There is a limited amount of research dealing with the wealth effects of sale-and-leaseback transactions, but previous research has focused predominantly on the tax effects of these transactions. The results of these studies have often been in conflict with one another. This dissertation shows that tax effects do play a role in determining the wealth effect of sale-and-leasebacks on stockholders, but there exists a framework of finance research that suggests several other factors could play a determining role as well.

Every choice between owning and leasing corporate real estate is unique. Therefore every single case needs to be analyzed very thoroughly. The analysis can be in the form of a cash flow analysis and must be done on both cases: to own and to lease. Factors other than the purely financial ones must also be considered. The way the lease contract is written is very central to the choice between owning and leasing. Almost everything can be regulated in the lease contract. Another factor that has great impact on the decision between owning and leasing is the way one looks on risk vs. return. The result of the cash flow analysis is very dependent on the risk, so it’s obvious that the discount rate has an important role in the decision making. It is the author’s strong belief that the trend is to lease more and own less. This is applicable for private enterprises. Regarding Swedish municipalities it seems to be the other way around. The majority of the municipalities don’t have any plans on selling their real estate. The difference between owning and leasing can be very vague because lease contracts can be written in so many different ways. Therefore there is almost never a clear answer which is best, owning or leasing. My ambition with this text has never been to find a right or wrong, but to analyze the different aspects of leasing and owning real estate. / Varje enskilt fall måste noggrant gås igenom för att kunna dra någon slutsats om huruvida det är bäst att äga eller hyra ett fastighetsbestånd. Man måste räkna, med hjälp av t.ex. en kassaflödesanalys, på de båda fallen. Andra faktorer än de direkt ekonomiska från teorin måste även tas hänsyn till. Valet mellan hyra och äga beror till stor del av formuleringen av ett eventuellt hyreskontrakt. I kontraktet går nästan allt att reglera. Hur man ser på och utvärderar risk kontra avkastning är en faktor som även den till stor del påverkar valet mellan äga och hyra. Risken påverkar diskonteringsräntan som ligger till grund för den kassaflödesanalys som måste göras för att utvärdera de olika investeringsalternativen. Trenden, inom den privata sektorn, går mot att hyra mer. Bland kommuner är denna trend inte alls tydlig. Tvärtom så verkar de flesta kommuner inte ha planer på att sälja ut sitt fastighetsbestånd. Eftersom ett kontrakt kan vara utformat sådant att det knappt går att tala om att äga eller hyra, utan något mellanting, så finns det sällan något entydigt svar på vad som är bäst av att äga eller hyra. Det var aldrig min ambition att hitta något rätt och fel på det stora hela.

Corporate owned real estate is one of the world’s largest asset classes. Yet the US market and later on the European market has come towards a trend of refining businesses and using corporate real estate as a financing alternative by performing sale and leaseback transactions. This paper aims to complement and interlink research on event studies focusing on corporate real estate sale and leaseback and studies focusing on measuring risk and performance with variations in corporate real estate holdings. The study is delimited to companies publicly traded on the Swedish stock exchange. A  quantitative survey has been conducted in which data from 23 observations has been analyzed. A positive relationship between stock performance and  corporate real estate sale and leaseback transactions has been found. It is also noted that   companies that intend to use the disengaged capital to focus on core business show an increase in systematic risk. Furthermore an increase in stock performance is found when transaction value to firm value is high. Investors and corporate managers are encouraged to evaluate possibilities for their corporate real estate holdings since the results indicate that the diversification should take place on the investment level rather than on the corporate level.

No description available.

<p>Luftfartyg räknas som lös sak (lösöre). Det sakrättsliga momentet vid försäljning av lösa saker är vanligtvis knutet till traditionsprincipen, d v s köparen blir skyddad mot säljarens borgenärer när han fått egendomen i sin besittning. Sale and leaseback är en vanlig finansieringsform vid nyanskaffning och refinan- siering av luftfartyg. Vid en sale and leaseback-affär säljer flygföretaget ett luftfartyg till en investerare för att omedelbart hyra tillbaka det. Luftfartyget traderas med andra ord aldrig från säljare till köpare, utan blir hela tiden kvar i säljarens besittning. Köparen får, enligt svensk rätt, på detta sätt aldrig sakrättsligt skydd mot flygföretagets borgenärer. En möjlighet att uppnå sakrättsligt skydd för lösöre som blir kvar i säljarens besittning, är att registrera köpet enligt lösöreköplagen. Det innebär i korthet att sakrättsligt skydd uppnås genom ett registreringsförfarande. Det är dock i dagsläget oklart om lagen är tillämplig på luftfartyg, vilket innebär att det i princip är omöjligt att genomföra en sale and leaseback-affär med svenskregistrerade flygplan. Ett annat alternativ skulle kunna vara att ge inskrivning av äganderätten i luftfartygsregistret sakrättslig verkan, vilket är den lösning som Danmark och Norge valt. Lufträttsutredningens förslag från 1997 förordar denna lösning, men det har ännu ej resulterat i någon ändring av lagstiftningen. Jag behandlar inledningsvis varför sale and leaseback-affärer är intressanta för flygbolag och finansiärer och orsakerna till varför lösöreköplagen inte skulle vara tillämplig. Vidare utreds om förfarandet enligt lagen skulle kunna vara ett lämpligt sätt för att uppnå sakrättsligt skydd samt vilka risker och praktiska konsekvenser som är förknippade med detta.</p>

Luftfartyg räknas som lös sak (lösöre). Det sakrättsliga momentet vid försäljning av lösa saker är vanligtvis knutet till traditionsprincipen, d v s köparen blir skyddad mot säljarens borgenärer när han fått egendomen i sin besittning. Sale and leaseback är en vanlig finansieringsform vid nyanskaffning och refinan- siering av luftfartyg. Vid en sale and leaseback-affär säljer flygföretaget ett luftfartyg till en investerare för att omedelbart hyra tillbaka det. Luftfartyget traderas med andra ord aldrig från säljare till köpare, utan blir hela tiden kvar i säljarens besittning. Köparen får, enligt svensk rätt, på detta sätt aldrig sakrättsligt skydd mot flygföretagets borgenärer. En möjlighet att uppnå sakrättsligt skydd för lösöre som blir kvar i säljarens besittning, är att registrera köpet enligt lösöreköplagen. Det innebär i korthet att sakrättsligt skydd uppnås genom ett registreringsförfarande. Det är dock i dagsläget oklart om lagen är tillämplig på luftfartyg, vilket innebär att det i princip är omöjligt att genomföra en sale and leaseback-affär med svenskregistrerade flygplan. Ett annat alternativ skulle kunna vara att ge inskrivning av äganderätten i luftfartygsregistret sakrättslig verkan, vilket är den lösning som Danmark och Norge valt. Lufträttsutredningens förslag från 1997 förordar denna lösning, men det har ännu ej resulterat i någon ändring av lagstiftningen. Jag behandlar inledningsvis varför sale and leaseback-affärer är intressanta för flygbolag och finansiärer och orsakerna till varför lösöreköplagen inte skulle vara tillämplig. Vidare utreds om förfarandet enligt lagen skulle kunna vara ett lämpligt sätt för att uppnå sakrättsligt skydd samt vilka risker och praktiska konsekvenser som är förknippade med detta.

No description available.

Purpose: To investigate the usefulness of the Economic Value Added Momentum ratio and to determine if Swedish non-real estate, non-financial companies been either positively or negatively affected by their Corporate Real Estate structure from an EVAM perspective. Design/methodology/approach: Using a regression analysis composed of the OMX large and mid cap non-real estate, non-financial companies, investigates the relationship between companies’ real estate holdings and their ability to sustain a positive EVAM. The study covers the time period from 2006 to 2009 and includes 172 observations. Findings: The data showed that a negative relationship between EVAM and PPTY at the 10% real estate intensity interval might exist. However, no evidence was found that might suggest that a negative relationship between EVAM and corporate real estate holdings at the higher (15% real estate intensity) or the lower (5% real estate intensity) existed. This could suggest that companies’ that own lower percentages of real estate assets (less than 5% of PPTY) are not affecting their EVAM value and that companies’ that own larger amount of real estate (15% of PPTY or higher) are better at managing their real estate assets and thus it is not negatively impacting their EVAM. Research Implications: Real estate is reported at historical cost rather than at current fair market values. As the economy has, historically, enjoyed more periods of expansions than contractions, intuitive companies’ real estate assets are undervalued. Economic recession and booms can also dilute both the positive and negative aspects of real estate ownership. Although this investigation seeks to neutralize this phenomenon by including two periods of economic expansion and two periods of economic recession, it is unreasonable to claim that this will completely neutralize this affect. Practical Implications: The companies that have a PPTY of between 10% and 15% might be better off selling their real estate holdings or investing additional funds in real estate so as to either have a PPTY below 10% or above 15%. Companies that are in-between the 10% and 15% real estate ownership segment might not deem it cost effective to have specific real estate professionals or to invest in real estate know-how; however, the firms’ might at the same time own too much real estate, making it too costly to do nothing. Consequently, the companies could be better off deciding on a particular strategy: owning more real estate or owning less real estate. Originality/Value: Investigates if a linkage between a company’s ability to generate a positive EVAM and a company’s quantity of real estate assets exists.

With accumulation of sovereign debt in many large OECD countries it seems that attention is heightened on how to manage public resources more effectively. High levels of sovereign debt are partly related to the aftermath of the latest financial crisis, where resolution for many big economies was to intervene and use public resources to put an end to the expansion of the crisis. Public real estate is one of those resources, which’s efficient management has high importance on general public sector efficacy. It seems that governments around the world have a way to go toward efficiency in public real estate management. There seem to be rather wide differences in management practices and quality. This thesis is an attempt to quantify some choices Estonian government could take in terms of its public real estate management. Four different scenarios are compared and Monte Carlo Simulation tool is used for that purpose. Two of the scenarios are related to private sector involvement and two are not. Privatization of public assets does not only mean cashing out for the government. It has wider consequences by introducing market forces where they weren’t before. One of the most important points of interest in this thesis is what effect can market forces and change in incentives have on public real estate management. There can be both, positive and negative effects, but which ones would prevail? The model built during the process of the thesis tries to measure those effects with aggregate net present value and its volatility by looking at 30 years ahead. Simulation analyses is used to vary input variables in the range that seems to be supported by the observations made in the literature and in some cases, where data is not available, also according to more subjective view that of the author’s. As input and their characteristics are different for scenarios, it is of interest to document how do the main outputs, mean NPV and its volatility, vary along with inputs.

Cooperative Construction in Schools in California John M. Donley The construction industry has lost efficiency since 1964, while becoming increasingly more litigious. Schools in California can ill afford the time to allow the construction industry time to fully evolve. It may take years or decades to fully improve the efficiency of, and reduce the conflict within the construction industry. At the same time, the construction industry has developed new processes to improve efficiency and reduce conflict. These processes are beginning to be broadly embraced by the industry. They all contain cooperative elements. Taken together they represent a new organizing principle for the construction industry, cooperative construction. Also concurrently, a previously little-used provision of the California Education Code allows schools freedom to contract for school construction in nearly any reasonable contractual arrangement they see fit for their project and district needs. As a result, school districts in California have developed a new system of project delivery. They are borrowing from here and there and inventing new tools to make projects work for them. Again, cooperative elements at the hearts of the processes.