Orientador: Claudio Angelo Agostinho / Banca : Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Alexandre Ninhaus Silveira / Resumo: A influência de fatores ambientais, o manejo alimentar e a qualidade da ração são determinantes na formação de reprodutores e no manejo reprodutivo, podendo influenciar nos custos de insumos e na qualidade dos alevinos produzidos. O presente estudo teve como finalidade avaliar o desenvolvimento gonadal do Rhamdia quelen em tanque-rede até a primeira maturação sexual com diferentes níveis de proteína e frequências alimentares, verificando a influência desta fase no crescimento dos peixes cultivados. O experimento foi realizado de agosto a novembro de 2011 em viveiro escavado com renovação diária de 5%. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado no modelo fatorial, com duas frequências alimentares (3 e 24 vezes/dia) no período noturno e com dois níveis de proteína (28 e 32% PB) com ingredientes de origem vegetal. Foram utilizados 864 jundiás com peso médio de 45 gramas, distribuídos em 24 tanques-rede. A maturação gonadal avançou à medida que o fotoperíodo e a temperatura aumentaram do mês agosto até novembro. As fêmeas alcançaram sua primeira maturação sexual com 72,6 g (±18,4) e comprimento de 20,2 cm (±2,1) e os machos alcançaram sua primeira maturação sexual com 70,3 g (±25,8) e comprimento de 19,5 cm (±1,9). A frequência alimentar influenciou na maturação sexual de fêmeas de Rhamdia quelen / Abstract: The influence of environmental factors, feeding management and feed quality are crucial in the establishment of breeding and reproductive management, it can influence the costs and quality of fingerlings produced. The present study was to evaluate the development of gonadal of Rhamdia quelen raised in cages until the first maturity with different levels of protein and feeding frequency, and the influence of this phase on the growth. The experiment was conducted from August to November 2011 in earth pond with water daily renewal of 5%. The design was completely randomized in factorial design with two feeding frequencies (3 and 24 times / day) at night and two protein levels (28 and 32% CP) with ingredients of plant origin. We used 864 silver catfish with an average weight of 45 grams, distributed in 24 cages. The maturation developed as the photoperiod and temperature increased during the months August to November. The females reach their sexual maturity with 72.6 g (± 18.4) and length of 20.2 cm (± 2.1) and males reached their sexual maturity with 70.3 g (± 25.8) and length of 19.5 cm (± 1.9). The sexual maturation of Rhamdia quelen female was influenced by feeding frequency / Mestre

published_or_final_version / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

No description available.

Yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), were collected for food habit determination from a transect in Indiana waters of Lake Michigan near Michigan City, Indiana between June and October in 1971 and June and September in 1972.The most important food items utilized on a mean annual basis were: unidentifiable organic material (UOM), alewife eggs, Pontoporeia affinis, fish (primarily alewife), insects (primarily chironomid larvae and pupae), and Eurycercus lamellatus. E. lamellatus, alewife eggs and UOM dominated 1971 stomach contents with P. affinis more important than E. lamellatus in 1972.Monthly stomach contents revealed heavy consumption of alewife eggs when available during the alewife spawning period, but these were replaced by P. affinis and fish (alewife) especially after July in both years.Differences between sexes of yellow perch captured by day and by night were minor and inconsistent.Differences between selected size groups (100-175, 176-225, 226-275 mm) manifested themselves in greater use of larger food items such as P. affinis and fish with larger length groups and as the summer progressed. The mean volumes of alewife eggs consumed, the most important food of yellow perch in this study, decreased significantly within each month both years as length of the yellow perch increased. In the large length groups, greater use of larger food items was made, but only fishes as a food item showed a signigicant difference between the two larger length groups.

The work presented in this thesis examined the effects of dietary fish oil replacement on fish innate and adaptive immune function, disease resistance tissue histopathology and fatty acid composition of lipids in peripheral blood leukocytes. Dietary trials with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were conducted in which fish oil was replaced by rapeseed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, echium oil or a mixture of these oils. A significant reduction in respiratory burst activity was most pronounced in salmon and sea bass fed high levels of rapeseed oil-containing diets. In addition, rapeseed and olive oil inclusion in the diets of salmon and sea bass significantly reduced the head kidney macrophage phagocytic capacity to engulf yeast particles. A reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels was found to be related to a reduction in macrophage respiratory burst activity in salmon fed linseed oil diets and sea bass fed a dietary blend of linseed, palm and rapeseed oils. Changes in macrophage function may be a contributing factor causing a reduction in serum lysozyme activity observed in some trials. No significant differences were detected in cumulative mortality of Atlantic salmon fed an equal blend of linseed and rapeseed oils challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida. However, resistance to Vibrio anguillarium was significantly impaired in Atlantic salmon fed a blended oil diet containing linseed, rapeseed and palm oil. The major histological difference of fish fed vegetable oil diets was the accumulation of lipid droplets in their livers. Dietary fatty acid composition significantly affected the fatty acid composition of peripheral blood leukocytes. Generally, fish fed vegetable oil diets had increased levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid and decreased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and a lower n-3/n-6 ratio than fish fed a FO diet. In conclusion, the results from these studies suggest that farmed fish species can be cultured on diets containing vegetable oils as the added oil source. However, feeding high levels of some vegetable oils may significantly alter some immune responses in the fish, especially head kidney macrophage function, disease resistance and, in addition, may cause an increase in tissue histopathology.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-06-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 argentim_d_me_botfmvz.pdf: 199469 bytes, checksum: 315c2767e8bc14ae20b4f32a6c08b935 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As relações entre frequência alimentar e aproveitamento dos nutrientes da dieta pelo jundiá são pouco compreendidas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência alimentar sobre o desempenho do jundiá e a digestibilidade proteica de duas rações determinada com dois marcadores. Os delineamentos para a comparação entre métodos de determinação da digestibilidade e avaliação do desempenho foram inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2, onde o experimento de desempenho consistiu em oferecer as rações com 28 e 32% PB em três e 24 refeições/dia durante 90 dias; e a comparação de métodos consistiu em testar dois marcadores (SiO2 e Cr2O3) nas duas frequências de alimentação. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve efeito entre frequência alimentar e as dietas influenciando no ganho de biomassa, eficiência alimentar e coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da proteína e matéria seca. Quando as dietas foram oferecidas 24 vezes ao dia, os jundiás alimentados com a ração R28 apresentaram o mesmo desempenho daqueles alimentados com a ração R32. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os métodos de determinação de digestibilidade. Concluiu-se o aproveitamento das dietas foi melhor, quando os jundiás foram alimentados 24 vezes ao dia. Constatou-se ainda que o SiO2 é potencial substituto do Cr2O3 nas determinações de digestibilidade / The relationship between feeding frequency and diet nutrients utilization by jundia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency on silver catfish performance and protein digestibility of two diets, determined by external (Cr2O3) and internal (SiO2) markers. The experimental design for methods of digestibility determination and performance, were completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial design with four treatments, where the performance trial consisted of offering two diets with 28 and 32% CP in 3 and 24 meals day-1 during 90 days; and the evaluation between methods consisted of testing two markers (SiO2 and Cr2O3) in two feeding frequency. The results showed that there was an interaction between feeding frequency and diet, influencing the biomass gain, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter. When the diets were offered 24 times a day, jundia fed with R28 diet showed same performance as those fed with R32 diet. No significant differences between the methods of determining digestibility. It is concluded that the use of the diets was better when the jundia were fed 24 times a day. Further, it was observed that the internal marker is a potential substitute for external marker in digestibility determinations

Orientador: Claudio Angelo Agostinho / Coorientador: Luciana Francisco Fleuri / Banca: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Hamilton Hisano / Resumo: Nas várias atividades agropecuárias o manejo alimentar adequado é fundamental para se alcançar o melhor desempenho produtivo, assim como o correto balanceamento dos nutrientes oferecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos níveis de proteína na ração e do número de ofertas de alimento ao dia sobre os parâmetros metabólicos e atividade das enzimas do metabolismo proteico, associados ao índice lipossomático (ILS) de 864 jundiás de 45g cultivados em tanque-rede. Os peixes foram alimentados por 60 dias com dieta contendo dois níveis de proteína (28 e 32%) e duas frequências de alimentação (três e 24 vezes ao dia), com seis repetições reproduzidas no tempo. Dois peixes de cada tanque foram abatidos no início, meio e final do trabalho para as análises bioquímicas. A atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST) aumentou durante o tempo dos ensaios para a dieta com 28% de proteína e maior frequência. O aumento da concentração de glicose no sangue com a diminuição da proteína na dieta para a frequência alimentar de três vezes ao dia, assim como para a maior frequência com a dieta de 32% de proteína aos 30 dias, associadas à diminuição da atividade enzimática (AST) sugere que com a maior frequência o aumento da proteína dietética não é necessário para suprir as demandas metabólicas. Houve tendência de diminuição do glicogênio hepático para os peixes alimentados mais vezes ao dia com a dieta contendo 32% de proteína ao final do experimento, sendo a glicogenólise responsável pela manutenção dos níveis de glicose. Os níveis de proteínas plasmáticas foram maiores para os peixes alimentados com maior nível de proteína e menor frequência alimentar. A maior frequência pode melhorar o aproveitamento da ração com menor nível de proteína, direcionando a proteína da dieta para suprir as demandas proteicas e energéticas / Abstract: The proper feeding management is important to achieve the best productive performance at the various agricultural activities, as well as the correct nutrients balance offered is indispensable. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of dietary protein levels and the number of food offerings per day on the metabolic parameters and the activity of protein metabolism enzymes, along with the liposomatic index (LSI) of 864 silver catfish of 45g grown in cages. The fish were fed 60 days with a diet containing two protein levels (28 and 32%) and two feeding frequencies (three and 24 times a day), with six replicates per treatment reproduced in time. Two fish per cage were slaughtered at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment for biochemical analysis. The aspartate aminotransferase enzyme activity (AST) increased during the experimental time for the diet with 28% protein level and higher feeding frequency. The increase in blood glucose concentration for the lower dietary protein level and the feeding frequency of three times a day as for to higher frequency with the diet of 32% protein at 30 days, associated with decreased enzyme activity (AST) proposes that increased dietary protein level is not required to meet the metabolic demands. There was a tendency of decreased hepatic glycogen for fish fed 24 times a day with the diet containing 32% protein at the end of the experiment, therefore glycogenolysis was responsible for maintaining glucose levels. The plasma protein levels were higher for fish fed with more protein in the diet and lower feeding frequency. Thus, the higher frequency can improve food utilization with a lower protein level, so the diet protein can be used to fulfill protein and energetic demand / Mestre

Orientador: Claudio Angelo Agostinho / Banca: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Dalton José Carneiro / Resumo: As relações entre frequência alimentar e aproveitamento dos nutrientes da dieta pelo jundiá são pouco compreendidas. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência alimentar sobre o desempenho do jundiá e a digestibilidade proteica de duas rações determinada com dois marcadores. Os delineamentos para a comparação entre métodos de determinação da digestibilidade e avaliação do desempenho foram inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2, onde o experimento de desempenho consistiu em oferecer as rações com 28 e 32% PB em três e 24 refeições/dia durante 90 dias; e a comparação de métodos consistiu em testar dois marcadores (SiO2 e Cr2O3) nas duas frequências de alimentação. Os resultados evidenciaram que houve efeito entre frequência alimentar e as dietas influenciando no ganho de biomassa, eficiência alimentar e coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da proteína e matéria seca. Quando as dietas foram oferecidas 24 vezes ao dia, os jundiás alimentados com a ração R28 apresentaram o mesmo desempenho daqueles alimentados com a ração R32. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os métodos de determinação de digestibilidade. Concluiu-se o aproveitamento das dietas foi melhor, quando os jundiás foram alimentados 24 vezes ao dia. Constatou-se ainda que o SiO2 é potencial substituto do Cr2O3 nas determinações de digestibilidade / Abstract: The relationship between feeding frequency and diet nutrients utilization by jundia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency on silver catfish performance and protein digestibility of two diets, determined by external (Cr2O3) and internal (SiO2) markers. The experimental design for methods of digestibility determination and performance, were completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial design with four treatments, where the performance trial consisted of offering two diets with 28 and 32% CP in 3 and 24 meals day-1 during 90 days; and the evaluation between methods consisted of testing two markers (SiO2 and Cr2O3) in two feeding frequency. The results showed that there was an interaction between feeding frequency and diet, influencing the biomass gain, feed efficiency and apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter. When the diets were offered 24 times a day, jundia fed with R28 diet showed same performance as those fed with R32 diet. No significant differences between the methods of determining digestibility. It is concluded that the use of the diets was better when the jundia were fed 24 times a day. Further, it was observed that the internal marker is a potential substitute for external marker in digestibility determinations / Mestre

Tests showed that, in Kamloops trout, Salmo gairdneri kamloops Jordan, egg number produced at spawning is dependent on egg size for fish of a given length. Mean egg size in trout from Paul lake was considerably smaller than that of Penask lake trout. The difference is associated with natural selection pressures of low and high population densities, respectively. Egg number was inversely correlated with egg size in all samples. Pew differences were found between age classes within the natural populations. Starvation during early ovarian maturation produced a reduction in numbers of eggs shed at spawning. Experimental starvation treatments of hatchery trout indicated that increasing degrees of starvation resulted in commensurately fewer eggs reaching maturity. Pull diet conditions for the remainder of maturation resulted in no compensatory change in egg size. Maturing ovaries and stomach content volumes from trout reared naturally indicated a positive correlation between reduced food intake and increased follicular degeneration. Variations in egg number are therefore attributable to differences in egg size, fish size and adequacy of food supply. Egg size is apparently genetically controlled. Direct reduction of fecundity by starvation has an adaptive value in partially limiting population density. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.