The viscous properties of oat beta-glucan in the gut are influenced not only by beta-glucan content, but also solubility and molecular weight. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of oat processing, genotype and growing location on the physicochemical properties of beta-glucan. Five oat genotypes (HiFi, Leggett, CDC Dancer, Marion and CDC Morrison) grown in two locations (Saskatoon and Kernen) were dehulled (untreated) and processed in a pilot facility through kilning (kilned/not flaked) and subsequent steaming and flaking (kilned/flaked). Three oat genotypes (HiFi, Leggett and Furlong) went through a commercial processing including dehulling, kilning and steaming and flaking. Both pilot and commercial scale processing, genotype and growing environment had significant effects on viscosity, molecular weight and solubility of beta-glucan. Results indicate that there is potential for processors to improve the physicochemical/nutritional properties of oat end products through processing of specific oat genotypes from selected growing locations.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / James S. Drouillard / Three studies evaluated effects of high-amylase corn (Enogen® Feed Corn, EFC) on ruminal digestive characteristics using different processing methods; a 4th study evaluated performance of finishing cattle fed steam-flaked EFC. In study 1, mill-run corn (CON) and EFC were ground through 9-, 6-, or 4 -mm screens, blended to contain 0, 33.3, 66.7, or 100% EFC, and heated to 50, 75, or 100⁰C (plus a non-heated control). No 2- or 3-way interactions occurred (P > 0.05). Increasing EFC in blends linearly improved in situ dry matter disappearance (ISDMD; P < 0.01) and in vitro gas production (IVGP; P = 0.02). Study 2 used blends of EFC and CON containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% EFC, which were reconstituted to 27, 30, or 33% moisture, and ensiled. High-amylase corn did not affect ISDMD (P = 0.19) but IVGP increased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to greater amounts of EFC. Acetate:propionate ratio and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by in vitro fermentation improved linearly by increasing EFC (P < 0.02). Study 3 used the same blends of EFC and CON as study 2. Grains were tempered with 0, 3, or 6% moisture, steam conditioned 15, 30, or 45 min, and flaked. No 2- or 3-way interactions occurred. Starch availability, ISDMD, IVGP, and in vitro production of acetate, propionate, and total VFA increased linearly (P < 0.01) with greater flaked EFC in blends. Study 4 fed finishing diets consisting of steam-flaked CON, or EFC, for 136 d to 700 crossbred beef heifers (394 ± 8.5 kg initial BW). Compared to CON, cattle fed EFC had similar DMI (P = 0.78) but had greater ADG (P < 0.01) and a 5% improvement in feed efficiency (P < 0.01). Carcass weight was 6 kg greater for EFC cattle (P < 0.01), which also had 8% fewer liver abscesses (P = 0.03) than CON. Marbling score was greater in CON cattle (P = 0.04) than EFC; no differences in USDA Quality Grade (P = 0.33), Yield Grade (P = 0.13), LM area (P = 0.89), or 12th-rib fat thickness (P = 0.21) were evident. Improvements in digestion associated with EFC are likely confined to that component of grain mixtures due to a lack of quadratic effects. Improvements in feed efficiency, carcass weight, and potential liver abscess mitigation may be of advantageous use for producers.

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / Very rapid growth in the ethanol industry has led to a void of information regarding price dynamics and utilization of distiller's grains. Understanding market conditions is essential for livestock producers to make informed decisions in the procurement of feedstuffs, especially as grain price levels have recently increased substantially. In this study, distiller's grain price discovery dynamics are evaluated to develop an understanding of spatial price relationships. The knowledge of price relationships reveals that users of distiller's grain should shop around when procuring the feedstuff. Additionally, because animal performance may be altered with increased inclusion of distiller's grains, regional competitive advantages could shift fed cattle production to geographic regions characterized by high of ethanol production plants. Therefore, the cost of current grain processing methods are evaluated to enhance the awareness of regional competitiveness and long term sustainability. The combination of these two objectives allows producers to better realize the implications of the ethanol industry on their ability to maintain their operations into the near future.

Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar o efeito do processamento do milho sobre o processo de seleção de dieta em bovinos através de um ensaio delineado em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se doze vacas Holandesas secas, não gestantes e portadoras de cânulas ruminais. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois períodos de 20 dias cada e contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tipos de processamentos do milho disponíveis para o animal manifestar suas preferências, sendo: A) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído grosso, B) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído fino e C) cana-de-açúcar e milho floculado. Uréia foi utilizada em todos os tratamentos junto com a cana-de-açúcar a fim de se fixar um nível de proteína bruta (10% PB) nas dietas experimentais para que a seleção de dieta dos animais para ingestão de energia não fosse influenciada pela proteína. A avaliação do processo de escolha foi feita através da comparação da composição química das dietas selecionadas pelos animais nos diferentes tratamentos e dos parâmetros do conteúdo ruminal de cada animal (pH, ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal) colhidos diariamente. Os animais do tratamento C ingeriram 45,08% e 42,08% menos concentrado, 24,52% e 22,58% menos matéria seca (MS) total, 29,83% e 27,59% menos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em kg, 9,29% e 8,62% menos NDT em porcentagem e 45,7% e 47,19% mais fibra em detergente neutro em porcentagem do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Já o consumo de MS degradável em kg e amido degradável em kg e em porcentagem não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Isto sugere que o processamento do milho influenciou a seleção de dieta, provavelmente pela energia disponível no grão e que os animais foram capazes de reconhecer diferenças na degradabilidade dos milhos que não são determinadas pelas análises bromatológicas comumente feitas. Quanto ao parâmetros ruminais, não foi possível observar diferenças entre o pH e a concentração de AGVs totais, acetato, butirato e N-NH3 no fluido ruminal dos animais estudados nos diferentes tratamentos. Estes achados podem estar seguindo a hipótese de alguns estudos que afirmam que os animais, através de escolhas não aleatórias de dietas, objetivam a manutenção de seu ambiente ruminal ótimo, corrigindo desbalanços e minimizando seu desconforto. Em contrapartida, os animais do tratamento C apresentaram 12,00% e 21,79% menor concentração de propionato em seu fluido ruminal do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Esta característica pode ter sido provocada pela menor disponibilidade de substrato para fermentação que por sua vez foi causada pela menor ingestão de milho floculado pelos animais do tratamento C. / The effect of corn, processed by three different ways, on ability of food selection by ruminants was studied in a randomized block design with 12 fistulated dry cows. The trial was conducted in two periods (8 animals/treatment) of 20 days each one. Treatments allowed selection of different processed corn grain by the animals: A) sugar cane and coarsely ground corn grain, B) sugar cane and finely ground corn grain, and C) sugar cane and steam-flaked corn grain. Urea was used with sugar cane in all treatments in the same proportion, ensuring 10% of crude protein in this ingredient. All ingredients had the same crude protein level (10%) to avoid nitrogen (N) influence over the selection process. The evaluation of selection process was done through comparison among chemical composition (total digestible nutrients, neutral-detergent fiber) of selected diet by the animals in different treatments and through cows’ ruminal patterns (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia N). Intake of corn by cows in C group was 45.08 and 42.08% lower than that ones in A and B groups, respectively. This causes 24.52 and 22.58% lower total dry matter intake (DMI), 29.83 and 27.59% lower TDN (kg) intake, 9.29 and 8.62 lower TDN (%) intake and 45.70 and 47.19% higher NDF intake by cows on C group than A and B, respectively. However, degradable dry matter intake (kg) and degradable starch (kg and %) did not differ among treatments. These data suggest that corn processing influenced diet selection process, probably due to different energy content and availability in processed grains used in this trial, and the animals were able to recognize differences among corn degradabilities, which are not determined by usual chemical analyses. Total VFAs, acetate and butirate concentration, pH and ammonia N did not differ among treatments, which indicates that animals do make wisely choices with the objective to keep an ideal ruminal environment. However, differences in propionate concentration and acetate: propionate ratio were observed, probably by lower intake of steam-flaked corn in C group.

Foi objetivo do presente estudo avaliar o efeito do processamento do milho sobre o processo de seleção de dieta em bovinos através de um ensaio delineado em blocos casualizados, utilizando-se doze vacas Holandesas secas, não gestantes e portadoras de cânulas ruminais. O ensaio foi conduzido em dois períodos de 20 dias cada e contou com três tratamentos correspondentes aos diferentes tipos de processamentos do milho disponíveis para o animal manifestar suas preferências, sendo: A) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído grosso, B) cana-de-açúcar e milho moído fino e C) cana-de-açúcar e milho floculado. Uréia foi utilizada em todos os tratamentos junto com a cana-de-açúcar a fim de se fixar um nível de proteína bruta (10% PB) nas dietas experimentais para que a seleção de dieta dos animais para ingestão de energia não fosse influenciada pela proteína. A avaliação do processo de escolha foi feita através da comparação da composição química das dietas selecionadas pelos animais nos diferentes tratamentos e dos parâmetros do conteúdo ruminal de cada animal (pH, ácidos graxos voláteis e nitrogênio amoniacal) colhidos diariamente. Os animais do tratamento C ingeriram 45,08% e 42,08% menos concentrado, 24,52% e 22,58% menos matéria seca (MS) total, 29,83% e 27,59% menos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em kg, 9,29% e 8,62% menos NDT em porcentagem e 45,7% e 47,19% mais fibra em detergente neutro em porcentagem do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Já o consumo de MS degradável em kg e amido degradável em kg e em porcentagem não diferiu entre os tratamentos. Isto sugere que o processamento do milho influenciou a seleção de dieta, provavelmente pela energia disponível no grão e que os animais foram capazes de reconhecer diferenças na degradabilidade dos milhos que não são determinadas pelas análises bromatológicas comumente feitas. Quanto ao parâmetros ruminais, não foi possível observar diferenças entre o pH e a concentração de AGVs totais, acetato, butirato e N-NH3 no fluido ruminal dos animais estudados nos diferentes tratamentos. Estes achados podem estar seguindo a hipótese de alguns estudos que afirmam que os animais, através de escolhas não aleatórias de dietas, objetivam a manutenção de seu ambiente ruminal ótimo, corrigindo desbalanços e minimizando seu desconforto. Em contrapartida, os animais do tratamento C apresentaram 12,00% e 21,79% menor concentração de propionato em seu fluido ruminal do que os animais dos tratamentos A e B, respectivamente. Esta característica pode ter sido provocada pela menor disponibilidade de substrato para fermentação que por sua vez foi causada pela menor ingestão de milho floculado pelos animais do tratamento C. / The effect of corn, processed by three different ways, on ability of food selection by ruminants was studied in a randomized block design with 12 fistulated dry cows. The trial was conducted in two periods (8 animals/treatment) of 20 days each one. Treatments allowed selection of different processed corn grain by the animals: A) sugar cane and coarsely ground corn grain, B) sugar cane and finely ground corn grain, and C) sugar cane and steam-flaked corn grain. Urea was used with sugar cane in all treatments in the same proportion, ensuring 10% of crude protein in this ingredient. All ingredients had the same crude protein level (10%) to avoid nitrogen (N) influence over the selection process. The evaluation of selection process was done through comparison among chemical composition (total digestible nutrients, neutral-detergent fiber) of selected diet by the animals in different treatments and through cows’ ruminal patterns (pH, volatile fatty acids, ammonia N). Intake of corn by cows in C group was 45.08 and 42.08% lower than that ones in A and B groups, respectively. This causes 24.52 and 22.58% lower total dry matter intake (DMI), 29.83 and 27.59% lower TDN (kg) intake, 9.29 and 8.62 lower TDN (%) intake and 45.70 and 47.19% higher NDF intake by cows on C group than A and B, respectively. However, degradable dry matter intake (kg) and degradable starch (kg and %) did not differ among treatments. These data suggest that corn processing influenced diet selection process, probably due to different energy content and availability in processed grains used in this trial, and the animals were able to recognize differences among corn degradabilities, which are not determined by usual chemical analyses. Total VFAs, acetate and butirate concentration, pH and ammonia N did not differ among treatments, which indicates that animals do make wisely choices with the objective to keep an ideal ruminal environment. However, differences in propionate concentration and acetate: propionate ratio were observed, probably by lower intake of steam-flaked corn in C group.

The research describes possible reasons why the flaking tendency during cold rolling can vary between different austenitic stainless steels. The flaking phenomenon was observed after a rolling process in Granlund Tools AB’s roll reducing mill “KOR-8”. A literature review was conducted with the purpose of finding a connection between rolling process, austenitic stainless steels and flaking. The laboratory work aimed at revealing possible differences between the flaked material and materials that is known to be cold rolled with high surface finish in the particular machine. In order to come to a conclusion regarding the flaking appearance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers hardness test and light optical microscopy (LOM) were performed. The literature review along with the laboratory results made it possible to determine the two major factors affecting the flaking behavior. Two independent analyses revealed what came to be the most important discovery in this study. LOM showed the appearance of a thick oxide scale on the surface of the flaked steel which was further confirmed by SEM-Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy that indicated the existence of oxides on the steel’s surface. These observations along with the knowledge that oxide scales grow only during high-temperature processing led to the conclusion that the steel is not appropriate for the cold rolling process due to the earlier steel manufacturing.

The study of flaked mammoth bone tools from the Late Pleistocene is a topic that has inspired great interest in the archaeological community for the last 40 years. The interpretation of evidence of culturally modified mammoth bone tools has varied widely across both time and space. At different times and in different places, flaked bone toolmaking has been interpreted across the geographic expanse of the North American continent, from Beringia to central Mexico, and through a vast timeframe, from 120,000 years ago, until as recently as 10,000 years ago. The study of these purported flaked bone tool assemblages has taken many forms, and has involved efforts to understand broken mammoth bone assemblages by drawing analogies to stone toolmaking strategies, by understanding the multitude of taphonomic processes that affect archaeological bone assemblages, and by attempting to differentiate the effects of natural and cultural processes. This thesis reports on a series of experiments designed to lend new actualistic evidence to the debate surrounding flaked bone toolmaking. These experiments include investigations into the effect of different environmental conditions on the degradation of bones, the flaking characteristics of both fresh and frozen bones, and the effect of rockfall as a taphonomic process on bones exposed to different real-world environments. These experiments, paired with a body of previous research, provide a basis in actualistic and taphonomic research that allows for the reassessment of archaeological and paleontological broken mammoth bone assemblages. This thesis includes the reassessment and detailed taphonomic analysis of four mammoth bone assemblages relevant to understanding cultural bone modification and the effect of non-cultural taphonomic processes. New interpretations of zooarchaeological assemblages from Lange/Ferguson (South Dakota, USA), Owl Cave (Idaho, USA), Inglewood (Maryland, USA), and Kent’s Cavern (Devon, UK) reveal new data that revise the understanding of the nature of these assemblages, and the effect of both natural and cultural bone fracturing agencies.

Les premières manifestations du Paléolithique moyen apparaissent en mosaïque en Europe au cours du Pléistocène moyen final. Elles sont associées à l’apparition de concepts de taille dits standardisés et à la disparition progressive du façonnage bifacial. Les industries sont ainsi rattachées à l’Acheuléen final ou au Paléolithique moyen ancien, selon les proportions de bifaces et du débitage Levallois. Notre étude se concentre sur deux zones géographiques du Sud de la France, toutes deux riches silex. Dans le Sud-Est, plusieurs niveaux du site d’Orgnac 3 ont été étudiés (MIS 9-8). Ces séries nous permettent d’appréhender la transition Paléolithique inférieur-moyen dans un contexte invariant. A l’inverse, dans le Sud-Ouest, un niveau a été sélectionné au sein de plusieurs sites des MIS 10 à 6, permettant d’appréhender les marges anciennes et récentes de la période en faisant varier le type d’occupation (grotte ou plein-air). Les niveaux étudiés sont la couche L2/3 de la Micoque (MIS 10), le niv. 2 de Petit-Bost (MIS 9/8), la 7 du Pech de l’Azé II (MIS 7/6) et le niv. VIIa de Combe Brune 2 (MIS 7/6). L’application d’une méthode technologique et techno-morpho-fonctionnelle nous a permis de faire ressortir les caractéristiques des séries. Plusieurs concepts de débitage (Levallois, S.S.D.A., Quina, Discoïde etc.) ou de façonnage (bifacial, galets aménagés) ont été identifiés. Les modalités d’émergence du débitage Levallois à l’échelle du Sud de la France sont ainsi discutées. En outre, la ramification des chaînes opératoires et les matrices combinées (bifaciales, trifaciales ou pièces à encoches), apparaissent comme caractéristiques de ces séries du Paléolithique moyen ancien. / The first evidence of Middle Palaeolithic behaviour occurred in a mosaic pattern during the late Middle Pleistocene in Europe. They are traditionally associated with the emergence of standardised flaking concepts and the disappearance of bifacial shaping. Lithic assemblages are attributed to the final Acheuean or early Middle Palaeolithic depending on the proportion of bifaces and Levallois concept. Our study focuses on two geographical areas in Southern France, both rich in flint deposits. In Southeastern France, several layers from Orgnac 3 were studied (MIS9-8). Those lithic assemblages permit us to perceive the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition in a same context. At the contrary, single layers from several sites were selected in Southwestern France between MIS 10 and 6. This selection allows us to consider ancient and recent margins from the transitional period, considering open-air sites and cave occupations. Layers studied are the L2/3 from la Micoque (MIS 10), layer 2 from Petit-Bost (MIS 9/8), layer7 from the Pech de l’Azé II (MIS 7/6) and the layer VIIa from Combe Brune 2 (MIS 7/6). The use of a technological and techno-morpho-functional approach cleared the main characteristic of these sites. Several flaking (Levallois, S.S.D.A., Quina, Discoïd etc.) and shaping concepts (bifaces, pebble tools) have been identified. On the basis of these data, the modalities of emergence of the Levallois concept in Southern France are discussed. Besides this concept, the presence of algorithmic methods, the ramification of reduction processes and the combined matrices (bifacial, trifacial and notches) appear as main characters of these early Middle Palaeolithic series.

<p> Inland degradational trends of coastal dolomite pavements (on the Amabel formation near Tobermory Ontario Map 1) were examined in three wave energy settings: passive, intermediate, and active shores. </p> <p>Six pavement property trends were examined to determine the effect of low fetch lengths (7-10 km - Ford 83) and long shallow wave approach (Map 1) on the break-up of passive coastal pavements (south-west Bear's Rump Island): vegetation cover , grike dimensions, fracturing, pitting, shattering and flaking, and soil and rubble depths. </p> <p> Detailed analysis of small scale surface solution features, "karren", was undertaken at five 1 m sample grids on the intermediate average fetch 70-90 km -Grosset 85) Cyprus Lake provincial park pavements. </p> <p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)