This diploma thesis deals with design of a frame of a lift, whose roading capacity is 400 kg (5 people) and it olso deals with calculation of maximum distance between armatures of quides. Nominal speed is 1 m.s -1. This diploma thesis also includes final element analysis of the frame. The frame structure is analysed by software I – DEAS.

The continuous growth in road transportation demand requires the development towards sustainable strategies. The concept of Smart Roads is arising as a convergence of technologies that will lead the mobility by road into a more efficient and interactive system between infrastructure, environment and vehicles. Within this context, e-mobility appears as one of the key components. The implementation of e-mobility based on Electric Vehicles (EVs) has been restricted by numerous shortcomings such as their driving range, the battery size, the dependence on charging stations and the time required for its charging. However, the electrification of the road infrastructure, which will enable a dynamic charging of the EVs while driving, is becoming a potential solution to overcome these deficiencies. This study aims to contribute for the future introduction of electrified roads (eRoads) into the current network, by focusing on the effects and consequences of embedding Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) systems in the road infrastructure. A structural design of an eRoad is conducted through a Finite Elements Analysis (FEA) by analysing the behaviour of a pavement structure based on Swedish conditions subjected to traffic loading. Valuable conclusions can be displayed from this analysis and thus, a summary concerning considerations and effects over the design, construction and maintenance of eRoads can be built. Nevertheless, this analysis must be complemented and coordinated from a lifetime perspective to reach the social, environmental and economic requirements related to the development of road infrastructure nowadays. Hence, a guideline from a life cycle approach is stated over the integration of eRoads in order to enable the assessment of the infrastructure during its different phases. To be sustainable, the development of road infrastructure must reach not just structural and appropriate performance requirements, but also preserve the environmental and economic impact. This thesis pretends to combine all these aspects as a state of the art, providing a basis that stands out the most relevant issues related to the feasible implementation of eRoads in the mid-long term.

This master’s thesis deals with the strength analysisby frame lift cage with lift capacity of 675 kg used the Finite Element Method (FEM). Furtheris performed the calculation of the guideanchoring instituted for this steel structure and the strength analysis of the used guides according to norm ČSN EN 81-1. The thesis also includes the drawing of the frame lift cage.

Liquid Storage Tanks (LSTs) are essential infrastructure systems that are used in various municipal and industrial settings. They play a critical role in storing and transporting liquids such as drinking water, oil, and gas that are used in daily life. Failure of these structures due to their poor seismic performance can have devastating consequences including the release of the stored liquid and damage to the surrounding area with potentially irreversible environmental impacts. In addition, the damage caused to the tank structure can be extensive, resulting in significant financial losses. Furthermore, the disruption of services provided by the tank such as water supply, oil and gas storage can be considerable. It is therefore crucial to study the seismic behaviour of these structures and ensure their safety and reliability to minimize the potential damages. The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of LSTs in terms of the contained liquid, the tank’s structure, and its supports when subjected to seismic excitations. To obtain accurate results, different numerical techniques are applied in different phases of the study, including the Finite Volume Method (FVM), Finite Elements Method (FEM), Volume of Fluids (VoF) method, and Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamic (SPH) method. These techniques allow for a detailed analysis of the behavior of the tank and its supports during seismic excitation, providing a comprehensive understanding of the performance of LSTs during earthquakes. In order to examine the reliability and accuracy of the numerical model, the first part of the study includes the validation of the developed numerical model through comparison of the model and experimental results. The validated numerical model is then used to obtain the hydrodynamic pressures at different locations on the roof of tanks subjected to base excitations. The effect of liquid impact and hydrodynamic pressures on the roof of LSTs can be significant, however, limited studies have been completed on this issue. In the second part of the study, Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as Genetic Programming are used to formulate these pressure values so that the maximum pressure can be obtained using the tank characteristics such as size and fill depth by the relationship obtained based on the AI approach. In the third part of the study, the supporting structures of LSTs subjected to base excitations are analyzed, and their shear forces are extracted and compared with the National Building Code of Canada (NBC 2020) in order to evaluate the reliability of the code and discuss possible improvements. The results of this study can be used to evaluate and make improvements in standards and guidelines for the seismic design of LSTs, which can help ensure the safety and reliability of these crucial infrastructures during seismic events.

The present master's thesis deals with numerical modeling of solid-state micrometrical-sized polymeric dye lasers, commonly denoted as microcavities. It is part of a large research initiative carried out in the optics group, at the MAP (Microelectronics and Applied Physics) department in KTH (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan - Royal Technical School) and targeted towards the design and manufacturing of micro- and nano-scaled polymeric components for nano-photonics, primarily lasers. The finite element method (FEM) in frequency domain is used as a primary modeling tool through the simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics. Models for spontaneous emission, optical losses and gain are developed and demonstrated. A specic layout is studied: the double hexagonal microcavity. While it was expected to be a good candidate for a laser, the design shows unexpected properties making it useful for sensing applications. Finally, the transposition of models to time domain is initiated : a replacement solution for the lacking perfectly matched layer (PML) in Comsol is developed and demonstrated. Methods for modeling materials parameters in time domain are investigated, together with the possible use of a more suitable algorithm : finite dierences in time domain (FDTD) or Yee's scheme.

Optical Tomography is an imaging modality that enhances early diagnosis of disease through use of harmless Near-Infrared rays instead of conventional x-rays. The subsequent images are used to reconstruct the object. However Optical Tomography has not been effectively utilized due to the complicated photon scattering phenomenon and ill-posed nature of the corresponding image reconstruction scheme. The major method for reconstruction of the object is based on an iterative loop that constantly minimizes the difference between the predicted model of photon scattering with acquired images. Currently the most effective method of predicting the photon scattering pattern is the solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) using the Finite Elements Method (FEM). However, the conventional FEM uses classical C0 interpolation functions, which have shortcomings in terms of continuity of the solution over the domain as well as proper representation of geometry. Hence higher discretization is necessary to maintain accuracy of gradient-based results which may significantly increase the computational cost in each iteration. This research implements the recently developed Isogeometric Approach (IGA) and particularly IGA-based FEM to address the aforementioned issues. The IGA-based FEM has the potential to enhance adaptivity and reduce the computational cost of discretization schemes. The research in this study applies the IGA method to solve the RTE with the diffusion approximation and studies its behavior in comparison to conventional FEM. The results show comparison of the IGA-based solution with analytical and conventional FEM solutions in terms of accuracy and efficiency. While both methods show high levels of accuracy in reference to the analytical solution, the IGA results clearly excel in accuracy. Furthermore, FE solutions tend to have shorter runtimes in low accuracy results. However, in higher accuracy solutions, where it matters the most, the IGA proves to be considerably faster. / Doctor of Philosophy / CT scans can save lives by allowing medical practitioners observe inside the patient's body without use of invasive surgery. However, they use high energy, potentially harmful x-rays to penetrate the organs. Due to limits of the mathematical algorithm used to reconstruct the 3D figure of the organs from the 2D x-ray images, many such images are required. Thus, a high level of x-ray exposure is necessary, which in periodic use can be harmful. Optical Tomography is a promising alternative which replaces x-rays with harmless Near-infrared (NIR) visible light. However, NIR photons have lower energy and tend to scatter before leaving the organs. Therefore, an additional algorithm is required to predict the distribution of light photons inside the body and their resulting 2D images. This is called the forward problem of Optical Tomography. Only then, like conventional CT scans, can another algorithm, called the inverse solution, reconstruct the 3D image by diminishing the difference between the predicted and registered images. Currently Optical Tomography cannot replace x-ray CT scans for most cases, due to shortcomings in the forward and inverse algorithms to handle real life usages. One obstacle stems from the fact that the forward problem must be solved numerous times for the inverse solution to reach the correct visualization. However, the current numerical method, Finite Element Method (FEM), has limitations in generating accurate solutions fast enough using economically viable computers. This limitation is mostly caused by the FEM's use of a simpler mathematical construct that requires more computations and is limited in accurately modelling the geometry and shape. This research implements the recently developed Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) and particularly IGA-based FEM to address this issue. The IGA-based FEM uses the same mathematical construct that is used to visualize the geometry for complicated applications such as some animations and computer games. They are also less complicated to apply due to much lower need for partitioning the domain. This study applies the IGA method to solve the forward problem of diffuse Optical Tomography and compare the accuracy and speed of IGA solution to the conventional FEM solution. The comparison reveals that while both methods can reach high accuracy, the IGA solutions are relatively more accurate. Also, while low accuracy FEM solutions have shorter runtimes, in solutions with required higher accuracy levels, the IGA proves to be considerably faster.

Σε αυτή τη Διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται η ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά μιας κυκλικής πλάκας γραφενίου προκειμένου να διαπιστωθεί αν μπορεί να λειτουργήσει σαν νανομηχανική συσκευή ανίχνευσης μάζας. Για το λόγο αυτό δημιουργήθηκε και χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα μοντέλο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Σε αυτό το μοντέλο οι αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ των ατόμων και οι σχετικές κινήσεις αυτών προσομοιώθηκαν με κατάλληλα ελατήρια των οποίων η δυσκαμψία έχει υπολογιστεί χρησιμοποιώντας την ενέργεια δεσμού από τη θεωρία των μορίων. Ακόμη, τα άτομα του άνθρακα προσομοιώνονται με μάζες στη θέση των ατόμων άνθρακα. Το αναπτυχθέν μοντέλο αναπαριστά το δίσκο του γραφενίου σαν ορθότροπο υλικό. Προκείμενου να αποκτηθεί μια καλή εικόνα της συμπεριφοράς του κυκλικού γραφενίου γίνεται αρχικά διερεύνηση της ελεύθερης ταλάντωσης για διάφορες διαμέτρους αυτού. Επιπλέον, εξετάζεται η ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά του γραφενίου με την προσκόλληση μάζας διαφόρων μεγεθών και σε διάφορες θέσεις πάνω στο γραφένιο κατά μήκος της ακτίνας του. Η επεξεργασία των μοντέλων έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τις φυσικές συχνότητες ταλάντωσης του γραφενίου και τις αντίστοιχες ιδιομορφές των φύλλων γραφενίου με ή χωρίς την προσκολλημένη μάζα παρέχοντας τα ταλαντωτικά τους χαρακτηριστικά. Επομένως, έχοντας δημιουργήσει μοντέλα για διάφορες διαμέτρους και μάζες μπορεί να εξεταστεί και να αποκτηθεί μια πλήρης εικόνα για την ενδεχόμενη ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά του κυκλικού μονοστρωματικού δίσκου γραφενίου σαν αισθητήριο μάζας. / In this Diploma thesis is studied the vibrational behavior of a circular graphene sheet so as to investigate if this can operate as a nanomechanical system of mass sensing. For this purpose a finite elements’ model was created and being used. In this model the interatomic interactions and their relative positions are simulated by equivalent spring elements whose stiffness derived by corresponding potential energies provided by molecular theory and expressing the resistance in relative movements between carbon atoms under deformation. Moreover, the inertial effects of the system are simulated by using appropriate lumped masses in atomic positions. The model created represents the graphene plate as an orthotropic material. In order to obtain a full view of the behavior of circular graphene, firstly is been done investigation of its free vibration for different diameters of the plate. After that, is studied the Vibrational behavior with a mass lying on it. The solution gives the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of vibration of individual graphene sheets and graphene-attached mass systems providing their vibrational characteristics. Subsequently, assuming the geometric characteristics of graphene as well as the weight and position of the attached mass as the global design parameters, a parametric study on mass sensing characteristics is presented in order to examine the potential behavior of a circular graphene monolayer as mass sensor.

Nesta pesquisa, estuda-se o fenômeno de localização de modos de vibração em estruturas moduladas quase periódicas de comportamento linear e não-linear. Em particular, contempla-se uma aplicação na Engenharia Civil, os painéis de placas periódicos com pequenas imperfeições fracamente acoplados entre si através de viga de grande rigidez, e principalmente submetidos à variação de forças de membrana introduzidas por meio da protensão, o que só pode ser levado em conta introduzindo a rigidez geométrica no modelo matemático. No caso de sistemas lineares, a presença de pequenas desordens nas características de rigidez ou massa de subsistemas fracamente acoplados pode causar confinamento espacial nas vibrações livres, conhecido como Localização de Modos, e pode inibir a propagação da resposta forçada. È o que tem sido mostrado na literatura técnica, em especial nas áreas de Engenharia Mecânica e Aeroespacial. Os efeitos de localização serão obtidos numa perspectiva modal. O programa de elementos finitos DYMPLATE implementado pelo autor para análise dinâmica não-linear de estruturas de placas, será utilizado para modelar estruturas periódicas (ordenadas) e quase periódicas (desordenadas). Os modelos são linearizados em torno de configurações deformadas de referência. O problema algébrico de autovalores é resolvido para obter as freqüências naturais e correspondentes modos de vibração. Estruturas planas constituídas por placas protendidas com módulos repetidos, pequenas imperfeições e diferentes condições de apoio e de carregamento, serão utilizadas na investigação numérica da influência de diversos fatores na Localização de Modos, em especial as forças de membrana. / In this research, the phenomenon of vibration modes localization in nearly periodic modular structures of linear and nonlinear behavior is studied. Of special interest is an application in Civil Engineering, lightly coupled periodic plate panels with small imperfections, mainly submitted to the variation of membrane forces introduced by prestress forces, which can be only considered by introducing geometric stiffness in the mathematical model. In the linear case, the presence of small disorders in the stiffness or mass characteristics of lightly coupled sub-systems can cause spatial confinement of free vibrations, known as Mode Localization, and can inhibit the propagation of the forced response. That is what has been shown in the literature, especially in the areas of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. The effects of localization are viewed from a modal perspective. DYMPLATE, a finite element software implemented by the author for nonlinear dynamic analysis of plates, will be utilized to model ordered and disordered plate periodic structures. The models are linearized about a deformed reference configuration. The algebraic eigenvalue problem is solved to obtain the natural frequencies and corresponding modes shapes. Plane structures constituted by prestressed plates with repetitive dynamic characteristics, small imperfections and different boundary conditions and loads, will be utilized in the numerical investigation of the influence of numerous factors in the Mode Localization.

Este trabalho consiste na análise do comportamento do método WAMG (Wavelet-Based Algebraic Multigrid), método numérico de resolução de sistemas de equações lineares desenvolvido no LMAG-Laboratório de Eletromagnetismo Aplicado, com relação a diversos suavizadores. O fato dos vetores que compõem os operadores matriciais Pronlongamento e Restrição do método WAMG serem ortonormais viabiliza uma série de análises teóricas e de dados experimentais, permitindo visualizar características não permitidas nos outros métodos Multigrid (MG), englobando o Multigrid Geométrico (GMG) e o Multigrid Algébrico (AMG). O método WAMG V-Cycle com Filtro Haar é testado em uma variedade de sistemas de equações lineares variando o suavizador, o coeficiente de relaxação nos suavizadores Damped Jacobi e Sobre Relaxação Sucessiva (SOR), e a configuração de pré e pós-suavização. Entre os suavizadores testados, estão os métodos iterativos estacionários Damped Jacobi, SOR, Esparsa Aproximada a Inversa tipo Diagonal (SPAI-0) e métodos propostos com a característica de suavização para-otimizada. A título de comparação, métodos iterativos não estacionários são testados também como suavizadores como Gradientes Conjugados, Gradientes Bi-Conjugados e ICCG. Os resultados dos testes são apresentados e comentados. / This work is comprised of WAMG (Wavelet-Based Algebraic Multigrid) method behavioral analysis based on variety of smoothers, numerical method based on linear equation systems resolution developed at LMAG (Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory). Based on the fact that the vectors represented by WAMG Prolongation and Restriction matrix operators are orthonormals allows the use of a variety of theoretical and practical analysis, and therefore gain visibility of characteristics not feasible through others Multigrid (MG) methods, such as Geometric Multigrid (GMG) and Algebraic Multigrid (AMG). WAMG V-Cycle method with Haar Filter is tested under a variety of linear equation systems, by varying smoothers, relaxation coefficient at Damped Jacobi and Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) smoothers, and pre and post smoothers configurations. The tested smoothers are stationary iterative methods such as Damped Jacobi, SOR, Diagonal type-Sparse Approximate Inverse (SPAI-0) and suggested ones with optimized smoothing characteristic. For comparison purposes, the Conjugate Gradients, Bi-Conjugate Gradient and ICCG non-stationary iterative methods are also tested as smoothers. The testing results are formally presented and commented.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma metodologia, baseada em duas técnicas não invasivas para identificação e diagnóstico de pontos quentes em transformadores de potência durante plena operação ou em fase de projeto. A primeira técnica é baseada na medição de radiação infravermelha, emitida pelo equipamento em funcionamento e registrada por meio de análise termográfica. A segunda técnica é possível a partir do conhecimento prévio das características construtivas do transformador, fazendo uso do Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). A segunda técnica pode ser validada a partir das medições realizadas utilizando a primeira técnica. A formação de gases no interior dos transformadores de potência, devido à elevação da temperatura do óleo isolante em função dos pontos quentes, é discutida em detalhes com base nas normas técnicas estabelecidas pelo IEEE e IEC. As técnicas e procedimentos abordados ao longo dessa pesquisa foram obtidos a partir de um transformador com potência nominal de 120 MVA e relação de tensão 13,8/230 kV, projetado para integrar uma fazenda eólica ao Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). / This research presents a methodology based on two noninvasive techniques for identification and diagnostic of hot spots in power transformers during operation or project development. The first is based on measurements of infrared radiation from the equipment during operation and recording by thermography. The second technique is possible from the previous knowing of the constructive characteristics of the power transformer, by using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The second technique can be validated from measurements obtained using the first technique. The gas formation into the power transformers, because of the high temperatures in the insulating oil due to the hot spots, is discussed in details based on normative recommendations well established by the IEEE and IEC. All techniques and procedures to be approached in this research were obtained using a 120-MVA power transformer with voltage relationship of 13.8/230 kV that was projected to interconnect a wind farm to the Interconnected Brazilian System (Sistema Interligado Nacional - SIN).