftsfördelar då fastigheten byter ägare. Kommunerna förlorar även kontroll över fastigheterna i och med ägarbytet. När det gäller samhällsfastigheterna så skulle ett gynnsamt upplägg vara att de säljs men att kommunen sedan hyr tillbaka dem. Då får kommunen in kapital och andra positiva effekter kan uppstå såsom ökad flexibilitet och lägre hyror. Transaktionens utfall beror helt och hållet på avtalets utformning. Det är därför av största vikt att kommunen är noggrann när den skriver avtal. / This work analyzes Uppsala and Gothenburg's municipal property sales and the consequences that these sales may have for the municipalities. The municipalities of Uppsala and Gothenburg both have low self-financing rates and therefore one of their goals is to increase this. In order to achieve the goal, the two municipalities will carry out sales of municipal properties. The properties that the municipalities have decided to sell are predominantly commercial properties but also some community properties. Uppsala intends to sell larger strategic properties that contain shopping centers, while Gothenburg sells non-contiguous properties that are not considered strategic. Uppsala's sales are three times larger than Gothenburg's in terms of area, and the price per square meter is higher. Therefore, Uppsala receives about five times higher revenues than Gothenburg. These sales can have different possible consequences for the municipalities depending on the type of property being sold. When selling commercial properties, the added value may well outweigh the risk. In Uppsala's case, large and important properties are sold that are part of the municipality's new investment. If the properties are bought and managed by the right player, the properties can raise the attractiveness of the entire municipality. In addition, competition in the market increases and time is freed up that the municipality can do other things with. Gothenburg sells smaller, non-strategic properties and the upside for the municipality is not as great as for Uppsala, but they take significantly less risk and a weak buyer would not affect the municipality as negatively as in Uppsala's case. Negative effects that this sale can have are lost economies of scale when the property changes owners. The municipalities also lose control of the properties as a result of the change of ownership. When it comes to community properties, a favorable arrangement would be that they are sold but that the municipality then rents them back. Then the municipality receives capital and other positive effects can arise such as increased flexibility and lower rents. The outcome of the transaction depends entirely on the design of the agreement. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the municipality is careful when writing agreements.

Submitted by Antonius Sieverding (antonius.sieverding@cbs-mail.de) on 2018-09-05T18:40:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 final final Upload Master Thesis FGV EBAPE Antonius Sieverding.pdf: 2490687 bytes, checksum: 075d9209529073496ed1f2c4523a30c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-09-10T12:58:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 final final Upload Master Thesis FGV EBAPE Antonius Sieverding.pdf: 2490687 bytes, checksum: 075d9209529073496ed1f2c4523a30c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T19:36:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 final final Upload Master Thesis FGV EBAPE Antonius Sieverding.pdf: 2490687 bytes, checksum: 075d9209529073496ed1f2c4523a30c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-19 / Objetivo – O objetivo deste trabalho é acessar o tratamento da operação de venda e arrendamento mercantil de acordo com a introdução da nova norma de arrendamento mercantil IFRS 16 e determinar suas consequências para os negócios. Devido a essas mudanças de longo alcance, a contabilização das transações de venda e arrendamento de acordo com a IFRS 16 é analisada criticamente e avaliada em relação à finalidade e aos princípios selecionados da contabilidade do IFRS. Além disso, é feita uma comparação com as disposições da IAS 17. Outrossim, esta pesquisa visa identificar espaço potencial para evitar as consequências da IFRS 16 e vincula essas descobertas à prática. Metodologia – A pesquisa foi dividida em diferentes partes. Em primeiro lugar, a fundamentação teórica é determinada com o uso de materiais do IASB em relação ao novo padrão de locação para investigar possíveis diferenças ocorridas na IFRS 16. Baseado em um exemplo prático, o procedimento contábil para uma transação de venda e arrendamento segundo a IFRS 16, para ambos envolvendo partes, é mostrado. Os resultados são discutidos e vinculados, especialmente no que diz respeito ao propósito e várias possibilidades oferecidas pela IFRS 16. Resultados – A introdução da IFRS 16 traz grandes mudanças para os negócios. Uma transação de venda e arrendamento sob a IFRS 16 leva em contraste com a IAS 17 (assumindo a locação operacional) para uma contabilidade em balanço. Limitações – Não é necessário apresentar uma análise completa e revisão do novo padrão. Aplicabilidade do trabalho – Este trabalho pode servir as empresas, assim como o auditor e contadores, como uma diretriz para o tratamento de transações de venda e arrendamento sob a IFRS 16 e mostra as consequências. Originalidade – Para o conhecimento do autor, este é o primeiro estudo que combina uma comparação entre a IAS 17 e a IFRS 16 com o tratamento de transação de venda e arrendamento e determina sua finalidade e as consequências para as empresas que usam um exemplo prático. / Purpose – The purpose of this work is to access the treatment of sale and lease back transaction in regards of the introduction of the new leasing standard IFRS 16 and determine its consequences for businesses. Due to these far-reaching changes, the accounting for sale and lease back transactions in accordance with IFRS 16 is critically analyzed and evaluated in regards of the purpose and selected principles of IFRS accounting. In addition, a comparison is made with the provisions of IAS 17. Further, this research aims to identify potential room for avoiding the consequences of IFRS 16 and links these findings to the practice. Design/methodology/approach – The research was divided into different parts. First of all, the theoretical foundation is determined with using IASB materials regarding the new lease standard to investigate possible differences occurring to IFRS 16. Based on a practical example, the accounting procedure for a sale and lease back transaction under IFRS 16, for both involving parties, is shown. The findings are discussed and linked, especially in regards of the purpose and various possibilities IFRS 16 offers. Findings – The introduction of IFRS 16 bears far reaching changes for business. A sale and lease back transaction under IFRS 16 leads in contrast to IAS 17 (assuming operating lease) to an on-balance sheet accounting. Research limitations/implications – It is not necessary to present a full analysis and review of the new standard. Practical implications – IFRS 16 will have a significant influence on future balance sheets, analyses and company valuations. This work can serve companies as well as auditor and accountants as a guideline for the treatment of sale and lease back transactions under IFRS 16 and demonstrates the accruing consequences. Originality – To the knowledge of the author, this is the first study that combines a comparison a of IAS 17 and IFRS 16 with the treatment of sale and lease back transaction and determines its purpose as well as consequences for businesses using a practical example.

Hochsch., Master-Thesis--Wismar.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira. Lease-back é uma modalidade de arrendamento mercantil financeiro em que o vendedor do bem e o arrendatário são a mesma pessoa jurídica. Desde 1930, teorias econômicas, políticas e jurídicas têm debatido a importância de propriedade e controle de bens no capitalismo, sendo hoje geralmente aceito que empresas não precisam ter a propriedade dos ativos para desenvolver suas atividades. Neste contexto, operações de lease-back podem ser usadas pelas empresas como uma fonte alternativa de financiamento, em que se dispõe do direito de propriedade sem perder o direito de usar e fruir dos ativos. O foco desta dissertação consiste em analisar (i) o que é um contrato de lease-back; (ii) os elementos de contratos de lease-back; e (iii) a legalidade de contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira, especialmente em vista da proibição do pacto comissório em direitos reais de garantia (penhor, hipoteca e anticrese) e na alienação fiduciária em garantia. / This dissertation analyzes lease-back agreements under Brazilian law. Lease-back is a type of finance lease (arrendamento mercantil financeiro) wherein the seller of the asset and the lessee are the same legal entity. Since 1930s economic, political and legal theories have debated the importance of ownership and control in capitalism and nowadays it is commonly accepted that companies do not need to retain ownership of their assets to develop their business. In this context, lease-back transactions can be used by companies as an alternative source of financing, by disposing of the ownership of their assets without losing the right to use them. The focus of this dissertation is to analyze (i) what is a leaseback agreement; (ii) the elements of lease-back agreements; and (iii) the legality of leaseback agreements under Brazilian law especially in view of potential violation to rules prohibiting pactum commissorium in agreements involving in rem security interests (pledge, mortgage and antichresis) or chattel mortgage (alienação fiduciária em garantia).

Nesta dissertação são analisados os contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira. Lease-back é uma modalidade de arrendamento mercantil financeiro em que o vendedor do bem e o arrendatário são a mesma pessoa jurídica. Desde 1930, teorias econômicas, políticas e jurídicas têm debatido a importância de propriedade e controle de bens no capitalismo, sendo hoje geralmente aceito que empresas não precisam ter a propriedade dos ativos para desenvolver suas atividades. Neste contexto, operações de lease-back podem ser usadas pelas empresas como uma fonte alternativa de financiamento, em que se dispõe do direito de propriedade sem perder o direito de usar e fruir dos ativos. O foco desta dissertação consiste em analisar (i) o que é um contrato de lease-back; (ii) os elementos de contratos de lease-back; e (iii) a legalidade de contratos de lease-back perante a lei brasileira, especialmente em vista da proibição do pacto comissório em direitos reais de garantia (penhor, hipoteca e anticrese) e na alienação fiduciária em garantia. / This dissertation analyzes lease-back agreements under Brazilian law. Lease-back is a type of finance lease (arrendamento mercantil financeiro) wherein the seller of the asset and the lessee are the same legal entity. Since 1930s economic, political and legal theories have debated the importance of ownership and control in capitalism and nowadays it is commonly accepted that companies do not need to retain ownership of their assets to develop their business. In this context, lease-back transactions can be used by companies as an alternative source of financing, by disposing of the ownership of their assets without losing the right to use them. The focus of this dissertation is to analyze (i) what is a leaseback agreement; (ii) the elements of lease-back agreements; and (iii) the legality of leaseback agreements under Brazilian law especially in view of potential violation to rules prohibiting pactum commissorium in agreements involving in rem security interests (pledge, mortgage and antichresis) or chattel mortgage (alienação fiduciária em garantia).

The goal of this thesis is to compare the costs of leasing according to Czech accounting rules and according to international accounting standards. Regulations according to International accounting standards are divided according to the length of duration of individual agreements, in several steps {--}in order of consecutive years until the complete down-payment according to schedule. It is a regulation of accounting operations and economic results in the years of 2002-2009. For comparison I used the standard agreement for a cargo truck. As another comparison I chose a lease-back agreement for a building project. The practical part of the thesis transforms Czech accounting prescriptions into IAS accounting prescriptions in the form of tables. With the help of calculations and comparison of individual accounting prescriptions concerning financial leasing /Czech and international/ I came up with a number of results. I worked out two leasing agreements with variant solutions of transitions to financial leasing accounting according to IAS 17 in different years with differing leasing agreement duration. Each option is transformed, the costs and their variance is evaluated from the point of view of both accounting methods and the impact of these differences on economic results is resolved. In the conclusion each leasing agreement both approaches, the Czech and the international, are compared and all the differences which follow are summarized in a table.

Money lenders frequently use sale and lease back agreements as an alternative to other more conventional forms of security. These agreements are popular because they are simple and inexpensive to put in place. Unfortunately, South African courts give legal effect to the true intention of contracting parties. Sale and lease back agreements are often held to be simulated contracts and as such they are enforced as disguised pledges. One of the few alternative security options available to money lenders, is a notarial bond registered in terms of the Security By Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993. This act has been criticised for creating an ineffective form of security that is costly and cumbersome to put in place. It is suggested that the current security options available to money lenders are supplemented with the creation of a more user friendly public register for the registration of security interests. / Private Law / LL.M.

Money lenders frequently use sale and lease back agreements as an alternative to other more conventional forms of security. These agreements are popular because they are simple and inexpensive to put in place. Unfortunately, South African courts give legal effect to the true intention of contracting parties. Sale and lease back agreements are often held to be simulated contracts and as such they are enforced as disguised pledges. One of the few alternative security options available to money lenders, is a notarial bond registered in terms of the Security By Means of Movable Property Act 57 of 1993. This act has been criticised for creating an ineffective form of security that is costly and cumbersome to put in place. It is suggested that the current security options available to money lenders are supplemented with the creation of a more user friendly public register for the registration of security interests. / Private Law / LL.M.

This master´s thesis is dedicated on the area of company´s liquidity. It focused on the credit management and cash optimalization and the short term investment of the surplus value. It includes the financial plan for the next 4 years.