The topic of this master’s thesis is design of fire fighting and rescue vehicle, more specifically wildland fire apparatus primarily intended for difficult terrain. The main aim of this design is to create functional object fulfilling ergonomic, technical, and aesthetic demands.

Stål är ett vanligt förekommande konstruktionsmaterial som används i olika typer av byggnader. Det är ett material med vilket klena dimensioner kan användas för att åstadkomma stora spännvidder och fria ytor. Däremot mjuknar stål vid höga temperaturer vilket kan innebära allvarliga skador i form av kollaps. I förebyggande syfte är det därför viktigt att brandskydda stålkonstruktioner på ett korrekt sätt. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka vilket brandskydd som är mest kostnadseffektivt genom att jämföra olika brandskydd som tillämpas i industrihallar. Studien har utförts i samarbete med Blixthuset Stålhallar och innefattar ett av deras pågående projekt där branddimensionering behövde utföras. Brandskydden som har jämförts är överdimensionering av stålprofil VKR 250X250X10, brandskivor, brandmålning och brandisolering. Initialt har lasteffekten i rumstemperatur beräknats i enlighet med Eurokoderna. Därefter har lasteffekten i brandlastfallet beräknats, följt av att den kritiska ståltemperaturen tagits fram på respektive våningsplan för både mittpelare och fasadpelare. Vid jämförelse av lasteffekterna som beräknats fram har utnyttjandegraden identifierats och därmed har behovet av brandskydd blivit känt. När den kritiska ståltemperaturen och utnyttjandegraden har fåtts fram har offerter från företag kunnat efterfrågas och en kostnadsjämförelse har därmed blivit möjlig. Studien har visat att överdimensionering av stålpelare inte är en effektiv lösning då inte ens den tjockaste profilen VKR 400X400X16 var tillräcklig tjock för att uppnå brandkravet R60. Trots överdimensionering hade stålpelarna behövt ytterligare brandskydd för att klara av brandkravet. Det dyraste brandskyddet var montering av brandskivor, följt av brandmålning och brandisolering. / Steel is a commonly used construction material. It is a material where small dimensions can be used to achieve large spans and free spaces. Steel softens however when encountering high temperatures which can cause severe damage such as collapses. It is therefore with greatest importance that fire protection is designed correctly. This bachelor thesis contains a study that compares different fire protections for industrialbuildings in steel, and the purpose of the study was to find the most economic efficient fire protection. This study has been made in collaboration with Blixthuset Stålhallar where one of their projects needed fire protection to be designed. The fire protections being compared was over dimensioning steel column VKR 250X250X10, using fire gips, fire insulation and fire painting. Initially, the load effect in room temperature was designed according to the Eurocodes. Thereafter, the load effect in the fire load case was designed, followed by finding the critical steel temperature. When comparing the two load effects, the utilization could be recognized and consequently, the requisite of fire protection could be identified. When the amount of fire protection needed was determined, offers from different companies could be taken in for comparison. The study showed that oversizing is an inefficient solution of fire protecting the steel columns since even the thickest steel column VKR 400X400X16 was not thick enough to achieve the fire requirement R60. Despite oversizing the steel columns, other fire protection would still be needed. Furthermore, the study showed that the most expensive fire protection wasassembly of fire discs, followed by fire painting. The cheapest alternative was fire insulation.

O trabalho apresenta a evolução da segurança contra incêndio no Brasil, decorrente fundamentalmente dos incêndios nos edifícios Andraus e Joelma, em São Paulo, no início dos anos 70, com especial atenção à evolução da regulamentação exarada pelo Poder Público e que impacta o ambiente construído dos edifícios. Utilizando dados primários, demonstra que o ensino de segurança contra incêndio nas Faculdades de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil não acompanhou essa evolução, produzindo efeitos negativos no exercício profissional. Analisa ainda a bibliografia pertinente ao tema -- principalmente em língua portuguesa --, que é entendida como insuficiente e não adaptada para o ensino aos alunos de arquitetura e urbanismo. Decorrente do apresentado -- e inspirado na metodologia de Paulo Freire e na sistematização do edifício de Ariosto Mila --, produziu-se um texto básico para orientar tal ensino, que em 2011 foi experimentado com os alunos da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. O texto foi ajustado mediante as críticas dos alunos, novamente experimentado e, após o reajuste, é apresentado a partir do Capítulo 7, onde se pretende unir a arquitetura à segurança contra incêndio a partir do programa de arquitetura, tratando da segurança contra incêndio nos seguintes sistemas de um edifício: implantação, entorno e fundações; cobertura; materiais de acabamento e revestimento; sistemas eletromecânico e hidrossanitário, e circulação. Também é feita uma análise sobre as causas maiores de incêndio -- sua relação com a arquitetura, os aspectos urbanísticos e a segurança contra incêndio --, e os sistemas de proteção contra incêndio que influenciam diretamente a arquitetura. Finalmente, o texto contempla uma proposta de organização e desenvolvimento de disciplina de segurança contra incêndio, objetivando suprir a deficiência de ensino apontada. / This study presents the evolution of the Fire Safety in Brazil, resulting specially of the fires in the buildings Andraus and Joelma, in São Paulo, in the early seventies, with special attention to the evolution of the State regulations, and its impact in buildings constructions. Using a primary data, it shows that the education about fire safety in the Brazilian\'s Faculties of Architecture and Urbanism did not follow that evolution, influencing negatively the professional practice. It also analyzes the bibliography concerning the subject, especially in Portuguese language, which is understood to be inadequate and insufficient to the architecture and urbanism students. Resulting from the presented, and inspired by the methodology of Paulo Freire and the systematic of Ariosto Mila, it was produced a basic text to orient such education, which, in 2011, was experienced with the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, adjusted by the criticisms of the students, once again experienced and one once again adjusted, resulting in a text, presented from the Chapter 7, which aims to unite the architecture to the fire safety, from the program of architecture, dealing with the following systems of a building: deployment, environment, and foundations; coverage; finish and coating materials; sanitary and eletromechanical systems, and circulation. It\'s also made an analysis of the major causes of fire and it\'s relation with architecture, the urbanism aspects and fire safety, and the fire safety systems that influence straightly the architecture. Also it is suggested the organization of a Discipline for supply the deficiency of the education aimed.

The report present a Master of Science in engineering work carried out at Mälardalen’s University, made this work within the research project METRO. The work is a part of the research project METRO. The focus of the METRO project is on the protection of underground rail mass transport systems e.g. tunnels and subways stations. The aim with this work was to determine if a concrete column placed close to the tracks at a subway station can withstand the effect and temperature of a fire in a burning train comparable to the effects and temperatures that showed at the full scale test carried out within the METRO project. A literature review was made previous to the following case study. The results from this show that the column is negligible affected by the fire. / METRO project 2009-2012

O trabalho apresenta a evolução da segurança contra incêndio no Brasil, decorrente fundamentalmente dos incêndios nos edifícios Andraus e Joelma, em São Paulo, no início dos anos 70, com especial atenção à evolução da regulamentação exarada pelo Poder Público e que impacta o ambiente construído dos edifícios. Utilizando dados primários, demonstra que o ensino de segurança contra incêndio nas Faculdades de Arquitetura e Urbanismo do Brasil não acompanhou essa evolução, produzindo efeitos negativos no exercício profissional. Analisa ainda a bibliografia pertinente ao tema -- principalmente em língua portuguesa --, que é entendida como insuficiente e não adaptada para o ensino aos alunos de arquitetura e urbanismo. Decorrente do apresentado -- e inspirado na metodologia de Paulo Freire e na sistematização do edifício de Ariosto Mila --, produziu-se um texto básico para orientar tal ensino, que em 2011 foi experimentado com os alunos da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo. O texto foi ajustado mediante as críticas dos alunos, novamente experimentado e, após o reajuste, é apresentado a partir do Capítulo 7, onde se pretende unir a arquitetura à segurança contra incêndio a partir do programa de arquitetura, tratando da segurança contra incêndio nos seguintes sistemas de um edifício: implantação, entorno e fundações; cobertura; materiais de acabamento e revestimento; sistemas eletromecânico e hidrossanitário, e circulação. Também é feita uma análise sobre as causas maiores de incêndio -- sua relação com a arquitetura, os aspectos urbanísticos e a segurança contra incêndio --, e os sistemas de proteção contra incêndio que influenciam diretamente a arquitetura. Finalmente, o texto contempla uma proposta de organização e desenvolvimento de disciplina de segurança contra incêndio, objetivando suprir a deficiência de ensino apontada. / This study presents the evolution of the Fire Safety in Brazil, resulting specially of the fires in the buildings Andraus and Joelma, in São Paulo, in the early seventies, with special attention to the evolution of the State regulations, and its impact in buildings constructions. Using a primary data, it shows that the education about fire safety in the Brazilian\'s Faculties of Architecture and Urbanism did not follow that evolution, influencing negatively the professional practice. It also analyzes the bibliography concerning the subject, especially in Portuguese language, which is understood to be inadequate and insufficient to the architecture and urbanism students. Resulting from the presented, and inspired by the methodology of Paulo Freire and the systematic of Ariosto Mila, it was produced a basic text to orient such education, which, in 2011, was experienced with the students of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of São Paulo, adjusted by the criticisms of the students, once again experienced and one once again adjusted, resulting in a text, presented from the Chapter 7, which aims to unite the architecture to the fire safety, from the program of architecture, dealing with the following systems of a building: deployment, environment, and foundations; coverage; finish and coating materials; sanitary and eletromechanical systems, and circulation. It\'s also made an analysis of the major causes of fire and it\'s relation with architecture, the urbanism aspects and fire safety, and the fire safety systems that influence straightly the architecture. Also it is suggested the organization of a Discipline for supply the deficiency of the education aimed.

No description available.

Fire is the primary natural disturbance vital to the ecological integrity of Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. A new provincial park planning process (i.e., Class Environmental Assessment) has required the review of Quetico’s Fire Management Plan. To support this review, large and severe (stand-replacing) Quetico fires were studied using 1966 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) forest resource inventory (FRI) mapping. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database of the FRI was created and updated with the OMNR digital fire atlas. This database was used as a time-since-fire and fire interval dataset to estimate fire frequency. It also served to archive the 1966 FRI for the largest protected area in the transition between the Boreal and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest regions. Non-parametric (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis was used to estimate survival functions and mean fire intervals (i.e., the expected time between two consecutive stand-replacing fires for any location within the Park). Previous studies that have used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods have based fire frequency estimates solely on time-since-fire data. However, time-since-fire data cannot be equated with fire interval data when using non-parametric methods. At least one fire interval is required to obtain reliable results. The mean fire interval for the entire 475,782 ha Park between the years 1668 and 2007 was 230 years. Performing the analysis on various geographic and temporal partitions revealed fire frequency spatial and temporal variability. A constant (independent of time-since-fire) probability of burning was not observed for Quetico which is contrary to accepted conjecture for northwestern Ontario boreal/mixed-wood forests. A current fire cycle was also estimated for the Park (342 years) using the digital fire atlas. The results suggested that use of historical static fire frequency estimates as fire management prescriptions may not be justified given considerable fire frequency temporal variability. The observed fire frequency spatial variability suggests that studies should be undertaken at coarser scales than is the norm to characterise the regions fire regime in support of landscape level fire management planning.

Fire is the primary natural disturbance vital to the ecological integrity of Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. A new provincial park planning process (i.e., Class Environmental Assessment) has required the review of Quetico’s Fire Management Plan. To support this review, large and severe (stand-replacing) Quetico fires were studied using 1966 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) forest resource inventory (FRI) mapping. A Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database of the FRI was created and updated with the OMNR digital fire atlas. This database was used as a time-since-fire and fire interval dataset to estimate fire frequency. It also served to archive the 1966 FRI for the largest protected area in the transition between the Boreal and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest regions. Non-parametric (Kaplan-Meier) survival analysis was used to estimate survival functions and mean fire intervals (i.e., the expected time between two consecutive stand-replacing fires for any location within the Park). Previous studies that have used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods have based fire frequency estimates solely on time-since-fire data. However, time-since-fire data cannot be equated with fire interval data when using non-parametric methods. At least one fire interval is required to obtain reliable results. The mean fire interval for the entire 475,782 ha Park between the years 1668 and 2007 was 230 years. Performing the analysis on various geographic and temporal partitions revealed fire frequency spatial and temporal variability. A constant (independent of time-since-fire) probability of burning was not observed for Quetico which is contrary to accepted conjecture for northwestern Ontario boreal/mixed-wood forests. A current fire cycle was also estimated for the Park (342 years) using the digital fire atlas. The results suggested that use of historical static fire frequency estimates as fire management prescriptions may not be justified given considerable fire frequency temporal variability. The observed fire frequency spatial variability suggests that studies should be undertaken at coarser scales than is the norm to characterise the regions fire regime in support of landscape level fire management planning.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water flows required for fire protection (fire flows) from water distribution systems (WDS) in rural towns in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, were evaluated as part of this research project. The fire flow requirements specified in different South African guidelines, as well as a number of international standards, were compared. Various guidelines and codes used in South Africa, including the South African National Standards, specify fire flow requirements according to the risk category of the area concerned. Alternative methods of firefighting and new firefighting technologies that can reduce the reliance on potable water resources for firefighting were evaluated. The traditional method of designing a WDS to provide potable water for firefighting, commonly employed in South African municipal areas formed the focus of the study. The potential fire risk costs (potential costs of damages if a fire was to occur) should also be considered, in addition to the network construction costs, when designing a WDS, in order to determine the most economically feasible option. Data obtained from the fire departments of three municipalities in rural towns of the Western Cape, was analysed to determine the actual flow rates that were required to extinguish fires in these towns. The records considered covered approximately one year in each case and included a total of 564 fire incident reports suitable for this study. According to the data, a small fraction (11%) of the fires was extinguished using water from the WDS by connecting firefighting equipment directly to a fire hydrant. The majority of the fires were extinguished by means of water ejected from a firefighting vehicle. This method implies the use of water drawn from the potable network at a certain location; the water is shuttled by firefighting vehicles, from either the fire station or from a central abstraction point in the WDS. The location of the said abstraction point was found to have a notable impact on the WDS and this received attention in this study. The data showed that 99.8% of the flows required in rural towns were lower than the flows recommended for moderate risk areas in typical South African guidelines. Hydraulic modelling of a hypothetical WDS model was conducted to illustrate that the provision of fire flows according to commonly used South African fire flow standards leads to higher costs. The latter hypothetical case study illustrates that designing a network to provide fire flows according to the referred standards resulted in 15% higher costs, compared to designing a network that would have provided for the actual recorded fire flows according to the data set obtained from the selected rural towns compiled for this study. The hypothetical case study also showed that the cost for a WDS, where sufficient pressure is required at all hydrants during peak fire flows, is 2.4% higher than the cost for a distribution system where water is supplied via predetermined hydrants for refilling firefighting vehicles. A WDS with central, predetermined abstraction points for refilling firefighting vehicles offers a solution to providing fire flows in areas where the distribution systems may be inadequate. The revision of the current fire flow standards of South Africa would, therefore, be a logical next step along with the reassessment of methods used for supplying fire flows. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water vloei vir brandbestryding (brandvloei) uit waterverspreidingstelsels (WVS) in plattelandse dorpe in die Wes-Kaap, Suid Afrika, is as deel van hierdie navorsingsprojek geëvalueer. Die brandvloei soos gespesifiseer in verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse riglyne, asook ʼn aantal internasionale standaarde is vergelyk. Verskeie riglyne en kodes wat in Suid-Afrika gebruik word, insluitende die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Standaarde, spesifiseer brandvloei-vereistes op grond van die risiko-kategorie van ʼn spesifieke gebied. ʼn Verskeidenheid alternatiewe metodes vir brandbestryding en nuwe brandbestrydings-tegnologieë is ondersoek, om sodoende die afhanklikheid van ons beperkte drinkbare waterbronne vir brandbestryding te verminder. Die tradisionele metode om water aan munisipale areas te voorsien, die gebruik van ʼn WVS, is ook geassesseer. Hierdie metodes dui daarop dat die potensiële brandgevaar-kostes (potensiële koste van skade indien ʼn brand sou plaas vind) ook in ag geneem moet word, tesame met die konstruksie kostes van ʼn WVS, om sodoende die mees ekonomies haalbare netwerk te bepaal. Data wat verkry is vanaf die brandweer departement van drie plattelandse munisipaliteite in die Wes-Kaap is ontleed om die werklike vloei-tempos vas te stel wat nodig was om brande te blus in hierdie dorpe. Die data is verkry vir ʼn tydperk van een jaar en 564 brandverslae was bruikbaar vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie. Volgens die data was ʼn lae aantal (11%) van die brande geblus vanuit die WVS deur die koppeling van brandbestrydingstoerusting direk aan ʼn brandkraan. Die meeste van die brande is geblus met behulp van water wat voorsien is deur ʼn brandbestrydingsvoertuig. Met hierdie metode word water deur die brandbestrydings-voertuie aangery vanaf die brandweerstasie of onttrek vanuit ʼn sentrale ontrekkingspunt in die WVS. Daar is gevind dat die ligging van laasgenoemde ontrekkingspunt ʼn beduidende impak op die WVS het – hierdie aspek is daarom verder ondersoek. Die data het getoon dat 99.8% van die vloei-tempo’s wat nodig is om brande te blus in plattelandse dorpe, laer is as die brandvloei riglyne vir matige risiko-areas volgens tipes Suid-Afrikaanse standaarde. Hidrouliese modellering van ʼn hipotetiese WVS is uitgevoer om te illustreer dat die verskaffing van brandvloei volgens die standaarde wat algemeen gebruik word, hoër kostes tot gevolg het. Die laasgenoemde hipotetiese gevallestudie illustreer dat ʼn netwerk ontwerp om brandvloei te verskaf volgens die huidige standaarde 15% duurder is as vir netwerke wat ontwerp is om die werklike aangetekende brandvloei te voorsien soos getoon deur die veld-data wat vir hierdie studie verkry is. Die hipotetiese gevallestudie het ook getoon dat die koste vir ʼn WVS, waar voldoende drukke gehandhaaf moet word by alle brandkrane terwyl piek brand vloeie voorsien word, 2.4% duurder is as vir ʼn WVS waar die brandvloei verskaf word by voorafbepaalde brandkrane vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie. ʼn WVS met sentrale onttrekkingspunte vir die hervulling van brandbestrydingsvoertuie, bied ʼn metode om brandvloei te voorsien in gebiede waar die WVS onvoldoende is, bv. informele nedersettings. Die hersiening van die huidige brandvloei standaarde van Suid Afrika sou dus ʼn logiese volgende stap wees, tesame met die herevaluering van die metodes wat gebruik word vir die verskaffing van brandvloei.

<p>The Miombo forest is represented in seven countries in the subtropical area of Africa and is an example of ecosystem adapted to the disturbance of anthropogenic fire. The forest yields a number of different ecosystem goods and services including fuelwood, honey and soil protection. Fire has found a worldwide acceptance during the last decade due to deeper understanding of their role in the ecosystem. The presence of fire prevents up-building of fuel and big fires, therefore a new fire management is now seen.</p><p>In general the Miombo forest is threatened by overexploitation. A similar situation was represented in Duru-Haitemba forest where the case study was situated in northern Tanzania. To conserve the forest and give the tenure of the forest to the villages in Duru-Haitemba a community-based forest management was established in the middle of 1990’s. The management succeeded to save the forest with a fire management including several methods of fire preventions and now there is a well grown Miombo forest in the area. This essay deals with the topic how the fire is affecting the Miombo forest. From there, this paper examines how the current community-based forest management is formed concerning the role of fire and the objectives of the locals.</p><p>The conclusion of the essay indicates that the fire has an important role in the ecosystem of the Miombo forest and favour ecosystem dynamics and diversity of the Miombo forest.</p><p>The result of the case study showed that the fire management was poorly adapted to the disturbance of fire and was not widely based on local knowledge or specific needs and objectives of the different villages.</p>