Subsidized harvest of invasive silver carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis (collectively referred to as Asian carp) from the Illinois River have been initiated in an effort to control their populations. However, market-driven control strategies have been suggested in an effort to reduce or eliminate the need for subsidies. Given that Asian carp are not a favored food fish in the U.S. and exporting to Asian markets is currently not economically feasible, industrial applications such as fish meal production have been explored. Fish meal production to support aquafeed manufacturing is potentially a high-value, high-volume market which is essential to a market-driven approach. However, the nutrient composition of Asian carp as a raw material from the Illinois River needs to be evaluated as well as the nutrient digestibility and production performance of a rendered Asian carp fish meal product to fully assess its suitability for use in aquafeeds. To determine the suitability of Asian carp to support aquafeed manufacturing, we evaluated seasonal and geographical differences in Asian carp harvested from the Illinois River, performed standard digestibility trials with hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout, and assessed production performance through standard feeding trials with hybrid striped bass, rainbow trout, and cobia. Results indicate slight geographical and seasonal variation in body composition, though both species represent protein-dense raw materials suitable for fish meal production. Additionally, Asian carp fish meal is a highly digestible feedstuff that closely resembles the nutrient content of traditional menhaden fish meal sources, although it is slightly less digestible. Production performance of fish fed practical Asian carp fish meal based diets was similar to those that used menhaden fish meal. Overall, Asian carp fish meal appears to be a highly-digestible, nutrient-dense ingredient suitable for inclusion in aquafeeds. Therefore, rendering Asian carp into fish meal appears to be a viable market-driven approach to help control Asian carp populations.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 S765 / Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Robert D. Goodband / A total of 5,480 pigs involving 10 experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 evaluated 3 feeder gap settings: 1.27, 1.91, or 2.54 cm, while Exp. 2 evaluated the effects of feeder trough space (4.45 vs. 8.9 cm/pig) and minimum feeder gap opening of 1.27 vs. 2.54 cm. In Exp. 1, pigs fed with increasing feeder gap had decreased (linear; P < 0.03) G:F due to increased (linear; P <0.02) ADFI. In Exp. 2, there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for increased ADG as feeder trough space increased from 4.45 to 8.9 cm/pig. Pigs fed with the wide feeder gap setting had increased (P < 0.01) ADFI and decreased (P < 0.01) G:F compared to pigs with the narrow feeder gap setting. Experiments 3 and 4 were conducted to determine the effects of diet form (meal vs. pellet) and feeder design (conventional dry vs. wet-dry) on finisher pig performance. In Exp. 3, pigs fed pelleted diets or via a wet-dry feeder had greater (P < 0.07 and 0.01, respectively) ADG then those fed meal diets or with a dry feeder. Diet × feeder interactions (P < 0.02) were observed for G:F. When pelleted diets were presented in dry feeders, G:F decreased, while no difference in G:F was observed between meal and pelleted diets presented in wet-dry feeders. In Exp. 4, pigs fed with wet-dry feeders had increased (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI compared to those with dry feeders, while pigs presented pelleted diets had improved (P = 0.05) G:F compared to those presented meal diets. Experiments 5 to 9 were conducted to determine the effects of porcine intestinal mucosa products, PEP2+, Peptone 50, and PEP-NS, on the growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 5, pigs fed increasing PEP2 had increased (quadratic; P < 0.02) overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F with the greatest response observed at 4% PEP2. In Exp. 6, pigs fed PEP2 had improved (P < 0.03) G:F compared to pigs fed select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) and increasing PEP2 improved (quadratic; P < 0.04) G:F with the greatest improvement seen when diets contained 4% PEP2. In Exp. 7 pigs fed PEP2+, Peptone 50 and PEP-NS had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed a negative control diet. In Exp. 8, pigs fed diets containing 6% SMFM, PEP2+, or PEP-NS had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the negative control or 6% Peptone 50. In Exp. 9, pigs fed increasing PEP-NS had improved (quadratic; P < 0.01) ADG and G:F, with the greatest improvement observed in pigs fed 6% PEP-NS. Experiment 10 evaluated the effects of Liquitein and PCV2/M. hyo vaccine regimen on the growth performance of weanling pigs. Overall, there were no effects of Liquitein on growth performance and vaccinated pigs had decreased (P < 0.01) ADG and ADFI compared to non-vaccinated pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary protein quality on the growth of juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Experiment I was to find out the maximum level of steam dried blood meal and spray dried blood meal can be used in the diet for juvenile cobia. Experiment II examined how juvenile cobia utilizes supplemental amino acids. In Experiment I, 9 test diets were evaluated. In the first group, steam dried blood meal was used to partially replace fish meal. The replacement levels were 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the fish meal protein. In the second group, crystalline methionine, which was 0.1 and 0.2% of the diets, was added respectively to 2 diets in which 20 and 40% of the fish meal protein was replaced by blood meal. In the third group, spray dried blood meal was used to replace fish meal protein at 20 and 40% instead of steam dried blood meal. Juvenile cobia with an initial weight of 72g were fed with the test diets for 8 weeks. The results showed that the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization ratio (NPU) were significantly reduced (P¡Õ0.05) when the replacement level was increased from 20% to 30%. Spray dried blood meal was more effectively than steam dried blood meal was at high replacement level (40%) than low replacement level (20%). Supplementation of crystalline methionine in the cobia diet had no positive effects. In Experiment II, 8 test diets were studied. The control diet contained only fish meal as the sole protein source. The other seven diets all contained steam dried blood meal which replaced 30% of fish meal protein. In the first group of 3 diets, (1) crystalline methionine, (2) crystalline methionine and crystalline isoleucine, (3) crystalline methionine, crystalline isoleucine and crystalline arginine were added, respectively. Two diets were supplemented with (1) microencapsulated (glycerol monostearate) methionine, (2) microencapsulated methionine and microencapsulated isoleucine. Two diets were supplemented with (1) microcoated (cellulose acetate phthalate) methionine, (2) microcoated methionine and microcoated isoleucine. Juvenile cobia with an initial weight of 33g were fed with the test diets for 8 weeks. The results showed that when the fish meal was partially replaced and amino acids were added, the PWG, SGR, FCR, PER and NPU of the cobia were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P¡Õ0.05). In conclusion, steam dried blood meal could effectively replace fish meal up to 20% of the fish meal protein, which was 6.2% of the diet. Spray dried blood meal showed better effects on the growth of fish than steam dried blood meal when given at high level. The two types of blood meal were no difference when the replacement levels were low. Juvenile cobia were not able to effectively use the different types of amino acids evaluated in the experiments.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of partially substituting fishmeal with 4 soybean products and mineral supplemental levels in diet of juvenile cobia Racycentron canadum. Experiment ¢¹studied the effects of partially substituting fishmeal with 4 soybean products in diet of juvenile cobia. Experiment ¢º investigated the effects of mineral supplement levels in the growth and body retention of zinc and phosphorus when high percentage of fishmeal in the diet was replaced by hexaned-extracted soybean meal or fermented soybean meal. In Experiment ¢¹, cobia juveniles with an initial weight of 58¡Ó1 g were fed eight experimental diets and a fish meal-based basal diet. The experimental diets were of a 2 (Soybean replacement level: 20 and 40 % of fishmeal protein) ¡Ñ 4 (soybean products) experimental design. The 4 soybean products evaluated were solvent-extracted soybean meal (SES), defatted fermented soybean meal (DFS), soybean meal reduced antinutritional factor (ROS) and soy protein concentrate (SPC). The results of the 8-week feeding trail showed that the growth, FCR, PER and NPU of the fish fed with the 40% ROS diet were significantly worse than these of the other groups. Apparent digestibility (%) of dry matter (ADMD), protein (APD) and lipid (ALD) of all diets were not significantly different. In experiment ¢º, eight experiment diets were tested. The first group was a 2¡Ñ3 factorial design, in which SES replacement levels were 40 and 50%, and mineral supplemental levels were 0.5¡Ñ, 1¡Ñ and 2¡Ñ of the regular supplemental level. The second group tested 50% replacement by FS and mineral supplemental level of 0.5¡Ñ and 1¡Ñ the regular supplemental level. The results of the 8-week feeding trail using the juvenile cobia with an initial weight of 72.3¡Ó0.52 g showed that growth of the fish fed with fermented soybean (FS) diets was significantly inferior to that fed with SES diets at 50% replacement level, especially mineral supplemental levels were 1x or less. The fish fed 2 FS diets were not significantly different on feed conversion ratio, net protein utilization and growth. Protein efficiency ratio of the fish fed with the FS diets was only significantly inferior to that fed 40% 1¡Ñ SES diet. Body and vertebrate zinc concentrations of the cobia that fed FS diets were higher than the SES diet groups. Moreover, the fish fed with SES diets at 40% replacement level were higher than that fed at 50% replacement level. At a same mineral supplemental level, phosphorus concentrations in body of the fish fed with FS diets were higher than that fed SES diet. Phosphorus and ash concentrations in vertebrate of the fish fed with all diets were not significantly different. When replacement level was increased from 20 to 40%, the fish that fed with the SES and DFS diets had better growth and condition factor . Fermentation of soybean increased availability of trace minerals such as zinc. Addition of mineral supplemental 2x levels in diet of juvenile cobia apparent to have negative growth effects. Moreover, 0.5x and 1x levels have the same growth promoting effect. The results suggest that reduction from the regular mineral mixture up to 50 % still support the mineral requirements of the cobia.

Darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti „HP 300“ sojų proteinų koncentrato įtaką nujunkytų paršelių sveikatingumui, paršelių augimui, pašarų ėdamumui bei jų sąnaudoms ir ekonominiam efektyvumui lyginant su žuvų miltais. Darbui atlikti kėlėme šiuos uždavinius: 1. įvertinti pašarų įtaką paršelių sveikatai; 2. įvertinti paršelių augimo spartą startiniu periodu; 3. įvertinti pašarų ėdamumą; 4. įvertinti pašarų sąnaudas 1 kg priesvorio; 5. paskaičiuoti ekonominį efektą. Atlikus tyrimus su „HP 300“ sojų proteinų koncentratu ir žuvų miltais bei palyginus jų įtaką nujunkytų paršelių sveikatingumui, augimui, pašarų ėdamumui, taip pat jų sąnaudas ir poveikį ekonominiam efektui , galime padaryti sekančias išvadas: 1. Tiriamuoju laikotarpiu abiejų grupių kiaulės buvo sveikos, nebuvo jokių išbrokavimų. Veterinariniai medicininiai preparatai nebuvo naudojami; 2. „HP 300“ sojų koncentrato teigiamas efektas nujunkytų paršelių augimui priklauso nuo amžiaus. Jau pirmojo laikotarpio metu 6,0 proc. didesnis priesvoris lyginant su kontroline grupe, nors čia skirtumai statistiškai nepatikimi. Antrojo laikotarpio metu priesvoriai buvo dar didesni. Skaičiuojant per visą bandymo laikotarpį II grupės paršeliai gavę pašarus su „HP 300“, vidutiniškai priaugo net 18,0 proc. per parą daugiau lyginant su kontrolinės grupės paršeliais. Skirtumai taip pat statistiškai nepatikimi; 3. Pašarai su „HP 300“ sojų koncentratu buvo geriau ėdami. Abiejų bandymo laikotarpių metu bandomosios grupės paršeliai per parą suėsdavo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The productivity of fattening pigs highly depends on composition of starter feed .Therefore, while feeding the weaned piglets, it is very important to have feed of high quality. This feed should be balanced according to all necessary feed ingredients. As well the fodder for weaned piglets must be safe and not make any harm to composition of intestine microflora. Sometimes feed is contaminated with Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfengens pathogens. Therefore it is necessary to find out such material for starter feed production, which would be safe, easy digestible and nutritive. This raw material should act positively on the intestine microflora of piglets. The aim of the work – to establish the influence of „HP 300“ soy protein concentrate for wellness of weaned piglets, for their growth, to compare efficiency of this concentrate and fish meal. Conclusions: 1. The pigs from both groups were healthy; there were no rejects during test period. Veterinary medical preparations were not used; 2. The positive effect of “HP 300” soy concentrate for weaned piglests depends on their age. During the first investigation period the overweight was higher by 6 % comparing with control group. Anyway, the differences are not statistically trustworhty. During the second investgation period the overweights were more higher. Making calculations during all experiment, the daily weight gain of piglets from II group (which got fodder with “HP 300”), was higher appr. by 18 % comparing with the... [to full text]

The aim of this study was to maximize good quality grass silage utilization either by supplying a source of rumen undegradable protein or by a reduction of the concentrate in the diet. A randomized incomplete block design was used to evaluate feed intake, milk production and health incidence occurring in fifty-nine Holstein dairy cow (11 primiparous) distributed randomly to receive three different diets between wk 4 and 24 of lactation. The diets were composed of grass silage (predominance of timothy) offered ad libitum supplemented either with a mixture of cereal grains (wheat:barley 50:50) at 100% of recommendations plus soybean meal (Trt 1), or fish meal (Trt 2), or with cereal grains at 75% of recommendations plus fish meal (Trt 3). The grass silage was harvested at an approximate chop length of 8--10 cm, averaged 37.1% DM and was stored in heap silos. / Finally, an economic evaluation of the treatments was done using milk income, feed cost, health cost, and net income. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

En este trabajo se describe la implementación de la gestión de mantenimiento en una de planta de procesamiento de harina y aceite de pescado en el Perú. El incumplimiento del plan de mantenimiento de la planta, principalmente generado por la acumulación de órdenes de trabajo, se ha visto reflejado en los elevados sobrecostos dentro del presupuesto del área en los últimos años. Para lograr solucionar este problema, se optó por utilizar el mantenimiento productivo total (TPM) como herramienta para la gestión. Se elaboró una estrategia de 12 pasos desarrollados en torno a los 8 pilares del TPM para el acondicionamiento, implementación y estabilización de la gestión en la planta. Mediante las capacitaciones de mantenimiento a los operadores de máquinas, se implementó el mantenimiento autónomo como parte de las labores diarias dentro de producción, logrando identificar fallas potenciales en los equipos. Así mismo, se asignaron tareas de mantenimiento al personal de producción durante los periodos de veda, con el fin de reducir la carga laboral al área de mantenimiento y así cumplir con las órdenes de trabajo. Como resultado se obtuvo una reducción del 61% del presupuesto anual de mantenimiento y 100% del personal de operaciones capacitado en labores de mantenimiento. Además, se alcanzó un aumento del 4% en promedio del OEE de la planta y Finalmente, se incrementó la importancia de la gestión de mantenimiento, así como la motivación del personal. / This paper describes the implementation of maintenance management in a fishmeal and fish oil processing plant in Peru. Failure to comply with the plant maintenance plan, mainly generated by the accumulation of work orders, has been reflected in the high overheads within the area budget in recent years. In order to solve this problem, it was decided to use total productive maintenance (TPM) as a management tool. A 12-step strategy was developed around the 8 pillars of the TPM for the conditioning, implementation and stabilization of the management in the plant. Through the maintenance training of machine operators, autonomous maintenance was implemented as part of daily work within production, identifying potential failures in equipment. Maintenance work was also assigned to production personnel during the closed periods, in order to reduce the workload to the maintenance area and thus comply with the work orders. As a result, a 61% reduction in the anual maintenance budget and 100% of the operations personnel trained in maintenance tasks were obtained. In addition, an average 4% increase in the OEE of the plant was achieved and Finally, the importance of maintenance management increased, as well as the motivation of the staff. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

No description available.

Cobia represents one of the most attractive candidate species for aquaculture in the history of the industry. With rapid growth rate, high survival rates, and delectable flesh, cobia possess highly desirable characteristics for a cultured fish. Although interest in this species is high, issues pertaining to nutritional requirements must be resolved if this animal is to be produced sustainably. Cobia are high level marine carnivores and, as such, require relatively high dietary protein levels which usually are met through the use of fish meal. Fish meal supplies have become limited and costly, and alternate proteins must be utilized if future aquaculture production is to meet demand. Moreover, the movement towards organic aquaculture production presents additional challenges with respect to fish meal inclusion in aquafeeds designed for cobia. This thesis summarizes research pertaining to fish meal replacement in cobia aquafeeds with organically certifiable alternate protein sources. Initial trials with an organically certifiable yeast-based protein source indicated that up to 25% of the fish meal could be replaced without detrimental impacts to growth rates, feed efficiency, or biological indices. Substitution levels above this resulted in decreased performance in all measured parameters. Based on these results and other research however, it is hypothesized that fish meal replacement levels could be increased to 40% without detrimental impacts upon production characteristics. In a subsequent study, multiple organically certifiable alternate protein sources were investigated for their ability to replace fish meal in aquafeeds for juvenile cobia. A 25% inclusion level of yeast-based protein was used along with a 40% inclusion level. The remaining alternate proteins (soybean meal, soybean isolate, and hemp) also were included at 40% of dietary protein. Two additional diets were formulated to contain all four alternate proteins with or without 8% fish meal. Lack of fish meal resulted in poor survival, while the 8% inclusion of fish meal resulted in decreased overall performance compared to fish fed the fish meal control and the diets with up to 40% organic protein source. When included at 40% of fish meal replacement, these alternate protein sources led to returned excellent weight gain, feed efficiencies, and other production characteristics when compared to the 100% fish meal control diet. I hypothesized that higher inclusion level of alternate protein sources could be achieved with specific amino acid supplementation. Two additional trials involved the use of the yeast-based protein with supplementation by the amino acids methionine, tryptophan, and taurine. Diets containing 50 and 75% of the yeast-based protein were investigated with the addition of methionine (0.3%) and tryptophan (0.2%), with and without taurine (0.5%). Taurine significantly and dramatically increased production performance. A final trial re-evaluated that ability of the yeast-based protein to completely replace fish meal with supplemental taurine (0.5%). While growth at the 50% inclusion level equaled that of the control, at higher levels (75 and 100%), growth was reduced even with taurine supplementation, leading to the hypothesis that other essential amino acids may also have been limiting. This thesis presents evidence that replacement of fish meal, as well as organic production of cobia, is feasible. However, these studies also illustrate the necessity of developing quantitative amino acid requirement data for cobia if these goals are to be fully realized. / Master of Science