El sector pesquero a lo largo de los años ha tenido fases de expansión y crisis que evidencian la problemática de la industria, la cual es el sobredimensionamiento de flota y planta; esto conllevó a la sobre explotación de la biomasa anchovetera y la ineficiencia de los agentes económicos en sus operaciones. Es por eso que en el año 2008, se promulga el Decreto Legislativo 1084, a través del cual se estableció el nuevo sistema de Límites Máximos de Captura por Embarcación (LMCE), este nuevo régimen entra en vigencia la primera temporada del 2009 y rige sólo para la anchoveta que se destina al consumo humano indirecto (CHI), es decir, para la anchoveta que es utilizada para la elaboración de harina y aceite de pescado. Esta norma introdujo cuotas individuales de pesca de anchoveta y se las asignó a las embarcaciones que ya operaban en esta pesquería, con la cual se eliminó el sistema anterior que se basaba en las cuotas globales de capturas, las cuales incentivaba a que se dé la “Carrera Olímpica” (pesca desmedida) para obtener la mayor cantidad del recurso posible. Para analizar la repercusión del Decreto Legislativo 1084, el presente trabajo propone evaluar el comportamiento pre y post reforma del sector de los años 2005 hasta 2014, con la finalidad de demostrar la eliminación de la pesca desmedida y mejora de calidad en los desembarques de anchoveta. Los resultados obtenidos después de la investigación realzan lo importante que fue la implementación del Decreto Legislativo 1084 en el sector pesquero, presentando mejoras en el ordenamiento del sector que se ve reflejado en el desarrollo de la industria pesquera. / The fishing sector over the years has had phases of expansion and crisis that show that the problem of the industry is the oversizing of the fleet and plant, this led to the over exploitation of anchovy biomass and that the economic agents are less efficient in their operations. That is why, in 2008, Legislative Decree 1084 is enacted, through which it was established the new system of Maximum Limits of Capture by Vessel (MLCV), this regime comes into force in the first season of 2009 and which governs only anchovy intended for indirect human consumption (IHC), that is, for the anchovy that is used for the production of fish meal and fish oil. This standard introduced individual anchovy fishing quotas and allocated it to vessels already operating in this fishery, thereby eliminating the previous system, which set a global catch quota, which encouraged the "Olympic Race" to get as much of the resource as possible. In order to analyze the impact of Legislative Decree 1084, the present research proposes to evaluate the pre and post reform behavior of the sector, in order to demonstrate that overfishing was eliminated and that a better quality of the anchovy landings was generated. The results obtained after the investigation highlight the importance of the implementation of Legislative Decree 1084 in the fishing sector, presenting improvements in the ordering of the sector that is reflected in the development of the fishing industry / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Attempts to improve upon the crude protein feeding system have strived to characterize feedstuffs with respect to ruminal protein degradability. In vitro an in situ procedures fall short of this goal by not accounting for ruminal turnover. Six lactating cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, were utilized for in vivo determination of protein degradability by employing a double-marker system. Treatments were corn silage-based diets supplemented with 2:1 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (SF) or 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (FS) at levels of 15. 9 and 16.0 percent protein. Ruminal cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CoEDTA) infusions marked liquid phase (LP) digesta and Yb-soaked hay was used as a solid phase (SP) marker. Duodenal digesta was separated into SP and LP at 3000xg. Least squares means of LP flows did not differ for total, precipitable protein, or microbial nitrogen, for SF and FS. Total solid phase flow of dry matter was higher for FS (9.06 kg/d) than for SF (7.97 kg/d), although intakes did not differ. Milk composition and yield did not differ for FS and SF. Average daily gain was 0.12 kg/d for SF and 1:26 kg/d for FS. Whole-tract digestibilties were not different although rumen digestibility of dry matter was 24.9% for FS and 35.7% for SF, and duodenal recovery of N was 93.8% for SF and 107.5% for FS. Inclusion of a higher level of fish meal in the diet increased the proportion of feed proteins delivered to the small intestine, increasing weight gain while having no effect on milk production. / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD) -- tellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is part of the continuing global research effort dedicated to finding alternative aquafeed ingredients, which not only replace fish meal and fish oil as sources of essential nutrients in aquafeeds, but also provide specialist functional properties when included in feeds. Due to constraints in supply of fish meal and fish oil originating from wild capture fisheries, the continually growing aquafeed industry requires new sources of raw materials for the production of high quality feeds. The aim of the study was to investigate the specialist functional properties of feed ingredients (with emphasis on immune-stimulation potential) derived from fish processing waste after enzymatic hydrolysis by endogenous proteolytic enzymes (autolysis). Further aims were to (i) quantify effects of these feed ingredients on production performance of two species relevant to the South African aquaculture industry, namely Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus and South African abalone Haliotis midae, (ii) compare performance to commercially available enzymatically produced feed ingredients, and (iii) separate the functional effects of these fish processing waste derived feed ingredients from the acid used to preserve them against bacterial spoilage during the autolysis process. Oil recovered after autolysis of rainbow trout viscera proved to be an attractive feed ingredient due to favourable effects on the non-specific cellular immune function of both Mozambique tilapia and South African abalone. However, in South African abalone, increased immune function due to inclusion of fish oil was accompanied by a significant decrease in production performance. The inclusion of hydrolysed proteins, obtained by autolysis of fish waste, in aquaculture feeds also improved non-specific immunity and survival of Mozambique tilapia significantly – independently of the preserving acid – although the same was not observed for South African abalone. Production performance was dependent on dietary hydrolysed protein inclusion levels in both species; excessive inclusion resulted in decreased production performance. The performance of dietary hydrolysed protein from autolysis and those from commercial production processes were significantly different, possibly as a result of different raw material origins and production processes. It is further shown that formic acid can contribute to improved water stability in abalone feeds, a novel mode of action not previously described. The study concludes that the simple autolysis process for processing of fish waste can provide aquafeed ingredients with immune stimulatory potential, which can contribute to improved production performance in the Mozambique tilapia and the South African abalone. The result can contribute to improved sustainability of the aquafeed industry, through substitution of fish meal and fish oil derived from capture fisheries with processed fish waste components. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie vorm deel van die voortdurende en wêreldwye soeke na nuwe akwakultuur voerbestanddele wat nie net vismeel en –olie kan vervang as bron van noodsaaklike voedingstowwe nie, maar wat ook gespesialiseerde funksionele eienskappe openbaar wanneer dit in akwavoere ingesluit word. As gevolg van beperkings in die voorsiening van vismeel en –olie afkomstig vanaf wilde visserye, word die voortdurend groeiende akwavoer bedryf genoodsaak om nuwe grondstowwe te benut vir die vervaardiging van hoë kwaliteit voere. Die doelwit van die studie was om moontlike gespesialiseerde funksionele eienskappe (met spesifieke klem op potensiële immuun-stimulasie) van voerbestanddele te ondersoek wat herwin is vanaf reënboogforel proseseringsafval, na ensiematiese hidrolise d.m.v. endogene ensieme teenwoordig in die afval (outolise). Verdere doelwitte was om (i) effekte op produksie prestasie van hierdie bestanddele te kwantifiseer in twee akwakultuur spesies relevant tot die Suid- Afrikaanse bedryf (naamlik die Mosambiekse kurper Oreochromis mossambicus en die Suid- Afrikaanse perlemoen Haliotis midae), (ii) om produksie prestasie te vergelyk met kommersieel beskikbare voerbestanddele voorberei d.m.v. ensiemtegnologie, en (iii) om die moontlike effekte van die voerbestanddele te skei van die van die sure gebruik om die bestanddele te preserveer tydens die outolitiese proses. Daar is bevind dat olie herwin na outolise van reënboogforel ingewande ‘n goeie voerbestanddeel is wat gunstige effekte op die nie-spesifieke, sellulêre immuniteit van beide Mosambiekse kurper en Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen gehad het. In die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen het verbeterde immuunfunksie gepaard gegaan met ‘n verswakking in produksie prestasie. Die gehidroliseerde proteïen komponent van ge-outoliseerde prosesseringsafval het ook beduidende verbetering in nie spesifieke immuniteit en oorlewing van Mosambiekse kurper tot gevolg gehad - onafhanklik van die preserverende suur - maar dieselfde is nie in die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen waargeneem nie. Produksie prestasie was afhanklik van die insluitingsvlakke van gehidroliseerde proteïen in beide spesies en dit is bevind dat oormatige insluiting produksie nadelig beïnvloed. Prestasie van proteïen afkomstig van outolise en die van ‘n kommersiële produksieproses het beduidend verskil, moontlik as gevolg van verskillende grondstowwe en prosesseringstegnieke. Daar is verder vir die eerste keer getoon dat mieresuur ‘n beduidende verbetering in waterstabiliteit in sekere perlemoenvoere teweeg kan bring. Die studie kom tot die slotsom dat die eenvoudige outolise proses funksionele akwavoerbestanddele kan produseer wat kan bydra tot ‘n verbetering in produksie prestasie in die Mosambiekse kurper en Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen. Die resultaat kan bydra tot verbeterde volhoubaarheid van die akwavoer bedryf, deur vismeel en –olie afkomstig van wilde visserye, te vervang.

Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.

Esta tese enfocou a validação de um sistema de recirculação para estudos de digestibilidade de camarões marinhos e a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade de ingredientes protéicos em diferentes níveis de inclusão para a elaboração de dietas para camarões marinhos. O sistema de recirculação compreendeu o projeto de um tanque para estudos de digestibilidade com camarões e entre os diferentes sistemas avaliados, o Guelph-L foi o mais eficiente porque combinou uma alta eficiência de remoção de sólidos com um melhor perfil de velocidade da água e menor distância percorrida pelas partículas de fezes ou alimento não consumido. Os ensaios de digestibilidade com os seis ingredientes protéicos: farinha de peixe (FPX), concentrado protéico de soja (CPS), farinha de vísceras de frango (FVI), glúten de milho (GLM), farinha de carne e ossos (FCO) e farinha de penas hidrolisadas (PEN) incluídos na dieta referência nos níveis de 10, 20 e 30% mostraram que a digestibilidade aparente dos ingredientes foi significativamente influenciada pelo seu nível de inclusão nas dietas teste e esta influência foi mais intensa nos ingredientes glúten de milho e farinha de vísceras de frango, que apresentaram maiores desbalanços de aminoácidos. Os ingredientes que apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente para a matéria-seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e disponibilidade de aminoácidos foram a FPX e o CPS, enquanto que os menores custos para a proteína e energia digestível foram a FCO, CPS e PEN. O crescimento, sobrevivência e conversão dos camarões alimentar foram significativamente influenciados pelo tipo de ingrediente teste nas dietas, mas não pelo nível de inclusão e apresentaram a seguinte ordem de crescimento em g semana-1: FPX > CPS > PEN > FVI > FCO > GLM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas descreveram melhor o crescimento semanal do que os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos ingredientes, apesar da fraca correlação. / This thesis focused on the validation of an aquaculture recirculation system (RAS) for shrimp digestibility studies and the determination of the digestibility coefficients of protein sources at different inclusion levels for shrimp feeds. The recirculation system for digestibility studies proved to be adequate for its purpose and shrimp growth rates was equal to or higher than those experienced in the farms. The recirculated system comprised the Project of a tank for shrimp digestibility studies with marine shrimp which permitted the output of high quality faecal samples in quantity, reliability in the shorter time as possible. Among the systems evaluated the Guelph-L was the most efficient as it combined a high solids removal efficiency with an reasonable water velocity profile and the shortest distance for the feces and feed particles from the tank bottom to the collection tube. The digestibility trials were conducted with six protein sources: fish meal (FPX), soy protein concentrate (CPS), poultry by product meal (FVI), corn gluten meal (GLM), meat and bone meal (FCO) and hydrolyzed feather meal (PEN) at the inclusion rates of 10, 20 and 30% showed that the apparent digestibility of the protein sources was significantly affected by their inclusion levels in the test diets and this effect was more intense for the protein sources corn gluten meal and poultry by product meal, that displayed the greatest amino acids imbalance. The ingredients that presented the highest coefficients for the apparent dry matter, protein and energy digestibility and amino acids availability was fish meal and soy protein concentrate and the lowest cost for the digestible protein and energy was meat and bone meal, soy protein concentrate and hydrolyzed feather meal. The growth rates, survival and economical feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by the ingredient type, contrary to the inclusion level, and presented the following growth rate in g week-1 order: FPX > CPS > PEN > FVI > FCO > GLM. The diet apparent digestibility coefficients described weekly growth rate better than ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients, despite the weak correlation.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-08T14:40:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Caritas Souza do Valle Ferreira.pdf: 835355 bytes, checksum: 19a5bc565f7b7a225d1406626b6c919e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:40:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Caritas Souza do Valle Ferreira.pdf: 835355 bytes, checksum: 19a5bc565f7b7a225d1406626b6c919e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fishmeal for hydrolysate fish protein (HFP) and biofloc flour (BF) in diet of marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (2mg). The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing fishmeal for hydrolyzed fish protein (HFP) and biofloc flour (BF) in Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. The HFP used in the diets formulation were produced from fish industry waste and the biofloc used for BF production was obtained in cultivation tanks of a commercial shrimp farm. Feed for this phase was designed to be isoenergetic and isoproteic. This experiment consisted of six treatments with three replicates each, corresponding to the control treatment T0, using fish meal as the main protein source. The other treatments (T10, T20, T30, T40) were a gradual replacement of fishmeal by HFP and BF in the proportions of 10, 20, 30 and 40% respectively. In the experiment a commercial feed was used as external control. It was a 42 days assay. Shrimp survival was above 99% in all treatments. After statistical analysis to zootechnical parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate) shrimps fed with formulated diets had better results than the ones fed with commercial feed. Tested parameters had ideal points indicated by regression in levels ranging between 15 and 16% of fishmeal replacement by HFP and associated BF. In the present study we inferred that BF and HFP are potential ingredients to replace fish meal in diets for L. vannamei postlarvae. / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha de peixe por hidrolisado proteico de peixe (HPP) e farinha de biofloco (FB) na alimentação de pós-larvas (2mg) do marinho camarão Litopenaeus vannamei. O HPP utilizado na elaboração das rações foi produzido a partir de resíduos de uma indústria de pescado. O biofloco para a produção da farinha foi obtido em tanques de cultivo de uma carcinicultura comercial. As rações para esta fase foram elaboradas para serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. Este experimento consistiu de seis tratamentos com três repetições cada, correspondendo ao tratamento controle o T0, utilizando a farinha de peixe como principal fonte proteica, e os demais tratamentos com substituição gradual da farinha de peixe por HPP e FB nas proporções de 10, 20, 30 e 40% correspondendo aos tratamentos T10, T20, T30 e T40 respectivamente. No experimento foi utilizado um tratamento com ração comercial que serviu como controle externo. Este ensaio teve duração de 42 dias. A sobrevivência dos camarões cultivados ficou acima de 99% em todos os tratamentos. As respostas estatísticas para os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico (peso final, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico) indicaram melhores resultados para os camarões alimentados com as rações formuladas quando comparados com os camarões alimentados com ração comercial. Os parâmetros testados tiveram seus pontos ideais indicados pela regressão, em níveis que variaram entre 15 e 16% de substituição da farinha de peixe por HPP e FB associados. Os resultados encontrados neste experimento indicaram o potencial dos ingredientes testados na substituição da farinha de peixe em rações para L. vannamei.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A produÃÃo mundial de farinha de peixe e derivados estagnou ao longo dos Ãltimos anos. Em contrapartida, a aquicultura à o setor de produÃÃo de alimento que mais cresce anualmente. Atualmente o cultivo de organismos aquÃticos marinho depende da farinha de peixe e seus derivados. Ingredientes vegetais tÃm sido testados como fontes alternativas e viÃveis de proteÃna para alimentaÃÃo destes organismos. O glÃten de milho surge como um ingrediente promissor, apresentando 60% de proteÃna bruta (PB). Este trabalho avaliou a substituiÃÃo da proteÃna da farinha de peixe pela proteÃna do glÃten de milho em dietas prÃticas para camarÃes marinhos cultivados em tanques experimentais. Juvenis do camarÃo branco, Litopenaeus vannamei, foram estocados em tanques em sistema de recirculaÃÃo de Ãgua (RAS) na densidade de 70 camarÃes m-2 durante um perÃodo de 72 dias. Cinco dietas foram formuladas, quatro experimentais e uma controle, com 37,5-38,3% PB e 17,5-18,0% EB (energia bruta). As dietas experimentais foram formuladas a partir de uma dieta basal (12% farinha de peixe salmÃo (importada) + 2,4% farinha de resÃduo de peixes marinhos (nacional), pela substituiÃÃo (15, 30, 45 e 60%) da proteÃna da farinha de peixe pela proteÃna do glÃten de milho, com suplementaÃÃo de aminoÃcidos essenciais: lisina, metionina e triptofano (dieta basal: 2,75% lisina, 1,09% metionina e 0,75% triptofano). Ao final do experimento observou-se que houve diferenÃa significativa (P<0,05) para variÃveis de desempenho zootÃcnico, peso corporal final (g) e ganho em peso semanal (g), entre a dieta controle GM0 (17,50  1,15 g e 1,70  0,11 g, respectivamente) e a dieta com 60% de substituiÃÃo GM60 (15,65  1,01 g e 1,52  0,10 g, respectivamente). As demais variÃveis de desempenho zootÃcnico: sobrevivÃncia (94,4  1,88 %), produtividade (956,08  28,11 g m-2), consumo alimentar aparente (34,8  0,58 g camarÃo-1) e FCA (2,3  0,04) nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa estatisticamente significativa (P&#8805;0,05) entre as dietas. O glÃten de milho pode substituir a farinha de peixe em atà 50 g kg-1 nas dietas, sem prejuÃzo zootÃcnico aos camarÃes, reduzindo a participaÃÃo em 30% do ingrediente animal como fonte proteica na raÃÃo. Uma substituiÃÃo mais drÃstica com inclusÃo de 78 g kg-1 de glÃten de milho pode causar uma queda moderada no desempenho zootÃcnico dos camarÃes. Entretanto, a reduÃÃo de 45% na participaÃÃo da farinha de peixe serà provavelmente vantajosa do ponto de vista econÃmico (melhor relaÃÃo custo: benefÃcio). / Global production of fish meal and derivatives has stalled in the last few years. On the other hand, aquaculture has grown rapidly representing today the fastest food production sector. However, farm-reared fish and shellfish still relies heavily on fish meal and derivates as a dietary protein source. Plant ingredients have been tested as alternative and viable sources of protein.Corn gluten is a promising ingredient, as it contains 60% crude protein (CP). This study has evaluated the replacement of fish meal protein by protein from corn gluten meal in practical diets for marine shrimp farmed in experimental tanks. Juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were stocked in tanks under a recirculating water system (RAS) at a density of 70 shrimp m-2 for a period of 72 days. Five diets were formulated, four experimental and one control, with 37.5 to 38.3% CP and 17.5 to 18.0% GE (gross energy). Experimental diets were formulated based on a basal diet by replacing 5, 30, 45 and 60% of the fish meal CP by corn gluten protein and supplementing them with the essential amino acids lysine, methionine and tryptophan. At the end of the experimental period, it was observed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in the growth performance variables, final body weight (g) and weekly weight gain (g) between the control diet GM0 (17.50  1 15 g and 1.70  0.11 g, respectively) and the diet with 60% replacement GM60 (15.65  1.01 and 1.52  0.10 g, respectively). The other production performance variables, i.e., survival (94.4  1.88%), productivity (956.08  28.11 g m-2), feed consumption (34.8  0.58 g shrimp-1) and FCR (2.3  0.04), showed no statistically significant difference (P &#8805; 0.05) among dietary treatments. Gluten meal could replace fish meal up to 50 g kg-1 in diets without losses to shrimp performance, reducing 30% in the inclusion of animal ingredients as protein sources in the diet. A more drastic replacement of fish meal with an inclusion of 78 g kg-1 of corn gluten caused a moderate decrease in shrimp growth performance. However a 45%-reduction in the use of fish meal is likely to be advantageous from an economic standpoint (cost: benefit ratio).

Esta tese enfocou a validação de um sistema de recirculação para estudos de digestibilidade de camarões marinhos e a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade de ingredientes protéicos em diferentes níveis de inclusão para a elaboração de dietas para camarões marinhos. O sistema de recirculação compreendeu o projeto de um tanque para estudos de digestibilidade com camarões e entre os diferentes sistemas avaliados, o Guelph-L foi o mais eficiente porque combinou uma alta eficiência de remoção de sólidos com um melhor perfil de velocidade da água e menor distância percorrida pelas partículas de fezes ou alimento não consumido. Os ensaios de digestibilidade com os seis ingredientes protéicos: farinha de peixe (FPX), concentrado protéico de soja (CPS), farinha de vísceras de frango (FVI), glúten de milho (GLM), farinha de carne e ossos (FCO) e farinha de penas hidrolisadas (PEN) incluídos na dieta referência nos níveis de 10, 20 e 30% mostraram que a digestibilidade aparente dos ingredientes foi significativamente influenciada pelo seu nível de inclusão nas dietas teste e esta influência foi mais intensa nos ingredientes glúten de milho e farinha de vísceras de frango, que apresentaram maiores desbalanços de aminoácidos. Os ingredientes que apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente para a matéria-seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e disponibilidade de aminoácidos foram a FPX e o CPS, enquanto que os menores custos para a proteína e energia digestível foram a FCO, CPS e PEN. O crescimento, sobrevivência e conversão dos camarões alimentar foram significativamente influenciados pelo tipo de ingrediente teste nas dietas, mas não pelo nível de inclusão e apresentaram a seguinte ordem de crescimento em g semana-1: FPX > CPS > PEN > FVI > FCO > GLM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas descreveram melhor o crescimento semanal do que os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos ingredientes, apesar da fraca correlação. / This thesis focused on the validation of an aquaculture recirculation system (RAS) for shrimp digestibility studies and the determination of the digestibility coefficients of protein sources at different inclusion levels for shrimp feeds. The recirculation system for digestibility studies proved to be adequate for its purpose and shrimp growth rates was equal to or higher than those experienced in the farms. The recirculated system comprised the Project of a tank for shrimp digestibility studies with marine shrimp which permitted the output of high quality faecal samples in quantity, reliability in the shorter time as possible. Among the systems evaluated the Guelph-L was the most efficient as it combined a high solids removal efficiency with an reasonable water velocity profile and the shortest distance for the feces and feed particles from the tank bottom to the collection tube. The digestibility trials were conducted with six protein sources: fish meal (FPX), soy protein concentrate (CPS), poultry by product meal (FVI), corn gluten meal (GLM), meat and bone meal (FCO) and hydrolyzed feather meal (PEN) at the inclusion rates of 10, 20 and 30% showed that the apparent digestibility of the protein sources was significantly affected by their inclusion levels in the test diets and this effect was more intense for the protein sources corn gluten meal and poultry by product meal, that displayed the greatest amino acids imbalance. The ingredients that presented the highest coefficients for the apparent dry matter, protein and energy digestibility and amino acids availability was fish meal and soy protein concentrate and the lowest cost for the digestible protein and energy was meat and bone meal, soy protein concentrate and hydrolyzed feather meal. The growth rates, survival and economical feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by the ingredient type, contrary to the inclusion level, and presented the following growth rate in g week-1 order: FPX > CPS > PEN > FVI > FCO > GLM. The diet apparent digestibility coefficients described weekly growth rate better than ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients, despite the weak correlation.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5158735 bytes, checksum: d64b50bf830c8bd62e17003f74b24b43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the profile and stability of amino acids in meals and feeds used in shrimp farming. The study was divided into three experiments. In the experiment I the percent composition and profile of amino acids in fish meal and soya meal feeds with protein levels of 35 and 40% used in shrimp farming were evaluated. Comparing the results of amino acid profile of the feeds used in this study with those determined by chemical score, it can be noted that feeds A and B were not satisfactory in the content of essential amino acids, except lysine, which showed chemical score (CS) higher than the standard. The fish meal and soya meal used in the formulation of commercial feed (RA) had amino acid profile superior to those found in meals used for obtaining commercial feed (RB). In experiment II the aim was to evaluate the stability of amino acids in commercial feeds with different protein contents subject to leaching. The feed samples were exposed to the leaching process during time period of 04, 08 and 12 hours. Analyses of degradation of amino acids were performed using an elution gradient in HPLC system. In all feeds evaluated it was found that lysine and histidine are essential amino acids which suffered less degradation processes. It is important to mention that arginine is considered an important amino acid for growth of shrimp, and that both diets with 35% protein (RB35 and RA35) had losses of 79 and 89% respectively. The results obtained in this study indicate that the leaching process significantly reduces the content of amino acids in the feeds. The physical structure of the feed does not prevent the degradation process of amino acids in the leaching process. Experiment III was to evaluate the stability of amino acids in meals and commercial feeds with different protein levels subjected to hightemperature storage. The samples were exposed to temperature of 50 􀀀 C and evaluated every 5 days for 30 days. Analyses of degradation of amino acids were performed using an elution gradient in HPLC system. In all evaluated meals it was observed that valine and arginine suffered greater losses of amino acids during the experiment and histidine and alanine suffered less degradation processes. It was observed difference in the content of all amino acids studied after the exposure of feeds to the temperature of 50 º C, with reduction of the amino acid content of the feeds. The results obtained in this study indicate that meals and feeds exposed to high temperatures had their amino acid content significantly reduced. / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o perfil e estabilidade de aminoácidos em farinhas e em rações utilizadas na carcinicultura. O trabalho foi subdividido em três experimentos. No experimento I foi avaliada a composição centesimal e o perfil de aminoácidos em farinha de peixe, em farinha de soja e em rações com teores proteicos de 35% e 40% utilizadas na carcinicultura. Comparando-se os resultados de perfil de aminoácidos das rações utilizadas na presente pesquisa com os determinados pelo escore químico (EQ), nota-se que as rações A e B não se mostraram satisfatórias quanto ao teor de aminoácidos essenciais, com exceção apenas da lisina que mostrou EQ superior ao padrão. As farinhas de peixe e soja utilizadas na formulação da ração comercial (RA) apresentaram perfil de aminoácidos de qualidade superior aos encontrados nas farinhas utilizadas para obtenção da ração comercial (RB). No experimento II, o objetivo foi avaliar a estabilidade de aminoácidos em rações comerciais com diferentes teores proteicos, submetidas à lixiviação. As amostras de ração foram expostas ao processo lixiviatório durante período de tempo de 04, 08 e 12 horas. As análises de degradação de aminoácidos foram realizadas utilizando-se um sistema de HPLC, em modo de gradiente de eluição. Destacadamente, em todas as rações avaliadas, observou-se que a lisina e a histidina, foram os aminoácidos essenciais que sofreram menor processo degradativo. É importante ressaltar que a arginina é considerada um aminoácido importante para o crescimento de camarões, e que, em ambas as rações com 35% de proteína (RA35 e RB35) tiveram perdas de 79% e 89%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que o processo de lixiviação diminui consideravelmete o conteúdo de aminoácidos das rações. No processo de lixiviação a estrutura física da ração não impede o processo de degradação dos aminoácidos. O experimento III teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade de aminoácidos em farinhas e em rações comerciais com diferentes teores proteicos, submetidas a temperaturas elevadas de armazenamento. As amostras foram expostas à temperatura de 50􀀀C, e avaliadas a cada cinco dias durante trinta dias. As análises de degradação de aminoácidos foram realizadas utilizando-se um sistema de HPLC, em modo de gradiente de eluição. Em todas as farinhas avaliadas observou-se que valina e arginina, foram os aminoácidos que sofreram maior perda durante o período do experimento, enquanto que histidina e alanina sofreram menor processo degradativo. Observou-se diferença significativa no conteúdo de todos os aminoácidos estudados depois da exposição das dietas à temperatura de 50ºC, com redução do conteúdo de aminoácidos das rações. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo indicam que farinhas e rações expostas a temperaturas elevadas diminuem consideravelmente o conteúdo de aminoácidos.