The major focus of the author in this thesis is on the adoption of cross-straits notarized documents and possible problems thereon. During this research, the development of modern international notarial system and its practice on cross-border notarized documents will be surveyed for comparative analysis. As known by all legal professional, the core functions of modern notarial system are quite sophisticated, which include protection of evidence, prevention of disputation, and reduction of litigation, etc. A notary public has to certify documents under his duty, as called ¡§notarized documents¡¨, according to certain legal conditions. Such as hearing the opinion of statement, and seeing of condition. Things will get more complicated if the application of such documents is outside the domestic jurisdiction. Since the cross-straits civil affairs has dramatic increased by Taiwan-China prosper economy and active social activities, it is unavoidable that a lot of disputations of law should be made. Particularly, such as the validity of marriage, inheritance of estate, adoptability, donation, and purchase of real estate are the current major issues for notary public. Five major topics are discussed as following: - The theory and practice of the adoption of international notarial documents - International notary and the adoption of electronic documents on commercial matters - The law and practices of cross-straits notarized document adoption - The possible legal solutions and cooperation for the cross-straits notarial affairs - The increasing volume and varieties of cross-straits notarized documents after the joining of WTO membership

Children with autism often experience substantial delays in the development of play behavior. Interventions to teach play skills are often complicated by challenging behavior and stereotypy. Previous research has demonstrated a potential relationship between stereotypy, challenging behavior and play in children with autism. However, few research-based methods for addressing stereotypy and challenging during play interventions are available to practitioners. The purpose of this study was to reduce stereotypy and challenging behavior during a play intervention for five children with autism by adding an abolishing operation component to a common research-based procedure for teaching play skills. The abolishing effect is one of several possible effects of MOs. An abolishing operation is any stimuli or series of events that reduces the value of a particular reinforcer. If an individual has unrestricted access to a particular reinforcer for an extended period of time that stimuli may eventually lose its reinforcing value. Incorporation of the abolishing operation concept into play interventions may allow practitioners to effectively reduce the reinforcing value of stereotypy prior to beginning a play intervention. If the reinforcing value of stereotypy is reduced, then the child may engage in less stereotypy and less challenging behavior when stereotypy is interrupted. By reducing these interfering behaviors, it was hypothesized that a research-based play intervention would be more effective and efficient. The effects of two conditions were compared. In one condition (abolishing operation condition) the child is allowed to engage in stereotypy freely prior to the implementation of an intervention targeting play skills. In the second condition the same play intervention was implemented without the prior free play period. The levels of functional play, symbolic play, stereotypy, and challenging behavior were compared across these two conditions. Results show decreased levels of stereotypy and challenging behavior and increased levels of functional play in the abolishing operation condition. Symbolic play did not occur following either condition. / text

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The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the law approach to duels in Czech law history and by analysis of selected legal texts to confirm the hypothesis that rather than idea of social development with ideas of humanity it is the fact that duel by its nature is competing with the law that determines the prevailing law approach to duels and the progress of this approach. This matter, the law approach to duels changing dynamically in history, is observed particularly from a law-giver point of view. The thesis consists of eight chapters, including introductory and ending part. The division into chapters is made chronologically with respect to prevailing law approach to duels (with the exception of the first and second chapter). In Introduction are briefly listed and evaluated works dealing with the abovementioned matter as well as introduction to the methodology used in the thesis. Chapter One examines meaning, origins and development of meaning of the word duel ("souboj" in Czech) and its equivalents. Chapter Two deals with origins of the duel. It is divided into two parts. Part One presents the main approaches in recent literature to the matter of duel origins. Part Two focuses on one of the most important sources of duel - a feud. Chapter Three is addressed to the duel as a part of legal...

At least three general subgroups of students display problems with their overall academic achievement: students with motivational deficits, students with academic performance deficits, and students with a combination of both types of deficits. The prevalence of students with both behavioral and learning problems has been reported to be between 10% and 25% and as high as 50%. The current study evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and instructional strategies on the co-occurrence of motivational and academic deficits within three experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted with four school-aged children in a behavioral outpatient clinic. Experiment 3 was conducted with three school-aged children during extended behavioral evaluations. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and an instructional strategy on the children's preference for academic work tasks and their academic performance. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of instructional strategies on the children's problem behavior and academic performance. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of positive reinforcement and instructional strategies on the children's preference for academic work tasks, academic performance, and problem behavior. The results of this study showed that (a) preference for an academic task changed with the addition of positive reinforcement (Experiment 3) or an instructional strategy (Experiment 1), (b) problem behavior decreased with the addition of an instructional strategy (Experiments 2 and 3), and (c) academic performance increased with the addition of an instructional strategy (all experiments). These results suggested that positive reinforcers and/or instructional strategies function as motivating operations by abolishing the value of negative reinforcement, thereby resulting in improved academic performance and decreased occurrences of problem behavior.

Background The debate about the budgets being and not being has been going on for 40 years. On one hand advocates for abolishing the budget have been criticising the budget, arguing for example that it is a waste of resources that only provides an illusion of control. Whereas on the other hand, business students are still taught to use the budget and previous studies show that companies are still holding on to it. Hence, there seems to exist a budget paradox.   Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to examine the use and perception of fixed budgets within larger companies of today and to clarify the reality behind the debate about the usefulness of budgets. Further, to get an understanding of what purposes are deemed as important when using different control measures, and how well these are fulfilled.    Method This study is predominantly quantitative with a deductive approach, as it via a self-administrative web survey has collected data from 58 publicly traded companies in Sweden. The questionnaire has consisted of open- and close-ended questions, to provide a deeper understanding of the role the fixed budget.   Conclusion The overall percentage of companies that have abolished the budget has increased when compared to previous studies, but the majority of 81% still use the fixed budget in one way or another. Out of the participating companies, 67% stated that they supplement the fixed budget with other control measures, and as the percentage of those considering abolishing the budget have decreased, the overall perception of the fixed budget has improved.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-26T13:16:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kadine Teixeira Lucas.pdf: 6072588 bytes, checksum: 8246a023b172ed831fb57271d26a1977 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T13:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kadine Teixeira Lucas.pdf: 6072588 bytes, checksum: 8246a023b172ed831fb57271d26a1977 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aims to investigate the projects for the education of the “ingenuous” (freeborn child of slaves) diffused on the printing-press of São Paulo between the promulgation of the “Free Womb Law” (1871) and the years that followed the abolition of slavery. Therefore, we analyse the way in wich the ideas about race and modernization were rellated to the pedagogical propositions for the child of slaves on the press vehicle that represented the ideology of white elite, called “Correio Paulistano” (1854-1942) and, in opposition to it, on two other journal of that period, “O Progresso – Orgam dos Homens de Côr” (1899) – wich we will call black press – and “A redempção, Folha Abolicionista” (1887-1899) -, wich we will identify as an abolitionist press / O presente trabalho se propõe a investigar os projetos para a educação dos ingênuos veiculados na imprensa paulista entre a promulgação da Lei do Vente Livre (1871) e os anos subsequentes à abolição da escravidão. Para tanto, analisamos de que maneira as ideias acerca de raça e modernização relacionavam-se às propostas educativas para os filhos de escravas no veículo da imprensa que representava o ideário da elite branca, o “Correio Paulistano” (1854 – 1942) e, em oposição a ele, em dois outros periódicos da época, “O Progresso - Orgam dos Homens de Côr” (1899) que chamaremos de imprensa negra e “A Redempção, Folha abolicionista” (1887 – 1899), que identificaremos como imprensa abolicionista

The violent conflicts in the Northwest and Southwest provinces of Cameroon (Southern Cameroons) have obtained national and international attention. The government of Cameroon and armed separatists (Southern Cameroonians) have been called upon to address the root cause of the conflicts and reach a lasting peaceful settlement. This qualitative study is aimed at providing policy alternatives for the current conflict. The primary research question seeks to establish how the 1972 abolition of the federal system may have provided the impetus for the current conflicts. A second question addresses the options for resolving the conflict and the prospects of resolution. Data was collected from a focus group of 20 participants and from secondary data. Data analysis was completed using Jagar's critical discourse analysis. According to the findings of the study, the root cause of the current conflicts and the associated political, social, and economic issues can be attributed to the abolition of the federal system of governance. Policy alternatives to resolving the conflicts may require international mediation, an all-inclusive dialogue/negotiation without preconditions, the unconditional release of all in detention, a general and total ceasefire, and a general amnesty and resettlement program. This study may provide an understanding of the root cause of the conflicts and policy alternatives that will help restore peace, save lives, stabilize the region, and return dignity to the lives of the citizens.