Native Indian bands in British Columbia continue to assert rights to participation in the West Coast fisheries. Numerous attempts to have legal and aboriginal fishery rights recognised by the courts have failed and pleas to the federal government for political resolution have not yet produced results. Various bands in the province have, over the last few years, been testing in the courts a new means of securing reserve fisheries for themselves. There is a provision in the Indian Act which allows band councils to pass by-laws relating to a number of subjects, among them the "preservation, protection and management of... fish...on the reserve". The provision has been little-used in the past but, recently, by-laws have been drawn which purport to give band councils authority to fully manage their reserve fisheries. The issue is nascent in the courts as by-laws are now being tendered in defence to prosecutions under the Fisheries Act. The predominant argument in defence to the charges is that, where a fisheries by-law is in place, its terms apply to fishing which takes place on the reserve, in precedence to the terms of the Fisheries Act and Regulations. The defence has been given some credence by some courts but has not yet been fully argued. It is an issue which still remains at the County Court level. Still to be determined are the interpretation to be given the enabling provision of the Indian Act and the validity of the by-laws, including the extent to which they might preclude application of the federal Fisheries Act on the reserve. A clear ruling by a higher court would assist bands in determining what value these bylaws might be in securing the control they desire over reserve fisheries. Other factors affecting the value of the by-laws to the natives are the amount of control which can practically be exerted over the resource, given most bands' reserve locations upstream from the sites of the commercial and sport-fishing effort but downstream from the spawning grounds, and the level of fisheries management expertise of the various bands. This paper investigates the potential of band fisheries by-laws to assist natives in their struggle for some control of their fisheries, as well as the implication of these by-laws for other user groups of the fisheries. The historical context of the native Indian fisheries claims is provided, and a description of the current by-laws. Against that background is an analysis of the case law to date. A discussion of the validity of the by-laws reveals their weakness for the intended purpose of excluding the federal fisheries department from any managerial control over reserve fisheries and the necessity for a more viable solution to the problem. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Motions and stability of a typical B.C. fishing vessel were experimentally and numerically investigated in a longitudinal seaway condition. The experimental model was self-propelled, radio-controlled and equipped with an on-board data acquisition system. Pitch, roll, yaw, surge, and heave responses to regular waves of predetermined frequencies and amplitudes generated along a 220-ft model basin were obtained. Different displacement conditions and GM configurations were tested. The numerical model for the dynamic analysis of the fishing vessel motions has been implemented using strip theory. A computer program was developed to study the nonlinear motions of the vessel. The velocity dependent coupling terms, responsible for a major part of the nonlinear behavior, were included. A time dependent component analysis of the roll damping has been performed. Regular linear and nonlinear waves were used. A parametric study of the fishing vessel stability has been carried out by considering its dynamic response in waves of varying characteristics. Unstable behaviour was found to be closely related to waves of length of similar magnitude to the ship length. The effects of wave amplitude and rudder usage were found to be of capital importance in the capsizing process. Experimental and numerical results showed good agreement. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to lures was investigated in trolling experiments at Loon Lake, British Columbia. The "action" of a lure was found to be an important parameter in determining its efficiency: of four actions tested, the flatfish caught the greatest number of fish. Although the color of lure was not significant, red lures were more efficient than yellow, green, and blue, and more efficient than various color patterns of red and white. The presence of a dodger with lures did not affect their efficiency, but larger fish were caught. No size selection occurred with either colors or actions of lures. In laboratory feeding experiments using dyed trout eggs as food, red was selected first or second more often than yellow, green, or blue. The color of background against which the fish were fed, and individual differences among fish caused significant changes in the preference shown for various colors of food. Combining two colors also affected the selection intensity, depending upon the contrast between the two colors. Preferences for different colors of food were not influenced by the hunger level of the fish, measured in terms of the quantity of food in the fish's gut. In the course of the experiments it was incidentally observed: (1) that rainbow trout possess a striking ability to match the hue of their skin (mainly in the dorsal region) to that of the background in which they are kept; (Z) the color of background affects the activity level of rainbow trout: yellow produces the highest level of activity and green the lowest. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Hawston, a small fishing town situated in Greater Hermanus is famous for its lucrative abalone resource. Since the drastic reduction of the abalone quota, which was implemented from 1994-2001, black commercial abalone divers have been on the receiving end of the new fishing legislation. The decimation of abalone by illegal harvesters, and the annual allocation of one and a half ton of abalone to all black commercial divers at present, are serious factors that influence the future of the commercial abalone divers and their counterparts. An abalone quota plays a pivotal role regarding the existence of various groups of people namely the Southern boat assistants, Overberg commercial abalone divers, Hawston fishing community etc. This study attempts to examine the effects of the drastic reduction of the abalone quota on the commercial divers (from 22-ton to one and a half ton), the boat assistants and the Hawston fishing community. The mentioned groups are also engaged in harvesting their allocated crayfish quotas, the research project mainly focuses on the effect of the new quota system on the allocation of abalone and crayfish quotas in Hawston. In essence, this research project seeks to examine the validity or invalidity of the White Paper regarding policies of the new Living Resources Act on commercial abalone divers, the boat assistants and the Hawston fishing community. The researcher has noted the various shortcomings in the White Paper on Marine Resources and the associated indiscrepancies being practiced by the Department of Environmental Affairs. In the study, a qualitative method is used to assess the impact of the implementation of new fishing quotas on various social groups in Hawston (existing and new groups). This was done by means of in-depth interviews. Some of the policy makers at the Department of Environmental Affairs were also interviewed. An evaluation of data gathered through the use of interviews and review of primary and secondary literature, revealed that equitable fishing quota allocation systems are not addressing the needs of the small-scale fishers in Hawston. By means of reports, it was concluded that various factors are infringing on the rights of those excluded from receiving allocation systems and also has the effect of fuelling uncertainty for the future of commercial abalone divers and small scale fishers in Hawston. The primary objective of this study is to investigate if the White Paper Policy on Marine Resources is benefiting the disadvantaged small-scale fishers in Hawston. Most important for the commercial abalone diver in Hawston, is the effect of the decimation of abalone and how legislation in the new quota system will influence their lives.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The living marine resources of South Africa belong to the people of the country. With a steady growth of the human population and the subsequent increased demand for food, it is imperative that the resources of our waters are managed for the optimal social and economic development of all South Africans. The ownership of the resources are vested in the state and it is, therefore, the state's responsibility to ensure that the chosen form of fisheries management promotes both sustainability and equity.

Today, many pressures (socio-economic, resource scarcity, policy, and regulation) make fishers and their communities vulnerable on a variety of fronts. These pressures threaten fishing communities along the South African coast. Both natural and social changes in the traditional handline fishery affect the social-ecological system of a region as a whole. Fishers need to cope with these local global changes and require systems that support their strategies to achieve resilience. Furthermore, stressors that drive variability in the fishery system occur on multiple temporal and spatial scales thereby exposing fishers and communities to multiple stressors. The impact and interplay of these stressors at multiple scales need to be taken into account to develop a clear understanding of social-ecological linkages if sustainable livelihoods are to be promoted and guaranteed. There is however a shortage of appropriately scaled, context-specific data that is needed to inform various decision-making processes. To this end, participant-led research was conducted in six communities in the Southern Cape, where 50 participants were interviewed over a period of 6 months in 2013/2014. The interviews were an attempt to gather and record perceptions and knowledge regarding stressors that are responsible for the social- ecological system and ultimately affect the fishers' ability to fish successfully. Based on this knowledge, the research was aimed at gaining insight into what strategies are currently employed to ensure sustainable livelihoods. The data presented does not only offer valuable insights into the day-to-day experiences of the group of fishers, but also expose various knowledge gaps that exist in micro-scale interactions that influence the fishery system. This is achieved by first providing an analysis of various stressors, which include the impacts and responses to climate variability, challenges presented by policy and regulatory frameworks, social and economic considerations, challenges presented by infrastructure and political considerations. The adaptation, coping, and reaction strategies implemented are analysed using a place-based context and variability of strategies employed between each specific place is discussed. Apart from highlighting knowledge gaps, the development of a more complete understanding of current reacting, coping and adaptive strategies as well as the drivers behind the decisions contained in this thesis, provides valuable insight into a fishery system that is not well-described which underscores the need for context-specific research at smaller scales.

This is a diverse collection of narrative nonfiction, which includes personal essays, reportage, nature writing, and short columns. Its major themes include boxing and fly-fishing. Many of the pieces are set in and around the state of Oregon.

Fluorescent granular pigment sprayed with 738 g/cm² (105 p.s.i .) for 5, 10, 20 second intervals was used to mark crayfish in a laboratory study. The pigment was retained by 100% of the unmolted crayfish 35 days after treatment and by 65% of the crayfish 56 days after treatment. Crayfish which were induced to molt after being sprayed generally lost the fluorescent pigment during the molt. Mortality, (2%), due to the marking procedures was minimal. / Master of Science

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho trata da relaÃÃo, entre a âextensÃo pesqueiraâ, que nos parece, nÃo pode ser mais, sà "pesqueira"..., e as comunidades litorÃneas no processo de desenvolvimento. Partindo do questionamento â Qual o sentido que se pode se dar a noÃÃo de âextensÃo pesqueiraâ frente à complexidade, em que hoje, estÃo inseridas as comunidades litorÃneas? â empreendemos uma incursÃo nas polÃticas pÃblicas para pesca, evidenciando que estas nÃo tÃm contribuÃdo para o desenvolvimento da pesca artesanal, privilegiando, sobretudo o setor empresarial/industrial. Visto serem permeadas pela ausÃncia de integraÃÃo entre elas; pela falta de participaÃÃo efetiva e qualificada das populaÃÃes litorÃneas na definiÃÃo desta e pela pouca relevÃncia dada as questÃes ambientais. A degradaÃÃo ambiental, a disputa pela posse e uso da terra e a exploraÃÃo predatÃria dos recursos naturais, aumentam as dificuldades na construÃÃo da sustentabilidade sÃcio-ambiental das comunidades litorÃneas. As comunidades ficam com o desafio de aumentar sua capacidade crÃtica e propositiva, para influir nas polÃticas pÃblicas, bem como, construir formas eficientes de produzir e se organizar coletivamente. Ressaltamos que um serviÃo pÃblico de extensÃo, poderia cumprir um papel importante neste processo. No entanto, diante da ausÃncia e/ou equÃvocos anteriores, este serviÃo necessitaria ser ajustado aos novos arranjos sÃcio-espaciais do novo mundo litoral. Superar o cunho tecnicista e difusionista, balizado na modernizaÃÃo conservadora e na mercantilizaÃÃo dos recursos naturais, da proposta vigente constitui condiÃÃo fundamental para a construÃÃo deste novo modelo, que tenha em seu norte referencial o desenvolvimento local e a sustentabilidade âsÃcio-espacialâ. / The work focuses on the relationship between the "fishing extension" that seems to us cannot be only "fishing" any more ..., and the coastal communities in the development process. Starting from the question - which sense can be given to the expression "fishing extension" considering the complexity in which the coastal communities are today inserted? - we first analyze public policies for fishing, proving that these have not been contributing to the development of the artisanal fishing, privileging, above all, the business and industrial sectors. The policies are characterized by the lack of integration; the lack of effective and qualified participation of the coastal populations in their definition and by the little importance given to environmental matters. The degradation of the environment, the dispute for ownership and use of the land and the predatory exploration of the natural resources increase the difficulties to achieve socio-environmental sustainability for the coastal communities. The communities face the challenge to increase their critical and propositive capacity, to influence in public policies, as well as to build efficient forms to produce and organize collectively. We point out that a public extension service could accomplish an important role in this process. However, considering the non-existence and/or previous errors, this service should be adjusted to the new socio-environmental framework of the new coastal world. To overcome the tecnicist and expansion order, based on conservative modernization and the mercantilization of the natural resources, of the current frameworkconstitutes a fundamental condition for the construction of this new model that will be guided by local development and social and spatial sustainability.

A pesca artesanal tem significativa importância para o Estado de Santa Catarina, onde existem cerca de 25 mil pescadores artesanais em atividade, os quais são responsáveis por 30% da produção catarinense de pescado. Entretanto, verifica-se a existência de problemas em relação à atividade, como a dificuldade de manutenção das colônias de pescadores, a concorrência da pesca industrial, a poluição, dentre outros. Para estudar esse processo, a área delimitada é a Praia da Pinheira, no município de Palhoça, região de colonização açoriana, que até os anos 1970 ainda era caracterizada como uma comunidade de pescadores. Conforme foram se implantando melhorias na infra-estrutura da região, ocorreram significativas mudanças sócioeconômicas, principalmente a crescente presença do turismo. Soma-se ao contexto a criação de uma unidade de conservação, o Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, em 1975, o que pode ser mais um obstáculo para a sociedade local, na medida em que restringe o uso dos recursos naturais. Assim, o contexto sócio-econômico também contribui para um processo de vulnerabilidade dos pescadores. Há diversos entendimentos a respeito da permanência de populações tradicionais e suas formas de relações sócio-econômicas, sendo importante uma reflexão sobre este grupo social que preserva características consideradas tradicionais na sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, é relevante compreender as relações do setor pesqueiro com outras atividades econômicas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho aborda a complexidade da atividade pesqueira, através de um enfoque sistêmico que permite conhecer a evolução e diferenciação dos sistemas pesqueiros da Praia da Pinheira. A pesquisa revelou quatro fases distintas: o sistema pesqueiro indígena; o sistema pesqueiro de subsistência dos açorianos; o sistema pesqueiro de salga; e o sistema pesqueiro comercial e de prestação de serviços. Igualmente, com base em dados qualitativos e quantitativos foram caracterizados os atuais sistemas técnicos de captura utilizados na Praia da Pinheira, bem como os atuais tipos de pescadores do local. / The artisan fishing is of great importance for the state of Santa Catarina, where roughly 25 thousand artisan fishermen are currently working, which represents 30% of the local fishing production. However, some problems related to this activity can be detected, as the difficulty to maintain the fishermen community, the industrial fishing competition, pollution, among others. In order to study this process, the delimited area is the Praia da Pinheira, in the municipality of Palhoça, region of Azorean colonization, which up until 1970s was predominantly a fishermen community. Whereas some infrastructure improvements were implemented in this region, important socioeconomic changes came into place, primarily the increasing tourism activity. In addition, the creation of a conservation unity, the Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, in 1975, what may represent a further obstacle to the local society, in the extent that it restrains the use of natural resources. Thus, the socioeconomic juncture increases the fishermen vulnerability. There is a variety of interpretations about the resistance by traditional populations and its forms of socioeconomic relations, being important to analyze these social groups that preserve the so called traditional features in the contemporary society. Besides, it is important to understand the relationship between the fishing sector and the other economic activities. In this sense, this work comes up to the complexity of the fishing activity, through a systemic approach that allows us to understand the evolution and differentiation of the fishing systems in the Praia da Pinheira. The research revealed four different stages: the Indian fishing system; the Azorean subsistence fishing system; the salga fishing system; and the commercial fishing system and of services. By the same token, based on the qualitative and quantitative data, the contemporary technical systems of capturing used in the Praia da Pinheira were characterized, as well as the local fishermen types.