Nesse trabalho apresentamos um estudo da evolução histórica das principais técnicas de pesca utilizadas pelos pescadores caiçaras do litoral do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, a partir da década de 1910, buscando relacionar as transformações técnicas com as mudanças socioambientais ocorridas na costa paulista. Estudamos as técnicas de pesca a partir da evolução dos petrechos (ferramentas de pesca e acessórios), dos materiais (do que são feitos os petrechos), dos métodos (como são usados os petrechos) e das embarcações (como são utilizadas, conforme a escolha do método). Além das pesquisas bibliográficas e historiográficas, foram realizados trabalhos de campo com coleta de depoimentos de pescadores artesanais e industriais, além de pesquisadores e outras pessoas ligadas à atividade pesqueira. / In this work, we present a study of the historical evolution of the main fishing techniques used by traditional fishermen (known as \"caiçaras\") on the coast of the state of São Paulo, Brasil, from the 1910s on, seeking to relate the technical transformations to the social and environmental changes. We studied the fishing techniques from the evolution of fishing gears (fishing tools and accessories), materials (what the tools are made of), methods (how the tools are used) and vessels (how they are used, according to the chosen method). In addition to the literature and historiography researches, fieldworks were conducted to collect testimony from artisanal and industrial fishermen, as well as researchers and other people linked to the fishing activities.

Dados de captura e esforço estão entre as informações mais importantes a serem obtidas na pesca. Muitas vezes, ao se fazer a avaliação de um estoque pesqueiro, são utilizados índices de abundância baseados na captura por unidade de esforço. Como esses índices são utilizados para a tomada de decisão sobre a regulamentação e distribuição da atividade pesqueira, é importante conhecer quais índices se aplicam melhor em diferentes cenários, bem como a melhor maneira de estimá-los. Na literatura, alguns trabalhos tratam as diferentes localizações geográficas onde ocorrem as pescarias como covariável, considerando que esse é todo o efeito espacial presente nos dados. Entretanto, é possível que ainda haja efeitos remanescentes de segunda ordem. Assim, seria importante utilizar modelos que permitam capturar essa estrutura de correlação espacial. Outros trabalhos, que utilizam métodos geoestatísticos, consideram a razão entre a captura e o esforço como sendo a única variável resposta. Nesse tipo de abordagem, não se considera a relação que pode existir entre a variável esforço em uma localização s qualquer e a captura em outra localização s0 e vice-versa (a covariância cruzada). Esses fatos motivaram a elaboração dos dois artigos apresentados nesta tese. No primeiro artigo foram comparadas estimativas de três índices de abundância relativa, considerando-se dois métodos distintos: 1. usando apenas dados observados nos locais de ocorrência de pesca; 2. usando o método proposto neste artigo, que consiste em se obter estimativas após a interpolação da captura e do esforço nos locais não observados, através de um modelo ajustado aos dados. Para a comparação dos métodos de estimação e das estimativas dos três índices, foram simulados dados de esforço e captura em diferentes cenários. O estudo de simulação realizado mostrou que o segundo método de estimação melhora as estimativas dos índices, principalmente quando se tem correlação entre esforço e captura e correlação espacial. Mostrou ainda, que as estimativas do índice CPUE1, apresentam, em geral, melhores resultados para os diferentes cenários analisados. No segundo artigo, foi realizado um estudo de simulação para comparar estimativas de um índice de abundância relativa, baseado na captura por unidade de esforço considerando-se o ajuste de um modelo geoestatístico univariado para a razão entre captura e esforço, e um bivariado, em que são modelados conjuntamente a captura e o esforço. As estimativas obtidas após o ajuste dos dois modelos apresentaram resultados muito próximos, indicando que não há vantagem em usar o modelo bivariado na estimação do índice, para os cenários analisados. / Catch and effort data are among the most important information to be obtained in fishing. Often when making an assessment of fish stocks, are used indices of abundance based on catch per unit effort. Because these indices are used for decision on regulation and distribution of fishing activity, it is important to know which indices are better applied in different sceneries and the best way to estimate them. Some studies in the literature deal with different geographical locations where occur the fisheries as a covariate, considering that this is the whole spacial effect in the data. However, it is possible that there are still remaining second-round effects. It would be important use models that allow to capture spatial structure of correlation. Other works, using geostatistical methods, consider the ratio between catch and effort as the only response variable. In this approach, it is not considered the relationship that exist between the variable effort in a location s and the catch in any other location s0 and vice versa (the cross-covariance). These facts motivated the development of the two articles in this thesis. In the first article we compared estimates of three indices of relative abundance, considering two distinct methods: 1. using only data observed in places where the fishing occurr, 2. using the proposed method in this article that is to get estimates after the capture and interpolation efforts in places not observed, through a model fitted to data. To compare the estimation methods and the estimates of the three indices were simulated data of effort and catch on different scenarios. The simulation study showed that the second estimation method improves the estimates of the indices, especially when there is correlation between effort and catch and spatial correlation, and that estimates of the indice CPUE1, present, in general, better results for different scenarios analyzed. In the second article was done a simulation study to compare estimates of an indice of abundance based on the catch per unit effort considering the fit of a geostatistical univariate model for the ratio between catch and effort and a bivariate model, where the catch and effort are modeled together. The estimates obtained after the two fitted models showed very similar results, indicating that there is no advantage in using the bivariate model in the estimation of the indice to analyzed scenarios.

This study focuses on trout fishing in the Great Smoky Mountains and the Blue Ridge Mountains from 1880 to 2017. I begin with a collection of personal narratives of fly-fishing in Tennessee to portray the allure of southern Appalachia trout fishing. I then describe the transition from native Cherokee fishing practices to sport fishing in the Smokies and the Blue Ridge by 1880. I explore a brief history of the National Parks and the United States Forest Service during the early 1900s, and address European fly-fishing influences in the United States during the twentieth century. I examine the habitats of the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and the native brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis) to provide an analysis on inter-species relationship between rainbow and brook trout in mountain streams. I then give an overview of important trout literature in the Smokies and the Blue Ridge through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

The Army Corps of Engineers promised in 1939 that it would provide six fishing sites totaling 400 acres for Indian fishermen to replace 40 sites that would be flooded by the pool behind Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The agreement with the Warm Springs, Yakima and Umatilla tribes and Columbia River Indians also included construction of living quarters, boat launches, drying sheds and sanitary facilities. Only five sites were ever acquired and drying sheds and sanitary facilities were built on only two. This paper traces the delays through war, congressional appropriations, negotiations over sites, law suits, construction of new dams, disagreements between federal agencies and the tribes and between tribes, and slow moving federal agency processes. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers broke ground in late 1995 on the first of 31 sites totaling 3 3 5 acres that will finally fulfill the commitment to the tribes in 2002. The tracing is done in the early years almost entirely through government correspondence and documents. In later years, the major sources are newspaper articles and government documents, including court files. The paper does not find a single cause for the extraordinary delay in fulfilling promises. Rather, it concludes that a number of events, attitudes and people had a part in creating delays at different times during the six decades. World War II caused the first major delay. Later causes included disagreements about locations, lack of appropriations, disputes over what facilities were to be included and slow government procedures.

Bangladesh contains one of the richest and largest inland fisheries in South Asia and the third highest inland capture fisheries in the world and has a long history, which continues to the present, of conflict and cooperation between fishers and other diverse fishing interests over access to a range of fishing environments managed under a variety of leasing and tenurial arrangements. Several fishing communities are of ancient origin and over a long period of time have developed and adapted their indigenous fishing knowledge, including technologies, fishing practices and knowledge of diverse fishing environments to manage fisheries in a variety of environmental and ecological conditions. This thesis provides a detailed ethnographic account of one such community, the Koibortta fishers of Krishnapur village in the northeast flood plain region of Bangladesh, focusing on their management practices and indigenous fishing knowledge in selected inland common property fisheries. It examines, using documentary and oral historical sources, the ways in which they have adapted aspects of their indigenous fishing knowledge to changing economic and environmental circumstances over the past 50 years. It also examines, using case studies of three water bodies, how they were able to gain short-term and insecure access to selected water bodies, partly by drawing on traditional social networks at village and multivillage levels to mobilise fishers in negotiations with leaseholders. / The thesis argues that these social networks and fishers’ capacity to adapt aspects of their fishing knowledge to new circumstances were insufficient to gain long term, secure and direct access to productive water bodies as fishers lacked strong government commitment to their long term security. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the capacity of Krishnapur fishers to manage fish resources equitably and sustainably.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 23, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 342-357).

The river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) was previously caught in large numbers in Europe when migrating up in the rivers during autumn for spawning the next spring. It was used as food and was also used as bait in cod fishing in the North Sea. Today the river lamprey has decreased in numbers over much of it’s distribution range, but in the Baltic Sea area, the population is still at a fairly good level, and fishing for lampreys as food (a tradition going back to at least the fifteenth century) is still going on in northern Swedish and Finnish rivers, as well as in coastal rivers in the southern Baltic Sea area. In this article the current situation as regards river lamprey fishing in Sweden, Finland, Latvia and, to some extent, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland is presented.

Abstract Taiwan is an island country, the topography of the adjacent territorial waters is diversified, multiple ocean currents converge here and there are rich basic production capabilities, all of which give birth to various marine organisms in Taiwan and help to form the favorable conditions for Taiwan to develop its offshore fishery. However, due to the lack of control of the production capabilities of offshore waters in the last few decades, plus the constant upgrading of fishing techniques and methods, as well as the lack of effective management, the fishery resources have been greatly impacted and the total fishery production continues to decline. Fishery resource management needs correct fishing location, fishing effort and catch totals as the scientific basis for fish stock assessment, in order to achieve effective management targets. The greatest problem for the offshore waters of Taiwan is that we could not obtain detailed information on the fishing location, operation time (fishing effort) and catch totals. At present, the above data were all obtained through investigations or by interviewing with captains to fill in report forms. However, out of fear of disclosing trade secrets and owing to omissions, the obtained data could not help in revealing the real fishery resource situation. The Coast Guard Administration of the Executive Yuan integrally established a coast radar system along the coast of Taiwan, which monitors all ships within the scanning area through 24-hour uninterrupted scanning, and digitally records the navigation data on ships. The data contains time, ship number, speed, course, latitude and longitude (location); by sorting out these data, we could discern the actual fishing location of the fishing boats. The objective of this study was to utilize the data collected by the coast radar system to determine the fishing location of the fishing boats, acquire the port entry and exit data of the fishing boats through the security examination system, work out the fishing effort, and by collecting the catch and sales data from five fishery harbors, derive the respective total amount of the 10 main fish species caught, in order to investigate the fishery dynamics of Southern Taiwan sea. Research results show that by applying the coast radar system along with the use of port entry and exit data on the fishing boats recorded in the security examination system, as well as the catch and sales data of the fishing boats, and through comparison of the above data, we could obtain proper estimations of fishing effort and fishing location of the fishing boats, as well as the catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the distribution of species composition. Keywords: coast radar, Tainan coastal and offshore fisheries, fishing effort, fishing location¡Acatch per unit effort

Dongsha Island has Taiwan¡¦s only well developed and integrated coral atoll ecosystem. The numbers of fish species and coral varieties in its waters have topped 679 and 286 respectively, which illustrates its biodiversity and wealth of fishery resources; therefore, it has drawn plenty of Chinese fishing boats to illegally enter into the area for fishing. Over the years, the fishery resources and terrain ecology of the Dongsha Island have been damaged as a result of illegal fishing. On the other hand, even though Taiwan¡¦s Coast Guard Administration in charge of patrolling the waters of the Dongsha Marine National Park, due to the vast sea area and varying depths of the atoll, the effect of the law enforcement on the vessels is limited, and cannot provide effective deterrence. By using existing information technology to gain knowledge on the distribution of the Chinese fishing boats, this study proposes to make the most of the limited law enforcement capacity to enhance the efficiency of law enforcement. With the coastal radar station established by Taiwan¡¦s Coast Guard Administration in 2003, this study scanned the waters around the clock and digitally journalized the data regarding times and locations of the voyages of the fishing boats, to further explore the time and space distribution of the Chinese fishing boats at the Dongsha atoll. Based on the annual, quarterly, monthly, day to night and tidal periods, five periods in total, this study used the Geographic Information System (GIS) to map out the distribution of the Chinese fishing boats, and probed into the distribution patterns in different times and spaces. The results will provide a scientific reference for law enforcement; it is hoped that the law will be effectively enforced and the ecological environment will be well preserved under limited resources. The study results indicate that the Chinese fishing boats operating at the Dongsha atoll are mainly small boats; a large boat can carry 10 to 30 small boats. Furthermore, the fishery catches are mainly live fish, sea cucumbers and conches, and are mostly carried back to the port by transport vessels for sale. The Chinese fishing boats often gather at two hot spots of the south atoll platform and the north atoll platform. In terms of the distribution of seasonal gathering, the study found that most of the Chinese fishing boats return home for the Chinese New Year holiday, the gathering density is higher during full moon periods and the gathering may slightly move towards the north when affected by the southwest monsoon. These results can serve as an important reference for Dongsha Marine National Park¡¦s resource management and Coast Guard Administration¡¦s sea area law enforcement.

ABSTRACT Our Atlantic Ultra-Low-Temperature Tuna Fishing fleets were under attack from Japan during the 2004 ICCAT (International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas) Annual Meeting. Japan openly called for tough penalty for our fleet such as significantly cutting our fishing quotas in the Atlantic and revoking our national membership in the ICCAT for over-fishing, violating International Conservation Regulations and washing fish right on the ocean. This resulted in catastrophic damage in our Ultra-Low-Temperature fishing operation in the pacific and undue pressure from our international competitors. Under the strict monitoring of international conservation groups, our government was forced reform its regulations of the fishing industry and focus on the long-neglected area of offshore fishing. To express its sincerity in active management of the industry, the government offered a series of matching measures. The first of these measures was the reduction of the number of ships to achieve cutback in fishing capacity. The three-year plan spanning from 2005 to 2007 involved a joint venture by the government and the offshore industry with joint contribution of 12.5 million US dollars to disassemble 183 large Tuna Long line Fishing Vessels in the three oceans. Fishing vessels in the Atlantic were reduced from 100 to 76. The next measures were to improve the monitoring of the fishing industry and to end any and all illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. How will our offshore fishing industry recover after a series of attack? How will our industry thrive in the austere environment of conservatism? Do we still possess any competitive advantage after the vessel-reduction measure? This thesis will cover the analysis of the competitive advantage of the Offshore Ultra-Low-Temperature Fishing Industry after the vessel-reduction, the analysis of the supply-and-demand of the Ultra-Low-Temperature market and SWOT analysis. It will also discuss in depth the post-reform fishing industry management strategy for reference.