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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Etude expérimentale et prédiction des conditions d'amorçage des fissures dans un assemblage rotor soumis à des chargements de fretting fatigue

Heredia, Stéphane 01 June 2012 (has links)
Les endommagements sous chargement de fretting fatigue sont un enjeu majeur dans le domaine aéronautique. Cette sollicitation induit de forts taux d’abattement comparée à une sollicitation simple de fatigue multiaxiale. Une démarche basée sur des essais expérimentaux et le développement d’un moyen de calcul est proposée dans ce travail. De nombreux essais expérimentaux de fretting fatigue sont réalisés. Plusieurs configurations sont proposées, en faisant varier la géométrie du contre-corps, de façon à mettre en évidence un effet du gradient des contraintes sous le contact. Ces essais permettent de quantifier le seuil d’amorçage de la fissuration à 106 cycles. A partir de ces données, regroupées dans des cartes de fretting fatigue, un critère numérique est alors développé pour prédire les conditions d’amorçage à 106 cycles. Cette approche se base sur une analyse de la contrainte maximale principale à une certaine « distance critique » de la surface et inclut une fonction de poids dépendante du gradient des contraintes sous le contact.L’application industrielle est très intéressante puisque le critère prédit correctement le site d’amorçage de la fissuration et renseigne sur le risque d’amorçage à 106 cycles. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives très intéressantes pour mettre en œuvre cette méthodologie lors du dimensionnement des structures. / Fretting fatigue cracking response of a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al titanium alloy was investigated in high cycle fatigue. Tests were conducted in a plain cylinder on plane configuration and partial slip condition was considered. In this study, a dual-actuator fretting fatigue machine is used which permits to separate both fretting and the fatigue loadings. In this configuration, crack initiation boundary was experimentally built in a fatigue loading – fretting loading, named Fretting Fatigue Map.Experimental results show that the addition and the increase of a fatigue loading involves in a drop of the tangential threshold for crack nucleation compared to fretting loading. As expected, the increase of the fatigue loading induces an increase of the crack velocity after nucleation but induces also an earlier nucleation. Crack initiation and propagation are both influenced by the two loadings. Based on these results, a numerical approach was finally proposed to predict the crack nucleation in fretting fatigue conditions. This criterion considers the maximal principal stress at a “critical distance” and includes a function which is stress gradient dependent.The proposed criterion is finally tested on two industrial applications. Results are very interesting because crack nucleation sites are well localised and values given by the criterion are consistent with experimental observations.
72

Fissuration du bois en climat variable sous charges de longues durées : applications aux essences européennes et gabonaises / Cracks propagations on wood subjected to climatic variations and long-term loadings : Application to europeans and gaboneses species

Pambou Nziengui, Claude Feldman 01 July 2019 (has links)
En structure, le bois est soumis à des sollicitations différentes dont les principales sont physiques, mécaniques et environnementales. Lorsque ces sollicitations sont couplées, le comportement mécanique du bois devient difficile à appréhender. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence, via un protocole de suivi de l’évolution de la flèche, l’impact des variations des conditions climatiques sur la durée de vie en structure des poutres de bois. Le travail s’articule essentiellement autour de deux grands axes principaux, un protocole expérimental spécial et une approche analytique basée sur la résistance des matériaux (RDM) de l’évolution de la flèche d’une poutre entaillée en ambiance non contrôlée. Le dispositif prend en compte : les processus de fissuration du bois, notamment de l’ouverture et de la propagation de la pointe d’une fissure se propageant linéairement depuis le droit de l’entaille, jusqu’à la rupture totale de la poutre ; le suivi des paramètres climatiques que sont la température, l’humidité relative du milieu et les variations de l’humidité interne des poutres testées. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’une humidification entraine une augmentation de la flèche relative et un séchage génère un départ de fissures pouvant conduire à une rupture de la poutre. Le modèle analytique de l’évolution de la flèche d’une poutre entaillée en ambiance non contrôlée, est tiré des hypothèses classiques de la théorie des poutres de Timoshenko et de l’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux obtenus. Il prend en compte les processus de fissuration, les variations de son humidité interne et l’intensité du chargement qui lui est appliqué. Le modèle représente assez bien les comportements instantané et différé de la poutre induits par les chargements mécanique et environnementaux. / In structure, wood is subjected to different loadings, where the principals are physical, mechanical and environmental. The coupling of these different loadings, make the understand of the mechanical behaviour of wood difficult. The aim of this thesis is to highlight, through a protocol for monitoring the evolution of the deflection, the impact of the conditions of climatic variations on the lifetime of timber of the notched beams. The work is essentially based around two major axes highlighting, respectively, a new experimental devices and a new analytical approach of the following of the evolution of the beam deflection, in outdoor conditions. The experimental device takes into account: the monitoring of the evolution of the notched-beam deflection; the cracking processes of wood, in particular the following of its initiation, the opening and the propagation of the tip of crack which appeared, on the notched-beam until its collapse; the monitoring of the climatic parameters such as temperature, the environmental relative humidity and the variations of the moisture content of the beams during the test. The results show that the variations of these climatic parameters favour the acceleration of the wood aging process in the structure. The analytical model of the evolution of the deflection of a notched beam, shown in this work, is based on the classical hypotheses of Timoshenko’s beam theory and all the experimental results obtained. It takes into account the cracking processes of notched-beam, the variations of its moisture content and the intensity of the loading applied on the beam.
73

Prise en compte des méconnaissances dans la quantification de la nocivité des fissures en fatigue / Integration of uncertainties in fatigue cracks hazardness quantification.

Boutet, Pierre 15 December 2015 (has links)
Dans les installations industrielles, des inspections régulières sont planifiées pour évaluer l’état de santé interne des composants. Si des fissures sont révélées, il est souhaitable de savoir si l’exploitation de la structure peut se poursuivre ou si un régime de fonctionnement dégradé pourrait être envisagé. En se basant sur la mécanique élastique linéaire de la rupture, les travaux présentés traitent donc dans le cas de composants fissurés de la dispersion de durée de vie résiduelle relative aux incertitudes sur les paramètres du modèle de prévision. La longueur de fissure initiale, les propriétés du matériau ainsi que les paramètres d’entrée de la loi de Paris ont été considérés comme des variables aléatoires, dont les distributions ont été déterminées expérimentalement puis ajustées par des lois statistiques adéquates. Des contrôles ultrasonores par mesure du temps de vol de l’onde diffractée – Time Of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) en anglais – et des mesures de champs obtenues par corrélation d’images numériques ont été utilisés pour quantifier la propagation d’une fissure dans une éprouvette à défaut soumise à des sollicitations cycliques uniaxiales. Les données expérimentales recueillies ont été utilisées pour initialiser les calculs et valider les résultats numériques. Les distributions de taille de fissure obtenue après un nombre donné de cycles de sollicitation et de nombre de cycles de sollicitation conduisant à une taille définie de fissure ont été obtenues par une méthode de Monte-Carlo appliquée au modèle de prévision. L’ajustement de ces distributions par de lois log-normales a fourni des outils analytiques d’estimation probabiliste de propagation de fissure. Cela a notamment permis la réalisation de cartographies de risques et l’évaluation de l’évolution de la fiabilité du composant étudié. Enfin, les effets d’une actualisation de la connaissance de la longueur de fissure au cours de la vie de ce composant en termes d’incertitude de prévision et d’extension de durée de vie résiduelle prévisionnelle ont été étudiés. En particulier, afin de limiter le coût des campagnes de contrôle non destructifs dans le cas industriel, une stratégie d’optimisation de l’actualisation de cette connaissance basée sur l’étude de fiabilité a été proposée. / In industrial plants, regular inspections are planned to assess the internal state of installations. If some cracks are revealed, it is desirable to know whether the structure can still be used or if a degraded mode of operation should be considered. Starting from a linear elastic fracture mechanics model, the work presented studied the scatter of the remaining life of such cracked parts due to the uncertainties on the parameters of the prediction model. Initial crack size, material properties and input parameters of Paris’ law have been considered as random variables and their distributions have been experimentally identified and fitted with convenient statistical laws. Time Of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) and field measurement technique based on Digital Image Correlation (DIC) were used to monitor the crack propagation initiated from a notch introduced in specimen submitted to uniaxial cyclic loading. Experimental crack length results were used to initiate computations and as a mean to validate numerical results. Both the crack lengths distributions resulting from the application of loading cycles and the distribution of the number of cycles leading to a given crack length were obtained from a Monte-Carlo method applied to the prediction model. The fit of these distributions with log-normal laws provided analytical tools to assess probabilistic crack propagation. It allowed for risk mapping and for the evaluation of the studied component’s reliability evolution. Last, the effects of an actualisation of crack length knowledge along the life of this component in terms of assessment uncertainty and predicted residual life extension has been studied. Especially, to limit the cost of non-destructive techniques inspection in industrial cases, a reliability-based strategy has been proposed for the optimisation of the crack knowledge actualisation.
74

Evaluation of two methods of fissure treatment before sealant placement on different caries levels

Chitre, Swati January 2009 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Occlusal pits and fissures are ideal places for caries development. Placement of dental sealants has been reported to be effective in preventing this process. However, the effectiveness of dental sealants has been reported to be influenced by clinical factors, such as preparation and placement techniques. A report recently published by the American Dental Association on the clinical recommendations for use of pit-and-fissure sealants included critical evaluation and a summary of relevant scientific evidence on the use of sealants aimed at assisting clinicians. The report addressed concerns such as: Does placing sealants over early (noncavitated) lesions prevent progression of the lesions? Are there any techniques that could improve sealants’ retention and ffectiveness in caries prevention? The investigators concluded that there is limited and conflicting evidence to support that mechanical preparation with a bur results in higher retention rates in children and recommend that pit-and-fissure sealants should be placed on early (noncavitated) carious lesions. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate two methods of fissure treatment before sealant placement on different caries levels. In this study, 135 extracted human molars (ICDAS codes 0 to 2) were collected and ranked by a calibrated examiner into three groups. These were further divided into three subgroups (nine total). Occlusal surfaces were prepared with: 1) a ¼-mm round bur, 2) air abrasion, and 3) no treatment as a control. All groups were etched with 3.0- percent phosphoric acid for 15 seconds, rinsed thoroughly, and dried with an air water syringe. Opaque dental sealants were placed on the etched occlusal surfaces according to the accepted clinical standards and light-cured for 30 seconds. All groups were thermocycled for 5000 cycles. The roots of the teeth were painted with nail varnish, root apices were sealed with wax, and the occlusal surfaces were immersed in 1.0-percent methylene blue for a full 24 hours. The next day the teeth were cleaned, and the roots were sectioned to expose the crowns. Crowns were cut along the occlusal surfaces in the buccolingual direction. The sectioned surfaces were examined under the Nikon SMZ 1500 microscope for sealant penetration in the fissure and microleakage along the sealant enamel interface. The analyses were performed on a transformation of the sealant penetration percentage commonly used for calculated percentages: sin-1(p1/2). The effects of the type of group, the ICDAS code, and the fissure type on sealant penetration percentage were compared using ANOVA. The effects on microleakage and bubbles were compared using GEE methods applied to logistic regression. The effects on dye penetration were compared using GEE methods applied to cumulative logistic regression to account for the ordered categories of the dye penetration scale. In the findings of sealant penetration, the group type did not have a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.195). ICDAS codes had a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.0113) where ICDAS Code 0 had greater penetration than ICDAS codes 1 and 2. Fissure type had a significant effect on sealant penetration (p = 0.0001) where fissure types V and U had greater sealant penetration than Fissure types Y and W. In the findings of microleakage, the type of group had a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.0004) where the abrasion group had increased microleakage as compared with the 1/4 round bur and control groups. ICDAS code had a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.0022) where ICDAS code 0 had less microleakage as compared with ICDAS code 1 and 2. Fissure types V, U, Y, and W did not have a significant effect on microleakage (p = 0.721).
75

Microtomographie X de matériaux à comportement pseudo-fragile : Identification du réseau de fissures / X-ray microtomography of materials to brittle-like behavior : Identification of the crack network

Hauss, Grégory 06 December 2012 (has links)
L'étude de l'endommagement des matériaux à comportement pseudo-fragile fait l'objet denombreuses études et la caractérisation du réseau de fissures constitue une étape nécessairepour une meilleure compréhension de leur comportement. L'objectif principal est ici d'identifierde manière la plus fine possible cet espace fissuré en trois dimensions grâce à la techniqued'imagerie nommée microtomographie X. Pour ce faire, une machine d'essai in-situ a étédéveloppée et une procédure d'analyse des images 3D a été validée. L'objectif du dispositif insituest de maintenir l'échantillon dans différents états fissurés pour rendre possible lesacquisitions microtomographiques. Une fois les images 3D reconstruites, la procédure detraitement est appliquée et l'espace fissuré est identifié. Des mesures sont alors réalisées surl'évolution du réseau de fissures au cours de l'endommagement. Ce travail constitue la premièreétape d'un traitement plus général qui a pour objectif de simuler numériquement lecomportement mécanique de ces matériaux en se basant sur leur géométrie réelle. / Materials displaying a pseudo-brittle behavior have been well studied over the past decade andthe characterization of the cracks network has become nowadays an important step for theunderstanding of their damaging behavior. The aim of this work is to characterize, in the finestavailable way, this crack space in 3D using X-ray computed microtomography. This wasachieved: 1) by designing an in-situ compressive device which maintains a sample in a crackedstate during microtomographic data acquisition and, 2) by processing the images with relevantimage filtering techniques for a better cracks network characterization. Two parameters ofchoice are then measured: the cracks network surface and volume. This work is the first step ofa global procedure which aims to numerically model the mechanical behavior of pseudo-brittlematerials by using real 3D crack geometry.
76

Analyse numérique et expérimentale de l'interaction non-linéaire onde/fissure de fatigue par la méthode de génération d'harmoniques / Numerical and experimental analysis of the nonlinear interaction acoustic wave/ fatigue crack by using the higher harmonics method

Saidoun, Abdelkrim 27 January 2017 (has links)
La détection des fissures fermées constitue un verrou important pour les méthodes conventionnelles de CND. En revanche, les méthodes basées sur le principe du contact acoustique non-linéaire (CAN) représentent un outil potentiel capable de détecter et éventuellement de caractériser les fissures fermées. Dans ce travail de thèse, le CAN et la génération du second harmonique sont au centre de l’attention dans le but d’analyser les mécanismes mis en jeu en vue de la détection et la caractérisation de fissures fermées. Notre approche repose sur une analyse numérique de l’interaction entre une interface de contact et une onde longitudinale et une analyse expérimentale du CAN sur une éprouvette contenant une fissure de fatigue.Le CAN est modélisé par une loi de contact unilatéral avec (ou sans) frottement de Coulomb, en considérant l’interaction non-linéaire entre une onde longitudinale et une interface de contact, d’abord dans un milieu unidimensionnel en utilisant la méthode des différences finies, puis dans un milieu bidimensionnel par la méthode des Eléments Finis. Cette analyse a permis d’expliquer la génération des harmoniques supérieurs et de mettre en évidence les principaux paramètres gouvernant le CAN dans un cas unidimensionnel (onde plane/interface de contact plane), et aussi dans un cas bidimensionnel plus complexe considérant une onde non-plane et des morphologies d’interfaces complexes. Afin de valider les résultats numériques et d’apprécier l’applicabilité de la méthode dans un cas réel, des mesures expérimentales du second harmonique dans le cas d’une fissure de fatigue réelle sont effectuées. Les résultats de cette étude sont en accord avec les tendances numériques obtenues.Enfin, dans le but d’exploiter au maximum la méthode de génération d’harmonique, nous proposons également une stratégie numérique/expérimentale de reconstruction des sources acoustiques, basée sur une méthode d’holographie acoustique, permettant ainsi d’accéder à la distribution des sources de génération du second harmonique au niveau de la fissure. Ces résultats sont prometteurs en vue de la caractérisation des fissures fermées. / The detection of closed cracks constitutes an important obstacle for conventional nondestructiftechnics (NDT). However, nonlinear methods based on contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN)represent a potential tool for the detection of these defects. In this work, a detailed analysis of thecontact acoustic nonlinearity is proposed in view of the characterization of closed crack.Our approach is based on an association between a numerical analysis of the nonlinear interactionbetween a longitudinal wave and a contact interface, as well as an experimental study of the CAN inthe case of a real fatigue crack.Numerically, the CAN is modeled by using a unilateral contact law with (or without) Coulombfriction. The nonlinear interaction between a longitudinal wave and a contact interface is considered,first in a one-dimensional medium by using the Finite Differences method, and then in a twodimensionalmedium by using the Finite Elements method. This analysis explains the generation ofsuper-harmonics and defines the main physical parameters controlling the CAN in a one-dimensionalcase (plane wave / plane contact interface) and also in a more complex two-dimensional caseconsidering a non-planar wave and complex interface morphologies. In order to validate the numericalresults and to test the applicability of the method in a real case, experimental measurements of thesecond harmonic in the case of a real fatigue crack are realized. The results of this study are inagreement with the numerical tendencies obtained.Finally, in order to exploit well the harmonic generation method, a numerical / experimentalstrategy based on acoustic holography principal for the reconstruction of acoustic sources is proposed.This strategy gives access to the distribution of second harmonic sources at the crack. The results ofthis study are promising in view of the characterization of closed cracks.
77

Influence de la microstructure sur le comportement mécanique d’une couche nitrurée de l’acier de nuance 33CrMoV12-9 en vue de l’optimisation des propriétés en fatigue / Microstructure effects on the mechanical behavior of a nitrided layer of the 33CrMoV12-9 grade steel for the purpose of fatigue properties optimization

Godet, François 20 December 2018 (has links)
Le développement de systèmes mécaniques, toujours plus performants et légers, demande l’optimisation continue des matériaux utilisés ainsi que leurs traitements. Dans le domaine des transmissions de puissance, la nitruration gazeuse apporte une hausse significative des durées de vie en fatigue des pièces fortement sollicitées. Alors que le rôle des gradients de propriétés mécaniques générés sur la résistance en fatigue est reconnu, l’influence de cette microstructure nitrurée sur les mécanismes de plasticité ou de microplasticité menant à de l’endommagement puis à l’initiation d’une fissure reste relativement méconnue. Ce travail de thèse concerne exclusivement la nitruration de l’acier de nuance 33CrMoV12-9, particulièrement utilisée dans les roulements et engrenages des industries aéronautiques et navales. Les propriétés mécaniques liées aux phénomènes menant à l’initiation de fissures en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles ont, tout particulièrement, été étudiées. Les propriétés mécaniques, comme le module d’élasticité, la dureté, la limite d’élasticité ou encore les contraintes résiduelles sont déterminées à plusieurs échelles, de celles de la microstructure à celles plus macroscopiques. Des observations in-situ ou post-mortem des couches nitrurées sollicitées jusqu’à l’endommagement ayant pour but d’estimer l’influence de la microstructure sur les hétérogénéités de déformations, les phénomènes de microplasticité et les mécanismes d’endommagement correspondants n’ont pas permis d’identifier clairement des mécanismes d’initiations de fissures. Pour ces essais, une éprouvette nitrurée à cœur représentative de la couche nitrurée a été développée. Cet outil expérimental a permis d’effectuer des essais simples de sollicitations des microstructures et ainsi déterminer des caractéristiques élastiques, d’écrouissage et de tenue en fatigue. Enfin, il a été démontré que les propriétés mesurées comme le module d’élasticité dépendent de l’échelle d’observation, des moyens et des méthodes utilisés. / Design of high-performance and lighter mechanical systems needs a perpetual work on materials used. In the power transmission field, gaseous nitriding thermochemical treatment enhances significantly the life-cycle of the parts which are higher stressed on the surface. While the contribution of the mechanical property gradients due to the treatment on the fatigue life is well-known, the microstructure effects on the (micro-)plasticity mechanisms remains undetermined. This work concerns exclusively the nitrided 33CrMoV12-9 graded steel, used for gears and bearings in the naval and aeronautical industry. It aims particularly at defining mechanical properties linked to crack initiation mechanisms during high-cycle fatigue. Properties such as Young modulus, hardness, yield stress and fatigue limits are looked at several scales, from microstructural ones to hardened case one. In-situ and post-mortem investigation on loaded and damaged nitrided layers leads to estimating the microstructural influence on local deformations, microplasticity and damage but no particular mechanisms were found. Special fully-nitrided parts were designed to perform the experiments. This tool helps to carry out simple loadings and measure the strain-hardening curve and fatigue limits. Finally, it as been attested that measured properties depend on scales, means and methodology.
78

Consequences of the thermal effects generated during fatigue crack growth on the mode one stress intensity factor / Consequences of the thermal effects generated during fatigue crack growth on the mode one stress intensity factor

Boussattine, Zaid 12 November 2018 (has links)
Lors du chargement cyclique d’une pièce métallique fissurée, un champ de température hétérogène est créé à la pointe de la fissure. Ce champ de température est dû à trois types de sources de chaleur : (i) la première source est une source de couplage thermoélastique liée à la partie hydrostatique du tenseur des contraintes résultant de la sollicitation mécanique cyclique. Elle fluctue périodiquement dans le temps et l’énergie qui lui est associée est nulle à la fin de chaque cycle de chargement ; (ii) la deuxième source de chaleur est une source dissipative et intrinsèque au comportement du matériau. Elle est reliée au phénomène de l’auto-échauffement dû à la microplasticité dissipée en chaleur dans le matériau à l’échelle microscopique. Elle est positive et s’accumule dans le temps ; (iii) enfin, la troisième source de chaleur a les mêmes origines et propriétés que la deuxième source, mais elle est associée à la plasticité, à l’échelle macroscopique, qui se dissipe en chaleur dans la zone de plasticité cyclique à la pointe de la fissure. En présence de ces trois sources de chaleur, le champ de température résultant génère un champ de contrainte dû au phénomène de la dilatation thermique. Ce nouveau champ des contraintes s’ajoute au champ des contraintes dû au chargement mécanique cyclique, et donc l’état des contraintes sur la fissure est modifié. En conséquence, le facteur d’intensité des contraintes, qui est un paramètre clé dans la modélisation de la propagation des fissures, est modifié. D’où l’objectif de cette thèse qui vise à quantifier les conséquences de ces trois sources de chaleur sur le facteur d’intensité des contraintes, et ce dans le cas d’une fissure longue de fatigue. / By subjecting a cracked specimen to a cyclic loading, thermal effects take place and create a heterogeneous temperature field around the crack tip. Those thermal effects are associated with coupling and dissipative heat sources, namely: (i) the heat source due to thermoelastic coupling generated by the hydrostatic part of the stress tensor related to cyclic mechanical loading; (ii) the heat source due to intrinsic dissipation associated with the self-heating phenomena originating from plasticity at the microscopic scale; (iii) and the heat source due to cyclic plasticity, at the macroscopic scale, which occurs in the reverse cyclic plastic zone ahead of the crack tip, and dissipates into heat. The overall heterogeneous temperature field resulting from the heat sources induces a heterogeneous stress field due to thermal expansion phenomena. As a consequence, the stress state over the crack is modified and leads to modify the stress intensity factor, which is a key parameter in modeling fatigue crack growth. Therefore, the aim of this PhD thesis is to quantify the consequences of the heat sources on the stress intensity factor, in the case of a long propagating fatigue crack.
79

Reprodutibilidade e correlação in vivo dos métodos visuais e de fluorescência a laser na detecção de descolorações em sulcos e fossetas oclusais de molares decíduos / In vivo reproducibility and correlation of visual and laser fluorescence methods for the detection of pits and fissures with discoloration in primary molars

Alessandra Cristina da Silva Nassif 13 December 2006 (has links)
Com o intuito de estudar in vivo a reprodutibilidade e a comparação de dois índices visuais (Ekstrand et al. (1998) ? E e Nyvad; Machiulskiene e Baelum (1999) ? N) e as medidas de fluorescência a laser AGNOdent®,KaVo - DD) na detecção de sulcos e fossetas descoloridos, um único examinador treinado, após a obtenção do consentimento livre e esclarecido de 28 pacientes, atribuiu os escores E, N e médias de fluorescência a laser de 190 molares decíduos com e sem descoloração em sulcos e fossetas oclusais. A reprodutibilidade dos índices visuais foi calculada a partir do teste kappa Cohen e kappa ponderado (kp), enquanto para as médias do DD foi calculado o índice de correlação de Pearson (rp). Para a comparação entre os índices visuais ainda se calculou a correlação de Spearman (rcs) e para a correlação entre os índices visuais e as médias do DD, foram aplicados o teste t de Student para as dicotomizações de presença de lesão, descoloração e atividade. Finalmente, foi calculada a análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparação entre as médias do DD e os graus de severidade das lesões. A reprodutibilidade dos índices visuais foi substancial (kpE = 0,645) e (kpN = 0,634) e as médias do DD apresentaram correlação de Pearson significativa e altamente positiva (rp = 0,930). A comparação entre os índices visuais também foi positiva e significativa principalmente quanto à severidade (rcs = 0,623) e nas dicotomizações para a presença de lesão (rcs = 0,765) e descoloração (rcs = 0,757). O teste t de Student para as comparações entre os índices e as médias do DD também se apresentaram significativos (p < 0,001) para presença de lesão e descoloração ao contrário dos resultados para atividade. A análise de variância entre os graus de severidade dos índices visuais e as médias do DD mostrou diferenças estaticamente significativas apenas entre os graus de severidade 0 e 1 (E - 2a) para o índice E e 0, 1 (N - 4) e 2 (N - 5) para o índice N. Conclui-se, para sulcos e fossetas descoloridos de molares decíduos, que (1) ambos os métodos (visuais e de fluorescência a laser) mostraram-se confiáveis (2) o DD foi capaz de diferenciar tecidos hígidos de lesões com descoloração e de (3) inativas intactas ou com microcavidades em esmalte. / Aiming at developing an in vivo study of the reproducibility and correlation of two visual indexes (Ekstrand et al. (1998) ? E and Nyvad; Machiulskiene and Baelum (1999) ? N) and the measures of laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent®,KaVo - DD) for the detection of decolorised pits and fissures, a single trained examiner, after the free and aware consent of 28 patients, opened the scores E, N and laser fluorescence averages of 190 primary molars with and without occlusal discoloration in pits and fissures. The reproducibility of the visual indexes was calculated with basis on the kappa Cohen and weighted kappa (wk) tests, while for the DD averages the Perason´s correlation (rp) was calculated. To provide a comparison among the visual indexes, the Sperman´s correlation (rcs) was calculated, and for the correlation among the visual indexes and the DD averages, the Student´s t test and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to compare the DD averages and the degree of severity of the lesions. The reproducibility of the visual indexes was substantial (wkE= 0,645) and (wkN= 0,634); the DD averages presented a significant and highly positive Pearson´s correlation (rP= 0,930). The comparison among the visual indexes proved to be positive and significant, mainly in relation to the severity (rcs= 0,623) and the dichotomisations for the presence of lesion (rcs= 0,765) and discoloration (rcs= 0,757). The Student´s t test of for the comparisons among the indexes and the DD averages also proved to be significant (p < 0,001) for the presence of lesion and discoloration, contrary to the activity results. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) among the degrees of severity and DD averages showed significant differences only at the degrees 0 and 1 (E ? 2a) of the E index and 0, 1 (N ? 4) and 2 (N ? 5) of the N index. The conclusions for pits and fissures with discoloration in primary molars are that (1) both methods (visual and laser fluorescence) were reliable (2) the DD was able to diferenciatte sound tissues from lesions with discoloration and (3) inactive intact or with microcavities lesions at the enamel level.
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Reprodutibilidade e correlação in vivo dos métodos visuais e de fluorescência a laser na detecção de descolorações em sulcos e fossetas oclusais de molares decíduos / In vivo reproducibility and correlation of visual and laser fluorescence methods for the detection of pits and fissures with discoloration in primary molars

Nassif, Alessandra Cristina da Silva 13 December 2006 (has links)
Com o intuito de estudar in vivo a reprodutibilidade e a comparação de dois índices visuais (Ekstrand et al. (1998) ? E e Nyvad; Machiulskiene e Baelum (1999) ? N) e as medidas de fluorescência a laser AGNOdent®,KaVo - DD) na detecção de sulcos e fossetas descoloridos, um único examinador treinado, após a obtenção do consentimento livre e esclarecido de 28 pacientes, atribuiu os escores E, N e médias de fluorescência a laser de 190 molares decíduos com e sem descoloração em sulcos e fossetas oclusais. A reprodutibilidade dos índices visuais foi calculada a partir do teste kappa Cohen e kappa ponderado (kp), enquanto para as médias do DD foi calculado o índice de correlação de Pearson (rp). Para a comparação entre os índices visuais ainda se calculou a correlação de Spearman (rcs) e para a correlação entre os índices visuais e as médias do DD, foram aplicados o teste t de Student para as dicotomizações de presença de lesão, descoloração e atividade. Finalmente, foi calculada a análise de variância (ANOVA) para comparação entre as médias do DD e os graus de severidade das lesões. A reprodutibilidade dos índices visuais foi substancial (kpE = 0,645) e (kpN = 0,634) e as médias do DD apresentaram correlação de Pearson significativa e altamente positiva (rp = 0,930). A comparação entre os índices visuais também foi positiva e significativa principalmente quanto à severidade (rcs = 0,623) e nas dicotomizações para a presença de lesão (rcs = 0,765) e descoloração (rcs = 0,757). O teste t de Student para as comparações entre os índices e as médias do DD também se apresentaram significativos (p < 0,001) para presença de lesão e descoloração ao contrário dos resultados para atividade. A análise de variância entre os graus de severidade dos índices visuais e as médias do DD mostrou diferenças estaticamente significativas apenas entre os graus de severidade 0 e 1 (E - 2a) para o índice E e 0, 1 (N - 4) e 2 (N - 5) para o índice N. Conclui-se, para sulcos e fossetas descoloridos de molares decíduos, que (1) ambos os métodos (visuais e de fluorescência a laser) mostraram-se confiáveis (2) o DD foi capaz de diferenciar tecidos hígidos de lesões com descoloração e de (3) inativas intactas ou com microcavidades em esmalte. / Aiming at developing an in vivo study of the reproducibility and correlation of two visual indexes (Ekstrand et al. (1998) ? E and Nyvad; Machiulskiene and Baelum (1999) ? N) and the measures of laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent®,KaVo - DD) for the detection of decolorised pits and fissures, a single trained examiner, after the free and aware consent of 28 patients, opened the scores E, N and laser fluorescence averages of 190 primary molars with and without occlusal discoloration in pits and fissures. The reproducibility of the visual indexes was calculated with basis on the kappa Cohen and weighted kappa (wk) tests, while for the DD averages the Perason´s correlation (rp) was calculated. To provide a comparison among the visual indexes, the Sperman´s correlation (rcs) was calculated, and for the correlation among the visual indexes and the DD averages, the Student´s t test and the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to compare the DD averages and the degree of severity of the lesions. The reproducibility of the visual indexes was substantial (wkE= 0,645) and (wkN= 0,634); the DD averages presented a significant and highly positive Pearson´s correlation (rP= 0,930). The comparison among the visual indexes proved to be positive and significant, mainly in relation to the severity (rcs= 0,623) and the dichotomisations for the presence of lesion (rcs= 0,765) and discoloration (rcs= 0,757). The Student´s t test of for the comparisons among the indexes and the DD averages also proved to be significant (p < 0,001) for the presence of lesion and discoloration, contrary to the activity results. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) among the degrees of severity and DD averages showed significant differences only at the degrees 0 and 1 (E ? 2a) of the E index and 0, 1 (N ? 4) and 2 (N ? 5) of the N index. The conclusions for pits and fissures with discoloration in primary molars are that (1) both methods (visual and laser fluorescence) were reliable (2) the DD was able to diferenciatte sound tissues from lesions with discoloration and (3) inactive intact or with microcavities lesions at the enamel level.

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