The thesis consists of general characteristics, list of notations, introduction, four main chapters, general conclusions, 56 pictures, 2 tables and list of references. The total scope of the dissertation is 106 pages.

Bakalauro darbą „Elektroninės mokymo(si) priemonės „Fizika lentelėse“ sukūrimas ir analizė“ sudaro įvadas, 3 skyriai, išvados, priedai, 1 kompaktinis diskas. Darbo apimtis 35 lapai. Darbe pateikiama 19 paveikslų. Įvade pateikiamas darbo aktualumas, tikslai ir uždaviniai. Pirmajame skyriuje aprašomas apibendrinančios medžiagos panaudojimas ir reikalingumas mokyme ir mokymesi, išanalizuota literatūra, atlikta internetinių mokomųjų priemonių apžvalga, parašytas apibendrinimas. Antrajame skyriuje pristatomos darbe naudojamos informaciniės technologijos. Trečiajame skyriuje aprašomi elektroninės mokymo(si) priemonės „Fizika lentelėse“ metodiniai reikalavimai, svetainės pateikimas ir apipavidalinimas, svetainės struktūra ir navigacija, bei nurodomas svetainės turinys. Atlikta trumpa svetainės turinio apžvalga. Elektroninė mokymo(si) priemonė „Fizika lentelėse“ bus patalpinta ir naudojama fizikos mokyklos „Fotonas“ internetiniame puslapyje. Naudojantis internetiniais paieškos varikliais nesunkiai randama internete. / The batchelor„s thesis „Measure of E-ducation (E-study) “Physics tables” establishment and analysis” consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, conclusions, attachments, a compact disc. This study consists of 35 pages including addendum, 19 pictures. Introduction contains: relevance of the research, goals and objectives. In the first section the usage as well as the necessity of presumptive material in teaching and learning is described, the literature is reviewed, the overview of online educational tools is done, and summation is written. The second section presents the information technology used in the present paper. The third section describes the electronic training means "Physics Tables" methodological requirements, the website presentation and design, site structure and navigation as well as shows the content of the site. A brief overview of the site content was conducted. E – education tool "Physics tables“ will be placed and used in the school of physics „Fotonas“ website. Using online search engines easily found on the Internet.

Tarptautiniai tyrimai rodo, jog moderniosios ugdymo priemonės gali pagerinti mokymą ir mokymąsi. Analitiniu būdu nustatyta, kad, mokant fizikos, mokomosios kompiuterinės priemonės (toliau MKP) naudojamos rečiausiai, nes daugelis programų yra užsienio kalba, jos nesuderintos su ugdymo programa ir nepritaikytos pamokoms, pernelyg sudėtingos. Atsižvelgiant į MKP analizės rezultatus, sukurta interkatyvi su bendrosiomis programomis ir išsilavinimo standartais suderinta mokomoji fizikos svetainę 8-ai klasei „Tiesiaeigis tolyginis judėjimas“. Projektuojant mokomąją svetainę, pirmenybė suteikta aktyviems ir mišriems interaktyvumo tipams bei labai aukštam, aukštam ir vidutiniam interaktyvumo lygiui. Išanalizavus tiesiaeigio tolyginio judėjimo teorinę ir praktinę dalį, parinkti mokomosios medžiagos pateikimo svetainėje būdai. Išanalizavus svetainių kūrimo priemones, parinkta Front Page 2003 programa. Svetainės interaktyvumas programuotas su Java Script kalba. Iš kelių animacijos kurimo priemonių parinkta 2D & 3D Animator programa. Su svetaine ir jos galimybėmis buvo supažindinti 8-os klasės moksleiviai. Moksleiviai teigiamai įvertino mokomąją svetainę. Svetainės mokomosios medžiagos dalys, kurių interaktyvumo lygis aukščiausias, gavo aukščiausius įvertinimus. Todėl interaktyvi mokomoji fizikos svetainė 8-ai klasei „Tiesiaeigis tolyginis judėjimas“ gali būti naudojama kaip mokymo ir mokymosi priemonė. / International researchers demonstrate that modern training aids may improve teaching and learning process. It is appointed in analytic way that interactive learning computer-aided software tools are used more rarely than in other subjects. There are some reasons for that: programess are too complicated, they are not adjusted to curriculum and most of them is in foreign language. Analysis of internet sites on physics subject indicates that they mostly are accessible easily and have suitable, comprehensible navigation, also they are quite well animated. Considering results of analysis it is decided to create an interactive internet site which is coordinated with common curriculum and with standarts of education and would be devoted for training physics subject in 8 classes. This internet site was named “Rectilineal gradual moving”. When this training internet site was being designed, preference was given to active and mixed active types as well as to very high, high and medium high level of interaction since active learning computer-aided software tools interaction type directly stimulates actions of students. When the part of theory of rectilineal gradual moving was analysed, ways of presentation training material were chosen. The site was designed with programme Front Page 2003. For creation of interaction there are explored two language in script writing: VBScript and Java Script. Considering that these languages have not essential differences interaction of learning site... [to full text]

<p>Kompjuterizovana tomografija (CT) je jedan od najznačajnijh dijagnostičkih modaliteta, čija upotreba raste iz decenije u deceniju. U ukupnom broju radiolo&scaron;kih pregleda CT je zastupljena sa 5-10%, ali je njen doprinos ukupnoj dozi za populaciju veći od 50%. Osnovni pokazatelji kvaliteta slike i doza, kao i prateći radijacioni rizik zavise od primenjene radiografske tehnike odnosno CT pregleda. U smislu&nbsp; dobre radiolo&scaron;ke prakse i u skladu sa osnovnim principima za&scaron;tite od zračenja, poželjna je primena najniže moguće doze za pacijenta uz održavanje kvaliteta slike i dijagnostičke informacije. Cilj istraživanja jeste definisanje optimalnog protokola pregleda vi&scaron;eslojnom CT za dijagnozu pojedinih regija tela, kao i da se utvrde doze i radijacioni rizik za pacijente pre i nakon optimizacije protokola. Analizom je obuhvaćeno ukupno 437 pacijenata, koji su podeljeni u grupe prema regijama tela koje su snimane: I&ndash;nekontrastni CT glave, II-CT glave sa i.v. kontrastom, III-CT grudnog ko&scaron;a, IV-CT abdomena i karlice i V-CT angio (CT angiografija aortoilijačnog segmenta i donjih ekstremiteta). Studija je izvedena u 2 faze: u I fazi je kori&scaron;ćen standardni protokol za regiju tela koja se snimala, a u II fazi CT pregledi su izvedeni po modifikovanom protokolu (promenom parametra vrednosti mAs), uz minimalne zahteve u pogledu kvaliteta slike.Na osnovu dozimetrijskih&nbsp; pokazatelja procenjena je efektivna doza i radijacioni rizik za pacijente u obe faze. U studiji su kori&scaron;ćene smernice iz Vodiča EUR 16262&nbsp; EN, u kojima su definisani parametri za procenu kvaliteta slike da bi se analizirali različiti anatomski preseci određenih regija tela koji su se snimali. Kvalitet slike za svakog pacijenta je ocenjen pomoću trostepene skale vizualizacije za svaki parametar anatomske regije: 0-detalji su vidljivi, 1-detalji se prikazuju, 2-detalji se jasno prikazuju. Kori&scaron;ćena je subjektivna metoda gde su dva iskusna radiologa vr&scaron;ili interpretaciju slike. Konačna ocena kvaliteta slike svakog pregleda odgovara zbiru svih parametara procenjenih po trostepenoj skali&nbsp; vizualizacije. Zatim je za potrebe izračunavanja veličine FOM (figure of merit) izračunata vrednost indeksa ocene kvaliteta slike (zbir svih&nbsp; ocena parametra/brojem parametara). Vrednost FOM je izračunata kao količnik indeksa ocene kvaliteta slike i efektivne doza po pacijentu. Prosečna vrednost FOM za svaku grupu ispitanika nam je poslužila kao relativni pokazatelj za upoređivanje između neoptimizovane i optimizovane grupe ispitanika za isti tip pregleda. Poređenjem vrednosti efektivne doze u prvoj i drugoj fazi istraživanja kvantifikovano je smanjenje radijacionog opterećenja za pacijente nakon optimizacije protokola. Rezultati su pokazali da je optimalnim izborom protokola u&nbsp;&nbsp; smislu parametara ekspozicije (smanjenjem vrednosti mAs) moguće značajno smanjiti dozu zračenja kod pregleda glave za 7,5%, kod pregleda glave sa angiografijom za 7%, kod pregleda grudnog ko&scaron;a za 40%, kod pregleda abdomena i karlice za 25%. Grupa CT angio&nbsp; nije mogla da bude optimizovana, jer aparat nije prihvatao promenu kvaliteta slike kod zadatih parametara optimizacije. Primenom standardnih protokola postiže se kvalitet slike bolji nego &scaron;to je neophodno, a samim tim i veća doza zračenja nego &scaron;to je potrebno. Optimalnim izborom protokola u smislu parametara ekspozicije moguće je značajno smanjiti dozu zračenja, uz održavanje kvaliteta slike koji je dovoljan za adekvatnu radiolo&scaron;ku interpretaciju slike.</p> / <p>Computed&nbsp; tomography (CT) is one of the most significant diagnostic methods whose application has been increasing from decade to decade.&nbsp; Among the total number of radiological examinations CT accounts for 5-10%, however, its contribution in the whole dosage for the population is greater than 50%. Main indicator of the quality of images and dosages as well as the accompanying irradiation risk depend on applied radiographic technique that is CT examination. In the sense of good radiological practice and in accordance with basic principles of protection from irradiation, the application of the lowest possible dosage for a patient together with preserving the quality of image and diagnostic information are mostly welcomed. The goal of the research is to define the optimum examination protocol by multislice CT in diagnostics of certain body regions as well as to determine dosages and irradiation risk for patients both before and after protocol optimization. The analysis has included 437 patients divided into groups according to body regions which have been scanned: I-unenhanced head CT, II contrast enhanced head CT, III&ndash;chest CT, IV&ndash;abdomen and pelvis CT and&nbsp; V&ndash;angio CT (CT angiography of aortoiliac segment and lower extremities). The study has been conducted in 2 phases: in the first phase standard protocol for the scanned body region has been applied, and in the second phase CT examinations have been carried out according to the modified&nbsp; protocol&nbsp; (by change of parameters of values mAs)&nbsp; with minimum&nbsp; requirements&nbsp; regarding&nbsp; the&nbsp; image&nbsp; quality. On&nbsp; the&nbsp; basis&nbsp; of&nbsp; dosimetric&nbsp; indicators&nbsp; the&nbsp; efficient&nbsp; dosage&nbsp; and&nbsp; irradiation&nbsp; risk&nbsp; for&nbsp; the patients in both phases have been assessed. In the study the guidelines form the Guide EUR&nbsp; 16262&nbsp; EN&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; observed&nbsp; where&nbsp; parameters for&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; image quality&nbsp; have&nbsp; been&nbsp; defined&nbsp; in&nbsp; order&nbsp; to&nbsp; analyze&nbsp; different&nbsp; anatomic&nbsp; cross sections of certain body&nbsp; regions.&nbsp; Image quality&nbsp; for&nbsp; each&nbsp; patient&nbsp; was&nbsp; assessed&nbsp; by&nbsp; three-level visualization&nbsp; scale&nbsp; for&nbsp; each&nbsp; parameter&nbsp; of&nbsp; anatomic&nbsp; region:&nbsp; 0&ndash;details&nbsp; are&nbsp; visible, 1&ndash;details are&nbsp; presented,&nbsp; 2&ndash;details are clearly&nbsp; presented.&nbsp; A&nbsp; subjective&nbsp; method&nbsp; was applied&nbsp; where&nbsp; two&nbsp; experienced&nbsp; radiologists performed&nbsp; the&nbsp; image interpretation. Final assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; image quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; every&nbsp; examination corresponds&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; sum&nbsp; of&nbsp; all parameters&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; three-level&nbsp; visualization&nbsp; scale. Further,&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; need&nbsp; of calculation of the size of FOM (figure of merit) the value of the index of assessment of the&nbsp; image&nbsp; quality&nbsp; (sum of all assessments of parameters/number of&nbsp; parameters) has been&nbsp; calculated.&nbsp; The&nbsp; value of&nbsp; FOM&nbsp; has&nbsp; been&nbsp; calculated as a quotient&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; image quality assessment index and effective dosage per patient.&nbsp; The average value of FOM for&nbsp; every&nbsp; group&nbsp; of&nbsp; patients&nbsp; has&nbsp; offered us a&nbsp; relative&nbsp; indicator for&nbsp; comparison of&nbsp; non-optimum&nbsp; and optimum group of&nbsp; patients&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; same&nbsp; type&nbsp; of&nbsp; examinations.&nbsp; By comparison of values of effective dosage in the first and second phase of the research a decrease in irradiation load for patients after protocol optimization was quantified. The results have&nbsp; shown&nbsp; that&nbsp; by&nbsp; optimum&nbsp; protocol&nbsp; selection&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; sense&nbsp; of&nbsp; exposition parameters (by&nbsp; reduction of&nbsp; values of&nbsp; mAs) it is&nbsp; possible to reduce significantly&nbsp; the irradiation dosage at&nbsp; unenhanced head CT examination for 7,5%, at contrast enhanced head CT examination for 7%, at chest CT examination for 40%, at abdomen&nbsp; and pelvis CT examination for 25%. The group CT angio could not be optimized since the device&nbsp; did&nbsp; not&nbsp; accept&nbsp; the&nbsp; change in image quality at set&nbsp; optimization parameters. By application&nbsp; of&nbsp; standard&nbsp; protocols the image quality&nbsp; better&nbsp; than required&nbsp; was&nbsp; achieved and along with this, a higher irradiation dosage occurred than required. By selection of protocol in the sense&nbsp; of&nbsp; exposition parameters it is possible to reduce irradiation dosage significantly along with preserving image quality which is&nbsp; sufficient for adequate radiological image interpretation.</p>