Submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts (Community Work), University of Zululand in the Department of Social Work, 2010. / The flagship program is a developmental approach aimed at facilitating economic, educational and training opportunities for rural women and children under the age of 15 in order to break the cycle of vulnerability and poverty in South Africa. In Msinga alone, the Integrated Development Plan document (2001:2) indicates that at least 85% of Msinga population is unemployed thereby trapped in poverty. For them to earn a proper living, they depend on subsistence farming which at times successful due to lack of adequate resources like water, gardening equipment and accessible roads, and more. This is supported by Cloud (1985:7) who argues that even those women who have access such resources, it is of a particular concern to the kind of access they have to such resources for carrying out their activities, and the command they have over the benefits thereafter. Therefore, the study was based on assessing the impact of Mashunka Flagship project as an approach to poverty alleviation, under the Msinga Local Municipality funded by the Department of Social Development. The Evaluative research method was used and the interview questionnaires were used to gather information from the sample twenty respondents that were used. Relevant literature was reviewed to gather more information from experts who have done the research before on the topic and the recommendation were made based on the findings of the study. The findings have revealed that the women and children have benefited from the program in many ways, including the community at large, in terms of electricity, access road and water. They received funding from various donors both private and public. All women in the project were trained on various skills. Children are attending early childhood development in the nearby and they eat everyday form the scheme. The findings also revealed the importance of intersectoral collaboration and training of the project members as the important tools towards the sustenance of the project and comprehensive service delivery.

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Cavity-nesting guilds are diverse communities of organisms that are hierarchically structured around the creation of and competition for tree holes as nest sites. Quantifying these communities as networks of interconnected species, or "nest webs", is a proven and efficient method for identifying important species and interactions within a cavity-nesting guild that can aid the management of these often threatened communities. Yet nest web data does not provide information regarding how natural resource managers are to encourage the support and adoption of conservation behaviors. This dissertation comprises two broad studies: one describing a cavity-nesting guild in central Namibia, and the other exploring methodology for identifying an effective flagship species for local conservation. In chapter 1, I provide background information of my study system and a review of the cavity-nesting and flagship species literature. In chapter 2, I quantify the species and resources within a cavity-nesting guild and create a cavity nest web to depict cavity creation and use in central Namibia. All cavity-nesters depended on sparse, large trees, which likely contributed to limited use of tree species across the guild. Cavity-excavators were of disparate importance for secondary cavity-nesters: important for small- and medium-bodied species but mostly unimportant for large-bodied species who depend more on large trunk hollows. In chapter 3, I describe and compare species-specific cavity resource niches among guild members to explore potential instances of cavity resource partitioning. Use of nest cavities appears to sort out by size among both cavity-excavators and secondary cavity-nesters. Excavators appear to partition cavity substrate spatially by decay class, while spatial partitioning among secondary nesters was largely by cavity type. Most interesting is the apparent temporal partitioning of large excavations among medium- and large-bodied cavity-nesters. In chapter 4, I explore a novel approach to flagship species selection that identified all previously-existing traits for flagship species, numerous traits specific to culture and personal experience, and a dozen new traits that were previously not recognized as potentially important for flagship species. This method shows considerable promise as a tool for investigating preferences for wildlife among broad stakeholders, as well as for engaging local people in wildlife conservation. / Doctor of Philosophy / Holes in trees, or cavities, are important resources for many birds, who use cavities as a safe place for raising young. Cavity-nesting birds are linked together in a cavity "nest web" based on the types of cavities used by each species. Understanding how birds are linked with each other and with certain types of cavities is critical in order to design conservation plans that preserve important community relationships. However, successful conservation also depends on strong support from local people, who are most often the people tasked with implementing the conservation actions. Flagship species can be used to gain support from necessary groups of people for specific conservation missions. This dissertation consists of two broad studies: the first study describes a community of cavity-nesting birds in Namibia, and the second explores a new way to investigate how people connect with wildlife through emotional connections. In chapter 1, I provide background information on my area of research. In chapter 2, I outline the different trees, cavities, and birds at the study site and estimate their abundance in the area. I also create a cavity nest web that illustrates the links between species. Large trees were relatively uncommon, but were important for all birds in the community. Cavities made by other birds, such as woodpeckers, were very important for small- and medium-sized species, but were mostly unimportant for large-sized species. In chapter 3, I compare the tree cavities used by different species, including the types of trees, cavities, and cavity sizes. I also explore multiple ways by which cavity-nesting birds might be dividing cavities between different species. Our most interesting finding was how medium-sized species seem to share cavities in time rather than in space; some species (i.e., small owls and woodpeckers) breed before some larger species that use the same type of cavity. Breeding early may be a way for some species to avoid competition with more competitive species, and may be the first example of this strategy being used by multiple cavity-nesters in a community. In chapter 4, I explore a new method for selecting flagship species. This method uncovered all traits that have been previously recommended for flagship species, as well as many traits specific to culture and personal experience. We also identified a dozen new traits that were previously not considered to be important for flagship species. Our new method is very promising as a tool for investigating preferences for wildlife among broad stakeholders, and for engaging and involving local people in wildlife conservation.

MRDV / Institute for Rural Development / See the attached abstract below

Two major goals of managers of Rubondo Island National Park (Rubondo), Tanzania are to increase the number of international visitors to the Park (and thereby increase revenue generated) and to increase support for the Park among residents of nearby communities. I investigated species preferences among children living around Rubondo and the wildlife viewing preferences of international visitors to Tanzania in an attempt to identify flagship species that Park management could use in marketing and outreach campaigns designed to meet their goals. I also assessed local interest in visiting the Park. As local flagships for Rubondo, the Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) and silver cyprinid (Rastrineobola argentea) appear to have the most potential among the species that I assessed (i.e., fish eagle [Haliaeetus vocifer], Egyptian goose, silver cyprinid, little egret [Egretta garzetta], sitatunga [Tragelaphus speki], genet [Genetta tigrina], monitor lizard [Varanus niloticus], spotted-necked otter [Lutra maculicollis], vervet monkey [Cercopithecus pygerythrus], crocodile [Crocodylus niloticus], hippopotamus [Hippopotamus amphibius], giraffe [Giraffa camelopardalis], and elephant [Loxodanta africana]). However, based on either range or limited aesthetic/behavioral appeal, I considered neither species useful as an international flagship. Among species on Rubondo included in investigations of potential international flagships for the Island (including the chimpanzee [Pan troglodytes], crocodile, elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, vervet monkey, bushbuck, fish eagle, large-spotted genet, goliath heron [Ardea goliath], monitor lizard, sitatunga, and spotted-necked otter), few were concluded to have potential, either because participating visitors had limited "awareness" of and "interest" in viewing the species, local people had strong negative opinions of the species, the animals are not native to the Island, and/or the animals are more easily viewed in more readily-accessible locations. Local people generally had not visited Rubondo but wanted to visit. Not having visited the Park appeared to influence perceptions of the Park, wildlife tourism, and conservation among some participants. Recommendations for local and international marketing and outreach strategies for Rubondo are made based on the outcomes of the aforementioned investigations of local and international species preferences and interest in visiting the Park.

Depuis les années 1990 et dans un contexte de forte concurrence interurbaine à l'échelle planétaire, il apparait une tendance à promouvoir la réalisation de grands projets culturels comme stratégie de marketing territorial dans plusieurs villes européennes. Cette recherche s'intéresse aux flagship projects, des grands équipements culturels qui ont été conçus a priori pour catalyser un processus de développement ou de régénération urbaine. Cette recherche vise à évaluer l'impact territorial de ces projets dans des villes appartenant à des rangs différents au sein du système de villes européen et dans des contextes territoriaux différents. L'hypothèse c'est que les flagship projects entraînent la transformation de l'imaginaire, le déclenchement et/ou le renforcement du processus de rénovation et de réhabilitation urbaine, l'accélération de la gentrification et l'attraction d'entreprises transnationales. La diffusion verticale par imitation au sein de la hiérarchie urbaine de ce type d'initiatives à caractère monumental fragilise leur prétendue unicité en les banalisant et en mettant en question leur viabilité. Une démarche comparative est développée afin d'analyser les études de cas de la Bibliothèque F. Mitterrand à Paris, la Cidade da Cultma de Galicia à Santiago de Compostela, la Casa da Mùsica à Porto et l'Operahuset à Oslo. Les résultats montrent la variation de l'impact territorial en fonction de leur intégration dans des projets urbains plus larges et de l'engagement de la population dans les activités de ces équipements culturels. Des alternatives urbanistiques et stratégiques proposées pour ces projets restent des objets de discussion pour les études urbaines. / In a context of interurban competence at the world level, there is a trend in European cities, since the 90's of promoting building large cultural projects as an urban marketing strategy. In this context, this study focuses on the analysis of flagship projects, i.e. large cultural facilities that have been conceived a priori to be the catalysers of urban (re)development and/or regeneration. This research seeks to evaluate the territorial impact of these projects at different levels of the European city-system and in different territorial contexts. The hypothesis is that flagship projects lead to transformations on imaginary, urban renewal and/or rehabilitation processes, gentrification acceleration and attraction of transnational companies. Diffusion of these type of monumental initiatives at the different levels of urban hierarchy implies a paradox due to the sought uniqueness of these projects and their banalization due to imitation, generating doubts about the viability of these initiatives. A comparative approach is applied for studying the cases of France National Library - Mitterrand in Paris, Galicia, Cidade da Cuttura in Santiago de Compostela, Casa da Mùsica in Oporto and Operahuset in Oslo. Results show that variations in the impact of these projects depend on their integration in larger urban projects and users engagement in the activities that these facilities offer. Urban planning alternatives and strategies proposed by these projects are still a discussion subject in Urban studies, so it is the continuity of these types of projects after the world economic crisis.

El presente trabajo plantea el desarrollo un proyecto de diseño de interiores para la primera tienda insignia de la marca Massimo Dutti en Perú. La propuesta se plantea en la Casa Prado y busca, a través del adecuado diseño de los espacios, otorgarle a los clientes experiencias adicionales a la compra- venta de productos. Por esta razón, se proponen nuevos espacios como un salón vip y un coffee bar, para establecer la fidelización de los clientes con la marca. Por otro lado, la adecuación de la fachada con nuevos espacios de exposición, las cápsulas con maniquíes y la pasarela cubierta por una tensionada proporcionan espacios no convencionales de exposición y que innovan en la industria. Por último, el proyecto apuesta por un diseño integral al proporcionar nuevos espacios de reunión, la revaloración de un edificio con valor histórico y la propuesta de una fachada verde. / This research work proposes the development of an interior design project for the first Massimo Dutti’s flagship store in Peru. The proposal is loacated in the Casa Prado and seeks, through the appropriate design of the spaces, to grant customers additional experiences in the sale of products. For this reason, new spaces such as a VIP lounge and a coffee bar, are proposed to establish customer loyalty with the brand. On the other hand, the adequacy of the façade with new exhibition spaces, the capsules with mannequins and the runway covered by a tensile estructure, provide unconventional spaces of exhibition, innovating in the industry. Finally, the project is committed to an integral design by providing new meeting spaces, the revalue of a historical building and the proposal of a green façade. / Tesis

As abelhas são extremamente importantes para a manutenção do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização e, dentre elas, as abelhas da tribo meliponini, merecem atenção pelo ferrão atrofiado e facilidade de manejo em áreas povoadas, além de sua capacidade de produzir mel. As abelhas sem ferrão são cultivadas há séculos por populações tradicionais, e essa atividade, chamada meliponicultura, vem ganhando adeptos no estado de São Paulo nos últimos anos. Utilizando um questionário aplicado a 280 meliponicultores buscamos caracterizar a atividade de meliponicultura no estado de São Paulo, visando colaborar com a regulamentação da atividade de meliponicultura e subsidiar medidas de conservação para as abelhas sem ferrão. Nossos resultados indicam que a meliponicultura passa por um processo de popularização recente, com muitos meliponicultores iniciantes e de alto nível de escolaridade, que tem como principal motivação a conservação das espécies e que praticam atitudes sustentáveis. Os principais problemas percebidos pelos meliponicultores são a utilização de agrotóxicos e os desmatamentos. A ausência de uma legislação estadual e as restrições impostas pela resolução federal CONAMA/346 impedem o desenvolvimento da atividade em uma maior escala, com potencial para a geração de emprego e renda, aliada a conservação das abelhas sem ferrão. Mudanças na legislação vigente, a utilização de instrumentos econômicos para a conservação das abelhas sem ferrão, a adoção de espécies regionais utilizadas como espécies bandeiras, bem como o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas a partir de colaborações entre pesquisadores, empresas e meliponicultores são importantes para o desenvolvimento da meliponicultura, que se demonstra uma atividade ampla, de múltiplos domínios e promotora da sustentabilidade / Bees are extremely important for the maintenance of the ecosystem service of pollination, among them the bees of the tribe meliponini deserve attention because of the atrophied sting and the honey producing capacity. The stingless bees have been cultivated for centuries by traditional populations and this activity called meliponiculture has been gaining adepts in the Brazilian state of São Paulo in recent years. Through a survey applied to 280 meliponists we did a characterization of the meliponiculture activity in the state of São Paulo, aiming to collaborate with the meliponiculture activity regulation and to subsidize conservation policies for the stingless bees. Our results indicate that meliponiculture goes through a recent popularization process, with many beginner meliponists with a high level of schooling, they have as main motivation the conservation of the meliponid species and that they practice sustainable attitudes. The main problems perceived by meliponists are the use of agrochemicals and deforestation. The lack of state-level regulation and the restrictions imposed by the federal resolution CONAMA/ 346 hinder the development of the activity on a larger scale, with potential for employment and income generation, associated with the conservation of stingless bees. Changes in the current regulation, the use of economic instruments for the conservation of stingless bees, the adoption of regional species used as flagship species, and the development of new techniques based on collaborations between researchers, companies and meliponists are important for the development of meliponiculture that demonstrates a broad activity, multiple domains and promoter of sustainability

I dag blir det allt mer viktigt för modeföretagen att sticka ut och komma med annorlunda erbjudanden för att kunna konkurrera med de andra modeföretagen som finns på marknaden. Konsumtionen har blivit en livsstil och vi skapar vår identitet och personlighet genom den. För människan är det viktigt att tillhöra en grupp, vilket bidrar till att det skapas en märkeshets, där till exempel skjortmärket talar om för andra vilka vi är och vad vi står för.Då konkurrensen har ökat är det viktigare för företagen att jobba med långsiktiga kundrelationeroch aktivt jobba med att locka till sig nya kunder, samt behålla dem. I dag är det större konkurrens om kunderna, därför blir erbjudande företagen förmedlar allt viktigare. Lägger företaget ner tid på att få fram ett bra erbjudande och differentierar sig blir kommunikationen till kunden tydligare vilket i sin tur leder till att företaget får tillfredsställda kunder och högre omsättning. Ett företag måste kunna erbjuda något mer än enbart den fysiska produkten för att höja värdet hos kunden.Vårt huvudproblem och delproblem i uppsatsen är:- Vilka betydelsefulla delar bör ingå i GANT´s erbjudande till konsumenten för att åstadkomma positiva attityder och beteenden?- På vilket sätt kommunicerar GANT sitt erbjudande för att nå fram till konsumenten?Syftet med vår uppsats är att undersöka, diskutera och analysera vilka beståndsdelar som ska ingå i erbjudandet som riktar sig till GANT konsumenten. Syftet är även att ta reda på hur GANT kommunicerar sitt erbjudande till konsumenterna.Under uppsatsens gång kommer vi att tillämpa teorierna; kundnärhetens nycklar, marknadsmixenoch kommunikationsprocessen. Vi kommer även använda oss av storytelling samt begreppenattityder och beteenden. För att kunna ge svar på vår problemformulering har vi utfört enwebbenkätundersökning, en påstana intervju samt två personliga intervjuer med personer inomföretaget GANT.Vi kommer att avgränsa oss till klädkedjan GANT och till deras dam och herrsortiment. I vår webbenkätundersökning och påstana kommer vi att avgränsa oss till kvinnor och män som någon gång har handlat på GANT.Vi har fått fram att de viktigaste delarna i GANT´s erbjudande som genererar positiva attityder och beteenden är; kvalitet, design och service samt att kunderna är villiga att betala lite mer för att få en bra produkt. Genom våra personliga intervjuer har vi förstått att GANT jobbar med en hög kundnärhet och service samt att de använder sig av traditionell marknadsföring. / Program: Butikschef, textil och mode

As abelhas são extremamente importantes para a manutenção do serviço ecossistêmico de polinização e, dentre elas, as abelhas da tribo meliponini, merecem atenção pelo ferrão atrofiado e facilidade de manejo em áreas povoadas, além de sua capacidade de produzir mel. As abelhas sem ferrão são cultivadas há séculos por populações tradicionais, e essa atividade, chamada meliponicultura, vem ganhando adeptos no estado de São Paulo nos últimos anos. Utilizando um questionário aplicado a 280 meliponicultores buscamos caracterizar a atividade de meliponicultura no estado de São Paulo, visando colaborar com a regulamentação da atividade de meliponicultura e subsidiar medidas de conservação para as abelhas sem ferrão. Nossos resultados indicam que a meliponicultura passa por um processo de popularização recente, com muitos meliponicultores iniciantes e de alto nível de escolaridade, que tem como principal motivação a conservação das espécies e que praticam atitudes sustentáveis. Os principais problemas percebidos pelos meliponicultores são a utilização de agrotóxicos e os desmatamentos. A ausência de uma legislação estadual e as restrições impostas pela resolução federal CONAMA/346 impedem o desenvolvimento da atividade em uma maior escala, com potencial para a geração de emprego e renda, aliada a conservação das abelhas sem ferrão. Mudanças na legislação vigente, a utilização de instrumentos econômicos para a conservação das abelhas sem ferrão, a adoção de espécies regionais utilizadas como espécies bandeiras, bem como o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas a partir de colaborações entre pesquisadores, empresas e meliponicultores são importantes para o desenvolvimento da meliponicultura, que se demonstra uma atividade ampla, de múltiplos domínios e promotora da sustentabilidade / Bees are extremely important for the maintenance of the ecosystem service of pollination, among them the bees of the tribe meliponini deserve attention because of the atrophied sting and the honey producing capacity. The stingless bees have been cultivated for centuries by traditional populations and this activity called meliponiculture has been gaining adepts in the Brazilian state of São Paulo in recent years. Through a survey applied to 280 meliponists we did a characterization of the meliponiculture activity in the state of São Paulo, aiming to collaborate with the meliponiculture activity regulation and to subsidize conservation policies for the stingless bees. Our results indicate that meliponiculture goes through a recent popularization process, with many beginner meliponists with a high level of schooling, they have as main motivation the conservation of the meliponid species and that they practice sustainable attitudes. The main problems perceived by meliponists are the use of agrochemicals and deforestation. The lack of state-level regulation and the restrictions imposed by the federal resolution CONAMA/ 346 hinder the development of the activity on a larger scale, with potential for employment and income generation, associated with the conservation of stingless bees. Changes in the current regulation, the use of economic instruments for the conservation of stingless bees, the adoption of regional species used as flagship species, and the development of new techniques based on collaborations between researchers, companies and meliponists are important for the development of meliponiculture that demonstrates a broad activity, multiple domains and promoter of sustainability