3D-printing is a new and upcoming manufacturing technique that can significantly reduce time and material losses in production. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most commonly used 3D-printing methods for processing conventional thermoplastic polymers. To reduce the printing time and usage of material via FDM technology, a user typically specifies infill density. Therefore, it is important to understand how this printing parameter affects the fire and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed object.  This study aims to investigate the effect of various infill densities on mechanical and fire properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites produced by FDM 3D-printing technology. PLA composites of five different infill densities were 3D-printed: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The samples for all tests were designed in AutoCAD and then imported into the slicing software, Ultimaker Cura. The 3D-printer used for printing was the Ultimaker S3 which uses FDM technology. To test the fire and mechanical behavior of 3D-printed PLA composites three tests were conducted: cone calorimeter test, tensile test and UL-94 flammability test. The cone calorimeter testing was done using the incident radiation of 35 kW/m2. The results showed that the trend of HHR curves of all infill densities are akin to each other, though the peak heat release rate and total heat released increases with higher infill density. Time to ignition was also longer for samples with higher infill density. Tensile testing was conducted according to the ASTM D638 standard. The results showed that with increasing infill density mechanical properties improved, with 100% infill density having the highest tensile strength (58.15 MPa) and elastic modulus (1472.1 MPa). From the UL-94 test results no difference in flammability could be observed. Every sample had no rating, which implies that PLA specimens of all infill densities are very flammable, with long afterflame and heavy flammable dripping. The study concludes that among the examined infill densities, no ideal percentage of infill density could be found. Requirements based on application will determine what infill density is most appropriate. Nevertheless, the data collected can hopefully provide a useful reference in designing and manufacturing 3D-printed PLA composites.

This study is designed to provide the composites industry as well as the fire engineering industry baseline data for pyrolysis modelling of common fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems. Four resin systems and three glass contents will be considered. This matrix of FRP systems has been carefully fabricated and documented so as to provide“transparency" as to the system compositions. An important and interesting aspect of these FRP systems is that all the resins used are listed by the manufacturers as Class 1 or Class A per ASTM E 84. The FRP systems are being evaluated in bench scale modern fire test apparatuses (FPA, ASTM E 2058, and Cone, ASTM E 1354); detailed information on the FPA is provided. These apparatuses provide a range of measurements such as heat release rate that can be used to calculate engineering“properties" of these FRP systems. The“properties", such as minimum heat flux for proper ignition (found to range from 20 to over 100 kW/m2) and the b flame spread parameter, can then be used to compare the fire performance (flashover potential) of these FRP systems according to resin type and glass content. Additional instrumentation has also been added to the specimens to allow surface and in-depth temperatures to be measured. The additional measurements are used to complete a set of data for pyrolysis modelling and for calculating thermal properties of the composites. The effect of environment oxygen concentration and flaming and non-flaming decomposition are investigated in terms of fundamental pyrolysis behavior of the FRP systems. A general conclusion is that the phenolic composite has better fire engineering“properties" than the polyester composite but the glass is the controlling component of the composite with regards to temperature profile and resulting thermal properties.

The essence of performance-based structural fire safety design of steel building structures is the ability to predict thermal and structural response to fire. An important aspect of such predictions is the ability to evaluate strength of columns at elevated temperatures. Columns are critical structural elements, and failure of columns can lead to collapse of a structure. The ability of steel columns to carry their design loads is greatly affected by timeand temperature-dependent mechanical properties of steel at high temperatures due to fire. It is well known that structural steel loses strength and stiffness with temperature, especially at temperatures above 400 °C. Further, the reductions in strength and stiffness of steel are also dependent on the duration of exposure to elevated temperatures. The time-dependent response or creep of steel plays a particularly important role in predicting the collapse load of steel columns subjected to fire temperatures. Specifically, creep of steel leads to the creep buckling phenomenon, where the critical buckling load for a steel column depends not only on slenderness and temperature, but also on duration of exposure to fire temperatures. The main focus of the research summarized in this dissertation is on a testing program to investigate the effects of time-dependent material behavior or creep on buckling of steel columns subjected to fire. Material characterization tests were conducted at temperatures up to 1000 °C to evaluate tensile and creep properties of ASTM A992 steel at elevated temperatures. In addition, buckling tests on W4×13 wide flange columns under pin-end conditions were conducted to characterize short-time and vii creep buckling phenomena at elevated temperatures. The column test results are further used to verify analytical and computational tools developed to model the time-dependent buckling of steel columns at elevated temperatures. Test results are also compared against code-based predictions such as those from Eurocode 3 and the AISC Specification. Results of the research study presented in this dissertation clearly indicate that thermal creep of steel has a very large effect on strength of steel columns at high temperatures due to fire. The effect of creep on column capacity at high temperatures can be predicted using analytical and computational approaches presented in this dissertation. / text

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamas gaisro temperatūrų poveikio vertinimas gelžbetoninėms konstrukcijoms. Aptariami standartinio ir natūralaus gaisro parametrai, skaičiavimo pagrindai, vertinimo kriterijai, bendrieji priešgaisrinio projektavimo reikalavimai, tikslai ir metodai. Analizuojamas gaisro poveikis betono ir armatūros mechaninėms, fizikinėms – cheminėms ir šiluminėms savybėms, temperatūros pokyčio įtaka bendram gelžbetonio darbui. Detaliai išnagrinėtas paprastasis skaičiavimo modelis standartinio gaisro veikiamų gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų laikomajai galiai vertinti, aptartos jo prielaidos. Pateikti 500 °C izotermės ir zonų skaičiavimo metodų principai, vertinimai. Išnagrinėti du analitiniai temperatūros pasiskirstymo betoniniame skerspjūvyje metodai, pateikti jų pavyzdžiai. Parodytas gelžbetoninių konstrukcijų projektavimo metodas pagal lentelių duomenis. Tyrimui sumodeliuotas dviaukštis pastatas, kurio pirmame aukšte nagrinėjamas standartinio gaisro temperatūros poveikis ekscentri����kai gniuždomoms gelžbetoninėms kolonoms. Pastatas sumodeliuotas skaičiavimo programa STAAD Pro 2007 tam, kad gautume realias veikiančias apkrovas nagrinėjamiems konstrukciniams elementams. Skaičiavimai atlikti trims kolonoms, kurių paviršius yra skirtingai veikiamas gaisro temperatūros. Skaičiavimai atlikti pagal analitinio temperatūros sklidimo skerspjūvyje modelį bei pagal temperatūrinius laukus pagal EN 1992-1-2. Analogiškai įvertinamas gaisro poveikis gelžbetoniniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master thesis considers effect of fire temperatures on reinforced concrete structures. Parameters and mathematical characteristics of standard and natural fire, also objectives and methods of fire engineering is given. Mechanical, physical – chemical properties and behaviour of concrete and reinforcement separately and as composite structure analysed. Details and assumptions of simple calculation model stated. Principles of zone method (method of slices) and 500 °C izotherm (reduced section method) discussed. Two empirical methods examined for calculation of temperatures and heat rise in concrete element, presentation and examples is given. Design of reinforced concrete elements using tabulated data showned. Two – storey building designed using structural design and analysis software STAAD Pro. Building model is portrayed to obtain realistic loads on estimated elements. Calculations of fire resistance performed with three columns differently affected by temperature load. Fire design and analysis performed applying and comparing temperature fields received by calculation using empirical methods and charts given in EN 1992-1-2. Parallel analysis aplied on reinforced concrete columns strengthened with casing. Structure: introduction, literature review, research part, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 96 p. text without appendixes, 84 pictures, 14 tables, 28 bibliographical entries.

Brandskyddsprojektering har länge släpat efter i den digitala världen, men allt fler konsulter, entreprenörer och fastighetsägare har börjat inse att även brandskyddsprojekteringen bör inkluderas i BIM-miljön. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur brandinformation presenteras på bästa sätt i projekteringsfasen, för att underlätta mottagandet av informationen och att upprätta riktlinjer för ett gemensamt arbetssätt som fungerar bra för alla discipliner i projektgruppen.   Intervjuer har genomförts med olika aktörer som arbetar med brandskyddsprojektering i byggbranschen. Brister med dagens sätt att hantera brandinformation har identifierats och en sammanställning av svaren från intervjufrågorna tillsammans med en BIM-strategs synpunkter på brandskyddsprojketeringen i BIM presenteras. Även en checklista för implementering av BIM i brandskyddsprojekteringen har tagits fram som kan underlätta implementeringsprocessen.   Det gemensamma arbetssättet enligt intervjustudien visar att branddisciplinen bör jobba som övriga discipliner i byggbranchen, alltså via ett molnbaserat arbetssätt. Detta kan ske via webbaserade BIMeye eller liknande databaser, där objekt gemensamt kan hanteras från olika BIM-modeller via alla discipliner i projektgruppen.

No description available.