Les structures en béton armé sont amenées à répondre à différentes exigences pouvant dépasser la simple résistance mécanique. Pendant le processus de fissuration, les contraintes dans le béton armé sont progressivement redistribuées entre l’acier et le béton via l’interface entre ces deux matériaux. Cette redistribution de contraintes a un impact direct sur l’état de fissuration final et doit donc être prise en compte dans la modélisation. Il existe différents modèles numériques capables de représenter les effets de la liaison acier-béton. Cependant, leur usage est, pour l’instant, incompatible avec les applications concernant les structures de grandes dimensions (difficultés de maillage, coût de calcul…). Dans ce cadre d’application, l’hypothèse de liaison parfaite entre l’acier et le béton (déplacement identique) est donc toujours utilisée. On se propose ici de développer un nouveau modèle éléments finis de liaison acier-béton qui soit à la fois représentatif des phénomènes physiques se produisant à l’interface entre les deux matériaux et compatible avec les contraintes de modélisation des structures de grandes dimensions. Ce travail de thèse se découpe en trois grandes parties : - le développement d’un modèle élément fini de liaison acier-béton adapté aux contraintes de modélisation des structures de grandes dimensions. Ce modèle numérique permet ainsi de tenir compte des interactions mécaniques entre le béton et les armatures d’acier représentées à l’aide d’éléments barres. - la caractérisation du comportement de la liaison acier-béton. Un modèle de loi d’adhérence (évolution de la contrainte d’adhérence en fonction du glissement) basé sur des observations expérimentales (campagne expérimentale de pull-out menée au cours de la thèse et données bibliographiques) est proposé. Il permet en particulier de différencier le cas d’une rupture par arrachement, d’une rupture par éclatement en tenant compte des caractéristiques matériaux et géométriques de la structure. - l’application du modèle proposé à un élément structurel (poutre). Un essai de poutre en flexion quatre points visant à caractériser l’évolution de la fissuration (évolution de l’ouverture de fissure mesurée à l’aide de la technique de corrélation d’images notamment) a ainsi été proposé. Ces résultats ont ensuite été comparés à ceux de simulations numériques tenant compte de la liaison acier-béton d’une part ou de l’hypothèse de liaison parfaite d’autre part. Les deux modélisations donnent une bonne approximation du comportement extérieur de la structure (comportement global et ouvertures de fissure des surfaces extérieures de la poutre). Le modèle de liaison acier-béton apporte cependant une meilleure caractérisation de la phase de fissuration active (apparition des fissures) et modifie plus particulièrement le comportement local de la structure à proximité directe des armatures (limitant le développement de l’endommagement du béton le long des renforts). / Reinforced concrete structures may have to fulfill functions that go beyond their simple mechanical resistance. During the cracking process, stresses are progressively transferred from steel to concrete through the steel-concrete interface. This stress transfer has a direct impact on the crack properties. Taking into account these effects seems thus essential to predict correctly the cracking of reinforced concrete structures. Different models exist to represent the steel-concrete bond behavior. However, these models are rarely compatible with large scale simulations (meshing difficulties, heavy computational cost…). To overcome these difficulties, a perfect relation between steel and concrete (same displacements) is generally considered for structural applications. In this contribution, a new finite element approach is proposed to represent the steel-concrete bond effects in a context adapted for large scale simulations. This thesis is divided in three parts: - the development of a finite element steel-concrete bond model adapted for large scale structural applications . This model takes into account mechanical interactions between concrete and steel reinforcement represented by truss elements. - the characterization of the steel-concrete bond behavior. A model for the bond stress-slip law based on experimental observations (experimental campaign on pull-out test carried out during the thesis and data of literature) is proposed. This model differentiates the case of a pull-out failure and of splitting failure and takes into account the material properties and the geometric characteristics of the structure. - an application of the proposed model on a structural element (beam). A four point bending beam is experimentally tested. This test aims to characterize the crack evolution (in particular the crack opening using the image correlation technique). Experimental results are then compared with numerical simulations taking into account the bond–slip effect between steel and concrete or considering the perfect relation hypothesis. The two simulations give a good approximation of the external behavior of the structure (global behavior and crack opening on the external face of the beam). Nevertheless, the bond model improves the cracking description during the active cracking phase (beginning of crack apparition) and influences the local behavior of the structure especially near the steel bars (avoiding the propagation of the damage of concrete along the steel reinforcement).

Most of existing North American bridge infrastructure is reported to be deficient. Present infrastructure management mainly relies on qualitative evaluation, where bridge safety and serviceability are judged through routine visual inspection. With the successive increase in the number of severely deficient bridges and the limited available resources, it is crucial to develop a performance-based quantitative assessment evaluation approach that enables an accurate estimation of aging bridges ultimate and seismic capacities and ensures their serviceability. Reinforcement corrosion is the main cause of most of North American concrete infrastructure deterioration. Experimental investigations prove that reinforcement corrosion results in reduction of the steel reinforcement cross sectional area, localized (or global in very extreme cases) loss of bond action, concrete spalling, loss of core concrete confinement, and structural collapse. Field observations show that damage due to reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns is localized in highly affected zones by splash of deicing water. In this thesis, an innovative performance-based semi-quantitative assessment framework is developed using newly developed simplified nonlinear static and dynamic finite element analysis approaches. The framework integrates the bridge’s available design and after-construction information with enhanced inspection and additional material testing as sources for accurate input data. In order to evaluate the structural performance and the capacity of the corrosion-damaged bridge columns, four nonlinear static and dynamic analysis approaches have been developed: (i) simplified nonlinear sectional analysis (NLSA) approach that presents the basis of the analysis approaches to estimate the ultimate and seismic capacities, and serviceability of bridge columns; (ii) simplified nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) approach, which enables estimating the ultimate structural capacity of corrosion-damaged RC columns; (iii) simplified hybrid linear/nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (SHDFEA) approach to evaluate the serviceability of the bridge; and, (iv) simplified non-linear seismic analysis (SNLSA) approach to evaluate the seismic capacity of the bridge columns. The four analysis approaches are verified by comprehensive comparisons with available test experimental and analytical results. The proposed semi-quantitative assessment framework suggests three thresholds for each performance measure of the evaluation limit states to be decided by the bridge management system team. Case studies are presented to show the integrity and the consistency of using the proposed assessment framework. The proposed assessment framework together with the analysis approaches provide bridge owners, practicing engineers, and management teams with simplified and accurate evaluation tools, which lead to reduce the maintenance/rehabilitation cost and provide better safety, and reduce the variation in the data collected using only traditional inspection methods.

Most of existing North American bridge infrastructure is reported to be deficient. Present infrastructure management mainly relies on qualitative evaluation, where bridge safety and serviceability are judged through routine visual inspection. With the successive increase in the number of severely deficient bridges and the limited available resources, it is crucial to develop a performance-based quantitative assessment evaluation approach that enables an accurate estimation of aging bridges ultimate and seismic capacities and ensures their serviceability. Reinforcement corrosion is the main cause of most of North American concrete infrastructure deterioration. Experimental investigations prove that reinforcement corrosion results in reduction of the steel reinforcement cross sectional area, localized (or global in very extreme cases) loss of bond action, concrete spalling, loss of core concrete confinement, and structural collapse. Field observations show that damage due to reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns is localized in highly affected zones by splash of deicing water. In this thesis, an innovative performance-based semi-quantitative assessment framework is developed using newly developed simplified nonlinear static and dynamic finite element analysis approaches. The framework integrates the bridge’s available design and after-construction information with enhanced inspection and additional material testing as sources for accurate input data. In order to evaluate the structural performance and the capacity of the corrosion-damaged bridge columns, four nonlinear static and dynamic analysis approaches have been developed: (i) simplified nonlinear sectional analysis (NLSA) approach that presents the basis of the analysis approaches to estimate the ultimate and seismic capacities, and serviceability of bridge columns; (ii) simplified nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) approach, which enables estimating the ultimate structural capacity of corrosion-damaged RC columns; (iii) simplified hybrid linear/nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis (SHDFEA) approach to evaluate the serviceability of the bridge; and, (iv) simplified non-linear seismic analysis (SNLSA) approach to evaluate the seismic capacity of the bridge columns. The four analysis approaches are verified by comprehensive comparisons with available test experimental and analytical results. The proposed semi-quantitative assessment framework suggests three thresholds for each performance measure of the evaluation limit states to be decided by the bridge management system team. Case studies are presented to show the integrity and the consistency of using the proposed assessment framework. The proposed assessment framework together with the analysis approaches provide bridge owners, practicing engineers, and management teams with simplified and accurate evaluation tools, which lead to reduce the maintenance/rehabilitation cost and provide better safety, and reduce the variation in the data collected using only traditional inspection methods.

Les revêtements de couches minces soumis à de fortes contraintes de compression peuvent subir un phénomène de flambage et de délaminage simultané appelé « cloquage ». Le mécanisme de formation et de propagation des cloques en forme de rides droites et des cloques circulaires a largement été étudié dans la littérature en considérant un comportement élastique linéaire pour le film. Cependant, l’effet de la plasticité sur la propagation et l’équilibre de telles cloques, bien que constaté expérimentalement, n’avait pas encore été vraiment étudié à ce jour.Dans ce travail nous nous intéressons tout d’abord à l’observation et à la caractérisation des structures de flambement observées sur des film d’or déposés sur des substrats en silicium. Des effets de la plasticité sur la morphologie ou la charge critique de flambage des structures cloquées sont mis en évidence de manière quantitative grâce à des techniques d'observation morphologique comme l'AFM, ainsi que des tests mécaniques par nano-indentation et des mesures de contrainte.Un modèle mécanique est développé, permettant de modéliser le film comme une plaque non-linéaire géométrique au comportement élasto-plastique en contact unilatéral sur un support rigide représentant le substrat. De plus, un modèle de zone cohésive est introduit entre la plaque et le support de manière à prendre en compte le délaminage du film, avec un travail de séparation dépendant de la mixité modale du chargement.Ce modèle nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet de la plasticité sur les profils d’équilibres résultant du cloquage élasto-plastique, pour des morphologies de cloques en ride droite et de cloque circulaire. L'effet sur le décalage de la charge critique de flambage a également été étudié. Enfin, l'influence de la déformation plastique sur le mécanisme de propagation de la rupture interfacial lui même a été étudiée. En particulier, un effet de stabilisation de la forme de cloque circulaire, qui avait été observé expérimentalement dans diverses études, a pu être démontré par le calcul. / Thin film coatings submitted to high compressive stresses may experience a simultaneous buckling and delamination phenomenon called "blistering". The mechanism of formation and propagation of blisters in the form of straight wrinkles and circular blisters has been extensively studied in the literature considering a linear elastic behavior for the film. However, the effect of plasticity on the propagation and mechanical equilibrium of such blisters, although experimentally observed, had not been systematically studied to date.In this work, we are interested in the observation and characterization of buckling structures observed on gold films deposited on silicon substrates. The effects of plasticity on the morphology or critical buckling load of buckled structures are quantitatively demonstrated using small scale surface observation techniques such as AFM, as well as mechanical testing by nanoindentation tests and stress measurement methods.A mechanical model is developed in order to model the film as a geometric nonlinear plate with elastic-plastic behavior in unilateral contact with a rigid support representing the substrate. In addition, a cohesive zone model is introduced between the plate and the support in order to take into account the delamination of the film, with a separation work depending on the mode mix of the interface loading.This model allowed us to highlight the effect of plasticity on the equilibrium profiles resulting from elastic-plastic blistering, for both straight and circular blisters morphologies. The effect on the offset of the critical buckling load has also been studied. Finally, the influence of plastic deformation on the propagation mechanism of the interfacial fracture itself has been studied. In particular, a stabilizing effect of the circular blister form, which has been observed experimentally in various studies, has been demonstrated through calculation.

The aim of the thesis is to study the response of Swedish buttress dams if they are subjected to an earthquake of relevant magnitude to Sweden. Swedish dams are evaluated for an extensive amount of load cases, but not for earthquake loading. Therefore, it is not known how the Swedish buttress dams would respond during such loading. Earthquake engineering is practised only to a marginal extent in Sweden due to a low risk of major earthquakes. In fact, an earthquake hazard zonation map that provides data for earthquake resistant design, does not even exist for Sweden. Therefore, part of the thesis is aimed at acquiring data from alternative sources to enable seismic evaluation. The effect of earthquakes on Swedish buttress dams are analysed through case studies. The case studies are performed with numerical analysis using the commercial finite element program Brigade Plus. The case studies are performed on two buttress dam models that were selected based on an inventory of Swedish buttress dams. In the case studies, the dam models are evaluated for the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE), which correspond to 10 000 years return period. At the SEE event, the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), is also related to the geographical location of a dam. The envelope of available PGA in Sweden was used in the case studies to cover the spectrum of PGA. The response of the dams to the lowest value of PGA is insignificant and the dams are essentially unaffected. However, for the highest value of PGA the responses indicates that the concrete of the dams is severely cracked and that the ultimate capacity of the reinforcement may be exceeded. Hence, it is concluded that the geographical location of a Swedish dam is highly influential on the response to earthquake loading. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera effekten på svenska betonglamelldammar i det fall de utsätts för en jordbävning av relevant magnitud för Sverige. Svenska dammar har blivit utvärderade för ett stort antal lastfall, dock ej för jordbävningslaster. Det är därför inte känt hur svenska betonglamelldammar uppträder under sådana laster. Jordbävningsdimensionering tillämpas endast marginellt i Sverige eftersom det föreligger låg risk för kraftfulla jordbävningar. Faktum är att en zonindelningskarta över jordbävningsrisk för byggnadsdimensionering inte ens existerar i Sverige. Därför dedikeras en del av uppsatsen till att hitta data från alternativa källor för seismisk utvärdering. Effekten av jordbävningar på svenska betonglamelldammar analyseras genom fallstudier. Dessa är genomförda baserat på numerisk analys med det kommersiella finita element programmet Brigade Plus. Analyserna är baserade på två utvalda betonglamelldammodeller som valdes genom en inventering av svenska betonglamelldammar. I fallstudien utvärderas dammarna för en Säkerhet Utvärderings Jordbävning (SUJ), denna motsvaras av 10 000 års återkomsttid. Vid en SUJ relateras den Maximala Mark Accelerationen (MAA) även till det geografiska läget av en damm. Ytterlighetsvärdena av tillgänglig MMA värden i Sverige användes i fallstudien för att täcka in hela spektrumet. Effekten av det lägsta MMA värdet på dammarna är obetydlig och dammarna kan anses i stort sett opåverkade. Det högsta värdet av MMA indikerar dock att dammarnas betong utsätts för stor uppsprickning och att kapaciteten av armeringen överskrids. Det kan därmed fastslås att det geografiska läget av en damm har stort inflytande över vilken effekt som kan förväntas vid en jordbävning

Résumé : Ce projet de recherche s'inscrit dans une démarche d'éco-conception de matériaux architecturés à fort potentiel acoustique. On s'intéresse en particulier dans ce travail de thèse à la description des phénomènes de dissipation et de propagation des ondes acoustiques dans un milieu fibreux par une approche multi-échelle et multi-physique. Dans cette étude, il s'agit de décrire les propriétés acoustiques du milieu fibreux à partir d'une description de la géométrie à l'échelle locale de milieux fibreux. Le milieu fibreux est constitué de fibres d'asclépiades, qui sont typiquement des fibres végétales adoptant la forme de longs cylindres. Pour traiter ce problème, la méthodologie employée consiste en quatre étapes principales : (i) caractérisation et modélisation de la géométrie du milieu fibreux; (ii) calcul des paramètres de transport et acoustiques du milieu fibreux reconstruit; (iii) validation expérimentale de propriétés de transport et acoustiques; (iv) évaluation des évolutions de propriétés de transport en fonction des paramètres de la géométrie à l'échelle locale de matériau. En particulier, un modèle isotrope spatialement stationnaire de lignes droites (processus de Poisson) et le tenseur d'orientation angulaire correspondant, constituent des outils de modélisation de la géométrie aléatoire du milieu fibreux permettant de représenter les principales caractéristiques susceptibles d'influencer ses propriétés de transport. Il s'agit ensuite de résoudre les principaux problèmes aux limites gouvernant le comportement acoustique à l'échelle supérieure en appliquant une technique classique d'homogénéisation numérique. On montre dans un premier temps que la méthode développée permet de prédire le comportement en absorption d'un milieu fibreux aléatoire en se basant uniquement sur la description des caractéristiques géométriques du matériau fibreux réel (porosité, rayon de fibres, distributions des orientations angulaires) sans coefficient d'ajustement, validations expérimentales à l'appui. Sur la base de ce travail de reconstruction tridimensionnel, on étudie ensuite systématiquement l'ensemble des phénomènes de transport d'intérêt sur une large gamme de porosité et d'orientations angulaires, de manière à produire des lois qui peuvent être appliquées par la suite par d'autres utilisateurs sur une large gamme de milieux fibreux réels. Finalement, on examine plus particulièrement l'hypothèse classique selon laquelle un milieu fibreux peut être décrit à partir de la moyenne arithmétique du diamètre de ses fibres, afin de cerner les limites de cette approche et ses conditions d'applicabilité lorsque le milieu fibreux présente une distribution étendue de diamètres de fibres ou bimodale. / Abstract : This thesis is concerned with in an eco-design approach for architectured porous materials (fibers made) with high acoustic potential. The project particularly focuses on asclepias (vegetal) fibers and on the description of dissipation and propagation phenomena of sound waves using homogellization techniques. One begins with the characterization of the fibrous medium by scanning electron microscope images from horizontal and vertical cross-sections of a slab of porous sample. Three-dimensional unit cells of the fibrous samples under study are reconstructed with an isotropic model of straight lines (Poisson processes) and by making use of the concept of angular orientation tensor from the previously identified microstructure characteristics (porosity, fiber radii, angular orientation distributions). The transports and acoustic properties are obtamed from numerical computations of unit cell problems (Stokes flow, potential flow and heat conduction) with the Finite Element Method. Validations with experimental data based on permeability and impedance tube measurements are proposed and show a good agreement with the predictive models. The dependence of the effective properties with the geometrical characteristics of the porous microstructure is then analyzed on a large range of porosity (0.75 ÷ 0.09) and explicit relations are provided between the effective acoustic coefficients and the microstructural parameters. The last part of this work is dedicated to the determination of acoustic properties of random fibrous media with bi- and poly dispersed fiber distribution radii. The results are compared with a corresponding mono- dispersed fibrous material (with a single effective fiber radius) which show no significant difference with the initial distributions when the effective radius is small enough. The results of this thesis also point out that an equivalent mono-dispersed fibrous material fails to represent accurately the transport properties of a random fibrous structure when the latter one is described by a fiber distribution radii tending towards a log normal distribution.

A indústria aeronáutica vem promovendo avanços tecnológicos em velocidades crescentes, para sobreviver em mercados extremamente competitivos. Neste cenário, torna-se imprescindível o uso de ferramentas de projeto que agilizem o desenvolvimento de novas aeronaves. Os atuais recursos computacionais permitiram um grande aumento no número de ferramentas que auxiliam o trabalho de projetistas e engenheiros. O projeto de uma aeronave é uma tarefa multidisciplinar por essência, o que logo incentivou o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais que trabalhem com várias áreas ao mesmo tempo. Entre elas se destaca a otimização multidisciplinar em projeto, que une métodos de otimização à modelos matemáticos de áreas distintas de um projeto para encontrar soluções de compromisso. O presente trabalho introduz a otimização multidisciplinar em projeto (Multidisciplinary Design Optimization - MDO) e discorre sobre algumas aplicações possíveis desta metodologia. Foi realizada a implementação de um sistema de MDO para o projeto de asas flexíveis, considerando restrições de aeroelasticidade dinâmica e massa estrutural. Como meta, deseja-se encontrar distribuições ideais de rigidezes flexional e torcional da estrutura da asa, para maximizar a velocidade crítica de flutter e minimizar a massa estrutural. Para tanto, foram utilizados um modelo dinâmico-estrutural baseado no método dos elementos finitos, um modelo aerodinâmico não-estacionário baseado na teoria das faixas e nas soluções bidimensionais de Theodorsen, um modelo de previsão de flutter que utiliza o método K e, por fim, um otimizador baseado no método de algoritmos genéticos (AGs). São apresentados os detalhes empregados em cada modelo, as restrições aplicadas e a maneira como eles interagem ao longo da otimização. É feita uma análise para a escolha dos parâmetros de otimização por AG e em seguida a avaliação de dois casos, para verificação da funcionalidade do sistema implementado. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma metodologia eficiente, que é capaz de buscar soluções ótimas para problemas propostos, que com devidos ajustes pode ter enorme valor para acelerar o desenvolvimento de novas aeronaves. / The aeronautical industry is always trying to speed up technological advances in order to survive in extremely competitive markets. In this scenario, the use of design tools to accelerate the development of new aircraft becomes essential. Current computational resources allow greater increase in the number of design tools to assist the work of aeronautical engineers. In essence, the design of an aircraft is a multidisciplinary task, which stimulates the development of computational tools that work with different areas at the same time. Among them, the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) can be distinguished, which combines optimization methods to mathematical models of distinct areas of a design to find compromise solutions. The present work introduces MDO and discourses on some possible applications of this methodology. The implementation of a MDO system for the design of flexible wings, considering dynamic aeroelasticity restrictions and the structural mass, was carried out. As goal, it is desired to find ideal flexional and torsional stiffness distributions of the wing structure, that maximize the critical flutter speed and minimize the structural mass. To do so, it was employed a structural dynamics model based on the finite element method, a nonstationary aerodynamic model based on the strip theory and Theodorsen’s two-dimensional solutions, a flutter prediction model based on the K method and a genetic algorithm (GA). Details on the model, restrictions applied and the way the models interact to each other through the optimization are presented. It is made an analysis for choosing the GA optimization parameters and then, the evaluation of two cases to verify the functionality of the implemented system. The results obtained illustrate an efficient methodology, capable of searching optimal solutions for proposed problems, that with the right adjustments can be of great value to accelerate the development of new aircraft.

Aujourd'hui, dans de nombreux champs d'applications, de plus en plus de problèmes d'ingénierie demandent d'avoir une évaluation précise et efficace de quantités d'intérêt.Très souvent, ces quantités dépendent de la solution d'une équation aux dérivées partielles (EDP) paramétrée où les paramètres -- physiques ou géométriques -- sont les entrées du modèle et les quantités d'intérêt -- valeurs moyennes -- en sont les sorties.Les techniques de réduction d'ordre, notamment la méthode des bases réduites qui est la méthode utilisée tout au long de ces travaux,permettent de répondre à ces demandes.Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la mise en place d'un framework en C++, supportant le calcul parallèle, permettant d'appliquer la méthode des bases réduites à des problèmes multi-physiques non-linéaires tels queles problèmes de convection naturelle (couplage fluide-thermique), ou encore la modélisation d'aimants de type résistifs à hauts champs (nous nous limitons au couplage thermo-electrique) aboutissant à une étude sur la quantification d'incertitude.La méthode des bases réduites s'appuie naturellement sur une approximation obtenue via la discrétisation élément fini du problème à traiter. Pour cela nous utilisons la librairie de calcul Feel++, spécialisée dans la résolution d'EDPs.Nous nous intéressons également aux problèmes de type multi-échelles.La particularité de ces problèmes est de manipuler un ensemble de phénomènes mettant en jeu des échelles différentes, comme c'est le cas par exemple lorsque nous considérons un écoulement en milieu poreux.La méthode des éléments finis multi-échelles permet d'avoir le comportement "global", associé aux grandes échelles, de la solution du problème sans devoir le résoudre sur les petites échelles.Nous proposons une nouvelle construction des fonctions de base élément fini multi-échelles basée sur la méthode des bases réduites. / Today, in many fields of applications, more and more engineering problems require to have an accurate and efficient evaluation of quantities of interest.Often, these quantities depend on a partial differential equation (PDE) parameterized solution -- physical or geometrical -- are the model inputs and the quantities of interest -- average values ​​-- are the outputs.The order reduction techniques, including reduced basis method which is the method used throughout this work, can meet these demands.In this thesis, we focus on the establishment of a framework in C ++ supporting parallel computing, which applies the reduced basis method to nonlinear multiphysics problems such as problems with natural convection (fluid-thermal coupling) or the high field resistive magnet modeling (we limit ourselves to thermo-electric coupling) leading to a study on the uncertainty quantification.The reduced basis method naturally relies on an approximation obtained using the finite element discretization of the problem being treated. For this, we use the Feel ++ computation library specialized in PDE resolution.We are also interested by multiscale problems.The particularity of these problems is to manipulate a set of phenomena involving different scales, as this is the case for example when we consider a flow in porous media.The multiscale finite element method allows having a "global" behavior, linked with large scales, of the problem solution without solving it on small scales.We propose a new construction of multiscale finite element basis functions based on the reduced basis method.

A indústria aeronáutica vem promovendo avanços tecnológicos em velocidades crescentes, para sobreviver em mercados extremamente competitivos. Neste cenário, torna-se imprescindível o uso de ferramentas de projeto que agilizem o desenvolvimento de novas aeronaves. Os atuais recursos computacionais permitiram um grande aumento no número de ferramentas que auxiliam o trabalho de projetistas e engenheiros. O projeto de uma aeronave é uma tarefa multidisciplinar por essência, o que logo incentivou o desenvolvimento de ferramentas computacionais que trabalhem com várias áreas ao mesmo tempo. Entre elas se destaca a otimização multidisciplinar em projeto, que une métodos de otimização à modelos matemáticos de áreas distintas de um projeto para encontrar soluções de compromisso. O presente trabalho introduz a otimização multidisciplinar em projeto (Multidisciplinary Design Optimization - MDO) e discorre sobre algumas aplicações possíveis desta metodologia. Foi realizada a implementação de um sistema de MDO para o projeto de asas flexíveis, considerando restrições de aeroelasticidade dinâmica e massa estrutural. Como meta, deseja-se encontrar distribuições ideais de rigidezes flexional e torcional da estrutura da asa, para maximizar a velocidade crítica de flutter e minimizar a massa estrutural. Para tanto, foram utilizados um modelo dinâmico-estrutural baseado no método dos elementos finitos, um modelo aerodinâmico não-estacionário baseado na teoria das faixas e nas soluções bidimensionais de Theodorsen, um modelo de previsão de flutter que utiliza o método K e, por fim, um otimizador baseado no método de algoritmos genéticos (AGs). São apresentados os detalhes empregados em cada modelo, as restrições aplicadas e a maneira como eles interagem ao longo da otimização. É feita uma análise para a escolha dos parâmetros de otimização por AG e em seguida a avaliação de dois casos, para verificação da funcionalidade do sistema implementado. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma metodologia eficiente, que é capaz de buscar soluções ótimas para problemas propostos, que com devidos ajustes pode ter enorme valor para acelerar o desenvolvimento de novas aeronaves. / The aeronautical industry is always trying to speed up technological advances in order to survive in extremely competitive markets. In this scenario, the use of design tools to accelerate the development of new aircraft becomes essential. Current computational resources allow greater increase in the number of design tools to assist the work of aeronautical engineers. In essence, the design of an aircraft is a multidisciplinary task, which stimulates the development of computational tools that work with different areas at the same time. Among them, the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) can be distinguished, which combines optimization methods to mathematical models of distinct areas of a design to find compromise solutions. The present work introduces MDO and discourses on some possible applications of this methodology. The implementation of a MDO system for the design of flexible wings, considering dynamic aeroelasticity restrictions and the structural mass, was carried out. As goal, it is desired to find ideal flexional and torsional stiffness distributions of the wing structure, that maximize the critical flutter speed and minimize the structural mass. To do so, it was employed a structural dynamics model based on the finite element method, a nonstationary aerodynamic model based on the strip theory and Theodorsen’s two-dimensional solutions, a flutter prediction model based on the K method and a genetic algorithm (GA). Details on the model, restrictions applied and the way the models interact to each other through the optimization are presented. It is made an analysis for choosing the GA optimization parameters and then, the evaluation of two cases to verify the functionality of the implemented system. The results obtained illustrate an efficient methodology, capable of searching optimal solutions for proposed problems, that with the right adjustments can be of great value to accelerate the development of new aircraft.

Old concrete buttress dams are sensitive to cracking if exposed to large temperature variations. The cracks can make dams sensitive to failure, depending on the size and location of the cracks. These problems can be overcome by lowering the temperature variations and stabilizing the dams. Insulation walls can be built to lower the temperature variations, and the area inside the insulation wall can be climate controlled to ensure a constant temperature. Stabilizing measures could be installing tendons, anchoring monoliths to the foundation or to keep parts of the monolith together. However, the best way to make sure the dam is functioning as expected is to monitor the behavior of the dam through different sensors. The sensors should be connected to some kind of dam monitoring software, which can indicate whether the dam is going to fail in a near future. For this to work, some kind of alert and alarm values has to be determined. The main purpose for this project is to develop a finite element model that could be used to simulate the real behavior of a concrete buttress dam and predict the future behavior of the dam. This makes it possible to determine alert and alarm values for monitoring equipment installed on the dam. Some steps are necessary to be able to create a finite element model representing the real behavior and to predict the future behavior of a dam. A first step is calibration of the model against real measurements, and during the calibration process it is important to evaluate the predictions made. A second step is to determine the normal variation in the behavior of the dam. A last step is to define suitable alert and alarm values, where the alert values are based on the normal variation of the dam and the alarm values are based on failure analyses. The results show that it is possible to calibrate a finite element model with sufficient accuracy in order for it to be used for predictions of the dams behavior. The results show two failure modes of the concrete buttress dam which deviate from previous research, where post-tensioned tendons were not included. From the results, information is given about where to place sensors to be able to capture a failure, how well the finite element model is calibrated, and what the alarm values should be. Furthermore, the results show that the evaluation of predictions made in the calibration process is of utmost importance to achieve a model representing the real behavior. / Gamla betonglamelldammar är känsliga för sprickbildning om de utsätts för stora temperaturvariationer. Sprickor kan göra dammarna känsliga för brott, beroende på storlek och placering av sprickorna. Dessa problem kan övervinnas genom att sänka temperaturvariationerna och stabilisera dammarna. Isoleringsväggar kan byggas för att sänka temperaturvariationerna, och området innanför isoleringsväggen kan klimatkontrolleras för att säkerställa en konstant temperatur. Stabiliserande åtgärder skulle kunna vara att installera spännkablar, förankring av monoliten till berggrunden eller att hålla ihop delar av monoliten. Emellertid är det bästa sättet att se till dammen fungerar som förväntat för att övervaka beteendet hos dammen genom olika sensorer. Givarna borde anslutas till någon form av programvara för dammövervakning, som kan indikera om dammen kommer att gå till brott inom en snar framtid. För att detta ska fungera måste någon form av mjuka och hårda larmvärden bestämmas. Huvudsyftet för detta projekt är att skapa en finit elementmodell som kan användas för att simulera det verkliga beteendet hos en betonglamelldamm och förutsäga framtida beteende av dammen för att kunna bestämma mjuka och hårda larmvärden för vald övervakningutrustning på dammen. Några steg är nödvändiga för att kunna skapa en finit elementmodell som representerar det verkliga beteendet och göra det möjligt att förutsäga det framtida beteendet av en damm. Ett första steg är kalibrering av modellen mot riktiga mätningar och under kalibreringsprocessen är det viktigt att utvärdera predikterade värden. Ett andra steg är att bestämma den normala variationen av dammens beteende. Ett sista steg är att definiera lämpliga värden för mjuka och hårda larmvärden, där de mjuka värdena baseras på dammens normala variation och de hårda larmvärdena på brottsanalyser. Resultaten visar att det är möjligt att kalibrera en finit elementmodell med tillräckligt god noggrannhet att den kan användas för prediktering av dammens beteende. Resultaten visar två brottmoder av betonglamelldammen som skiljer sig från tidigare studier där spännkablar inte hade inkluderats. Från resultaten ges information om var sensorer ska placeras för att kunna fånga ett brott, hur väl finita elementmodellen kalibrerats, och vilka de mjuka och hårda larmvärdena bör vara. Dessutom visar resultaten att utvärderingen av predikteringar som gjorts i kalibreringsprocessen är av yttersta vikt för att uppnå en modell som representerar det verkliga beteendet.