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This thesis examines two French Catholic phenomenologists whose work engages in a serious manner with embodiment and theological phenomena. Michel Henry (1922-2002) and Emmanuel Falque (b. 1963) are both connected with the “theological turn” in French phenomenology. By using the tools of phenomenology, these thinkers take aim at the general phenomena of flesh and body and the religious phenomena of incarnation and resurrection. In this thesis I seek to uncover how their philosophical foundations inform their theological work, how they articulate a phenomenology of the body and the flesh in relation to incarnation and resurrection, and which thinker might provide a better account of these. I begin by providing a succinct overview of phenomenology—as articulated by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger—paying attention to the phenomenological distinction between flesh (Leib) and body (Körper) that is vital to Henry’s and Falque’s analysis of incarnation and resurrection. I then lay out Dominique Janicaud’s critical labelling of the “theological turn” in French phenomenology in 1991, as well as responses by those who continue to knowingly operate under that label. I then critically examine the work of Henry and Falque, first by laying out their philosophical approach and method, and then by working through each of their theological trilogies, showing how the former influences the latter. My analysis reveals that both Henry and Falque have a similar understanding of a phenomenology of resurrection, in that it is a move from body to flesh. What my analysis also shows is that although Falque is critical of Henry’s position on the incarnation for neglecting materiality and completely understanding the human being as flesh, Falque’s critical response to it ironically mirrors it: by turning to material forces and drives to better describe the body in his recent work, Falque recapitulates Henry’s understanding of flesh. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The biogenic amines serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA), and octopamine (OA) have been indicated in the regulation of behaviors, including aggression. The flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, was used to investigate ontogenetic and circadian changes in amines and aggression. Heads of male flies were analyzed for amine content using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) at 3 time points on each of 4 consecutive days in 2 light cycles, 12:12 LD and 15:9 LD. Both DA and OA levels decreased with age. Light-cycle dependent differences were observed for all amines in overall levels and patterns of change throughout the day. A behavioral assay quantified interactive and aggressive behaviors at three time points in the light period for 2 age groups. The daily changes in behavioral profiles differed dependent on age. Correlations from these data can be made between changes in amine levels and time of day, photoperiod, age, and aggressive state.

Territoriality in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was studied in the laboratory. In rectangular enclosures, male flies exhibited a lower tolerance (occupation of the same physical space) of same-sex conspecifics than did female flies. In circular arenas, male flies showed significantly higher levels of spatial separation among themselves (as determined from nearest neighbor analyses) than did females: males were distributed uniformly whereas females were nearly random. The male spatial behavior occurred during the photophase but not the scotophase of light-dark cycles, suggesting that visual cues are required for maintenance of inter-individual spacing. No significant differences in male spacing behavior occurred between subjective day and subjective night in either constant dark or constant light conditions, suggesting that spatial patterning is not driven by a circadian rhythm.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is compare the production efficiency of special types of feed for African catfish in experimental conditions in a recirculating system with biological treatment of water. It was tested four different types of floating feed, differing in the proportion of main components, the chemical composition and determining - for catfish (CatCo GROWER - 12 EF, CatCo SELECT - 13 EF and CatCo GROWER - 13 EF), respectively salmonid fish species (Dibaq Trout Evolution). The primary outcome indicators was the growth rate, individual weight (and it's variability), feed conversion ratio, the cost of feed consumed per unit of growth and product quality, evaluated according the average dress-out percentage of skinless fillets, organoleptic assessment and chemical composition of flesh.

However reluctant he may be about providing details, Karl Barth dares to affirm the coming resurrection, even in the strong corporeal sense of the Apostles Creed, “I believe in . . . the resurrection of the flesh.” At the heart of Barth’s creative approach is an equation between revelation and resurrection. Indeed, everything said about the human addressed now in revelation is to be said about the human at the coming resurrection, including the remarkable fact that resurrection raises the “flesh” (inasmuch as God has revealed Himself to those “in the flesh”). Barth’s early training inculcated in him dialectical themes that would emerge throughout his career. His early work is dominated by a sense of encounter with the present but transcendent God, an encounter described in terms of the raising of the dead. Human existence is sublated – “dissolved and established” – unto a higher order in God. Yet even after Barth abandons the resurrection of the dead as his preferred theological axiom, he portrays eschatology proper in terms of the human sublated in the divine presence. Therefore, in Church Dogmatics he expresses the doctrine of the resurrection of the flesh in three primary ways: eternalization, manifestation and incorporation. The human, delimited as he or she is by death, is made durable in God, obtaining the gift of eternalization. The human, ambiguous in the creaturely mode of earthly life, has one’s true identity revealed with Christ at His return, and obtains the gift of manifestation with the divine. The human, isolated as he or she is in one’s autonomy, is incorporated into the body of Christ by His Spirit, obtaining the gift of communion. In each of these expressions of resurrection Barth desires to preserve fleshliness. His account, however, entails a certain loss of temporality, creatureliness and particularity of the human when it comes to the final state. Instead of being resurrected from the dead in the strong corporeal sense, human bodies appear to be memorialized, deified, recapitulated. Though written with the language of the Antiochene and Reformed schools, Barth’s position enjoys the same strengths and suffers the same weaknesses of a more Alexandrian or Lutheran theological trajectory. Like each of the traditional lines of Christian thought about the resurrection of the flesh, Barth gravitates toward an eschatology centered around the human’s vision of God in the heavenly life. To this extent Barth’s creative treatment of the resurrection of the dead can be understood as broadly Christian, even if he risks undermining the very flesh he hopes to save.

In the present study, muscle growth and flesh quality have been investigated from both commercially farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) (Aga marine AS, Norway)and halibut obtained from small-scale trials at Mørkvedbukta Research Station (Bodø University College, Norway). Morphometric techniques have been utilized to investigate fast muscle growth in halibut ranging from circa 2 g to 100 kg, and it was established that fast muscle fibre recruitment ceases when the fish attain approximately 81 and 177 cm, in the case of males and females, respectively. Different muscle fibre types were distinguished using histochemical (myosin ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase) and immunohistochemical (S-58, an antibody against slow muscle myosin) staining techniques. Females recruit twice as many fast muscle fibres compared to males, which allows them to reach a larger final size. Furthermore, the seasonal growth patterns during a one year production cycle in commercial farmed halibut revealed a winter depression in growth leading to loss of biomass, which was attributed to the maturation of males. Commercial farmed fish of equal size (~1.5 kg) showed sexual dimorphism of fast muscle fibre number, caused by a significantly higher rate of fast muscle fibre recruitment in females. During the winter season fast muscle fibres shrunk significantly, especially in male fish, as a consequence of loss of appetite, low water temperatures and sexual maturation. None of the female fish matured during the trial. Flesh quality of halibut deteriorated during winter and spring, since it had a softer appearance and significantly lower myotomal protein content, particularly in males. Cathepsin activity was measured using spectroscopy and showed a strong negative correlation to protein content, displaying a seasonal variation. The proteolytic depletion of fast muscle proteins affected the water holding capacity of the muscle (determined by centrifugation), which showed concomitant changes with the increase in cathepsin activity and drop in protein content. Despite the soft appearance, the firmness (shear force) of the flesh increased during the winter. The hydroxylysyl pyridinoline cross-link content of the collagen matrix, determined by HPLC, showed a strong correlation to the fillet texture. The increased firmness during the winter, a period of little (female) or negative growth (males), was probably due to an increased cross-linking of the collagen compartment. Partial sequences of IGF-I and IGF-II were cloned from fast muscle of Atlantic halibut, and their relative gene expression levels were determined along with those of cathepsin B, cathepsin D and IGF-IRa in male halibut using qPCR during a fasting and refeeding trial. Transcript levels of cathepsin B and to some extent cathepsin D were significantly higher during fasting than refeeding, suggesting an increased enzyme production during periods of food deprivation. A temporary increase in IGF-I transcripts was observed after 7 days refeeding suggesting that this growth factor is involved in muscle growth control. Both IGF- IRa and IGF-II were down-regulated during refeeding.

La Vie grecque d’Adam et Eve (VGAE) a été classée parmi les apocryphes de l’Ancien Testament et serait un texte composé entre le Ier siècle avant notre ère et le Ier siècle de notre ère, à partir des traditions judéo-hellénistiques. Attesté par vingt-sept manuscrits grecs, cet ouvrage présente l’histoire d’Adam et Eve avant et après leur expulsion du Paradis. Ces manuscrits font partie d’un ensemble plus vaste, la Vie d’Adam et Eve (VAE), connu par huit versions différentes (en grec, latin, géorgien, arménien, slave, roumain, copte, arabe).La problématique de notre thèse consiste à analyser la représentation de la femme et l‘invention de la notion du "péché de la chair " ; d’une part, conformément à l’étude des manuscrits de la VGAE et, d’autre part, à partir d’une comparaison de la VGAE avec les restantes versions de la VAE et avec d‘autres sources témoignant d’une perspective similaire.Premièrement, nous nous consacrons à la polémique autour du milieu d’origine et de la datation de la VGAE, avec une exposition de l’état de la question (selon trois thèses : l’origine juive, l’origine chrétienne et la « position prudente »). A l’intérieur de cette discussion, nous incorporons une deuxième polémique, concernant la priorité de la version grecque dans l’ensemble de la VAE.Deuxièmement, nous abordons la représentation de la femme, à partir de la considération conjointe de l’innocence et la culpabilité d’Eve dans la VGAE. En incluant ces représentations dans le contexte des sources du Second Temple, nous assignons une compréhension plus complexe et hétérogène de la VGAE.Troisièmement, nous considérons l‘invention de la notion du "péché de la chair ". Cette notion propre à la VGAE, introduit un type de transgression sexuelle rattachée à Eve. Nous recherchons les sources de ce type de transgression pour élucider ensuite son rapport avec d’autres péchés liés également à Eve dans la VGAE. / The Greek Life of Adam and Eve (VGAE) has been classified among the Apocrypha of the Old Testament and would be a text composed between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, from some traditions belonging to the Hellenistic Judaism. Attested by twenty-seven Greek manuscripts, this book presents the story of Adam and Eve before and after their expulsion from Paradise. These manuscripts are a part of a larger whole, the Life of Adam and Eve (LAE), acknowledged by eight different versions (Greek, Latin, Georgian, Armenian, Slavonic, Romanian, Coptic and Arabic).Our dissertation analyzes the representation of the woman and the invention of the notion of "sin of flesh"; on one hand, according to the study of the manuscripts of the GLAE and, on the other hand, from a comparison of the GLAE with the remaining versions of the LAE and with other sources showing a similar perspective.First, we dedicate to the polemic regarding the origin’s milieu and dating of the GLAE, with an exposition of the actual research (according to three theses: Jewish origin, Christian origin, and the "prudent position"). Within this discussion, we incorporate a second controversy, concerning the priority of the Greek version inside the LAE.Second, we concentrate on the representation of the woman, from the cohesive consideration of the innocence and the guilt of Eve in the GLAE. By including these representations in the context of the sources of the Second Temple, we assign a more complex and heterogeneous understanding to the GLAE.Third, we consider the invention of the notion of "sin of flesh". This concept specific to the GLAE, introduced a type of sexual transgression attached to Eve. We look for the sources of this type of transgression to elucidate then its relation with other sins also associated with Eve in the GLAE.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T16:32:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Andrade da Silva.pdf: 390078 bytes, checksum: c2381631004f76239866e7fbd989d9a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T16:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Victor Andrade da Silva.pdf: 390078 bytes, checksum: c2381631004f76239866e7fbd989d9a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Stocking density is recognized as a critical factor in aquaculture, since high densities represent a potential source of chronic stress. This study investigated the effects of a chronic stressor, such as high stocking densities, on growth, physiological responses, and flesh quality of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) tested for a period of 42 days. The trial was conducted in a recirculating aquaculture system equipped with tanks of 70 L tanks. Cobia of 46.32 ± 0.22 g (mean ± SEM) were randomly distributed into three stocking densities (3.30 ± 0.02; 6.67 ± 0.03; 13.15 ± 0.16 g L-1), and three replicates. Treatment groups were nominally assigned as low density (LD; 5 fish/tank), medium density (MD; 10 fish/tank), and high density (HD; 20 fish/tank), respectively. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, osmolality and lactate were not affected by density levels, and values were according with those reported as basal for juvenile cobia. However, growth rate were influenced by density levels, in which weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the LD group. Drip loss did not differ among density groups. However, stocking density influenced the onset and development of rigor mortis. Our findings indicated that rearing juvenile cobia at the high densities negatively affected growth rate and flesh quality. Results suggest that juvenile cobia reared at the high densities were able to counteract stress. However, energy from the diet and/or body reserves was diverted from growth as a response to the elevated metabolic demand caused by stress. In this regard, juvenile cobia should be maintained at a final biomass up to approximately 15 kg m-3 to ensure a maximal growth rate and an improved final product quality. To our knowledge, this is the first report assessing the influence of a chronic stressor on both physiological responses and flesh quality parameters in cobia. This may provide information to the advancement of cobia aquaculture, leading to improvements in fish welfare, final product quality and increased productivity. / A densidade de estocagem é amplamente reconhecida como um fator crítico em aquicultura, uma vez que altas densidades representam uma potencial fonte de estresse crônico. Este estudo avaliou a resposta fisiológica, desempenho zootécnico e qualidade de filé de juvenis de beijupirá (Rachycentron canadum) submetidos a um estressor crônico, como altas densidades, visando à definição de condições de criação que levem à melhoria do bem estar animal e ao incremento da produtividade e qualidade do produto final. Os peixes foram testados por um período de 42 dias, em que juvenis de 46,32 ± 0,22 g (média ± erro padrão) foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em três densidades (3,30 ± 0,02; 6,67 ± 0,03; 13,15 ± 0,16 g L-1), e em três repetições. Os tratamentos foram designados como baixa densidade (LD; 5 peixe/tanque), densidade média (MD; 10 peixe/tanque), e alta densidade (HD; 20 peixes/tanque), respectivamente. As concentrações de cortisol e lactato e a osmolalidade do plasma sanguíneo não foram afetadas pela densidade de estocagem, e seus valores estavam de acordo com as faixas basais previamente relatados para juvenis de beijupirá. No entanto, o ganho de peso e a taxa de crescimento específico foram significativamente maiores no grupo LD. A densidade de estocagem também influenciou o início e o desenvolvimento do rigor mortis. Juvenis de beijupirá criados na alta densidade apresentaram menor taxa de crescimento e qualidade de filé. Os resultados sugerem que juvenis de beijupirá criados nas altas densidades foram capazes de contrapor o estresse ao nível de composição do plasma. Contudo, energia da dieta e/ou reservas do corpo podem ter sido desviadas do crescimento como resposta à alta demanda metabólica causada pelo estresse. Dessa forma, o presente estudo sugere que juvenis de beijupirá devem ser mantidos em uma biomassa final de até 15 kg m-3, aproximadamente para garantir máximo crescimento e melhor qualidade do produto final. Aparentemente, este estudo é o primeiro a abordar a influencia de um estresse crônico na resposta fisiológica e qualidade de filé de juvenis de beijupirá. Os resultados podem fornecer informações para avanços na criação dessa espécie, conduzindo a melhorias no bem estar animal, na qualidade do produto final e no aumento da produtividade

A ocorrência de mamões Golden com casca verde e polpa mole, em determinadas épocas do ano, tem sido relatada por produtores da região Norte do Espírito Santo. Não sendo possível distinguir frutos com o distúrbio do amolecimento precoce (DAP) apenas pela análise da cor da casca e da firmeza da polpa no momento da colheita, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar aspectos da fisiologia e bioquímica do amadurecimento que pudessem auxiliar no entendimento da perda precoce da firmeza. As coletas ocorreram no período de maior frequência de frutos com o distúrbio (meados de verão a final de outono). Os frutos foram coletados no estádio 1 de maturação, armazenados a 10º±1oC e 85±10% UR, durante 10 dias e submetidos à metodologia do Índice de Amolecimento (IA). O sintoma do amolecimento precoce foi observado claramente no 4°dia após o armazenamento sendo verificada a perda de firmeza nos frutos com DAP entre o 2° e o 8°dia a 10°C, sendo o decréscimo na firmeza equivalente a 71% da firmeza inicial, comportamento atípico para frutos armazenados sob refrigeração. Frutos com e sem DAP não apresentaram diferença significativa no teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. A atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno foram reduzidas com o armazenamento refrigerado, sem diferença entre os frutos com e sem DAP, o que sugere que o aparecimento do distúrbio não se deve ao aumento na produção de etileno no período póscolheita. Os resultados indicam forte associação entre o amolecimento precoce e mudanças na parede celular. O rendimento das frações solúvel em água (FSA) e em NaOH (FSH) nos frutos com DAP, foi superior ao observado nos frutos sem DAP, durante todo o período de armazenamento. O menor nível da fração solúvel em imidazol (FSI) no tempo 0 pode estar associado à maior atividade da pectinametilesterase nos frutos com DAP. O decréscimo na fração celulose (CEL) em frutos com DAP pode indicar modificação na parede celular, ao nível celulose-hemicelulose. A produção de etileno não acompanhou as modificações na parede celular, sugerindo que alterações na estrutura da parede podem ter ocorrido durante o crescimento do fruto. Frutos com DAP apresentaram níveis de auxina (AIA) 6 vezes menor do que frutos sem DAP, no dia 0, sem diferença durante o armazenamento. Possivelmente os níveis de AIA nos frutos com DAP estavam reduzidos quando o fruto ainda estava ligado à planta. O distúrbio possivelmente está relacionado à alteração na parede celular e níveis de AIA. Desta forma, uma alteração hormonal durante o desenvolvimento do fruto anterior à colheita -, associada à sensibilidade do fruto à essa sinalização hormonal, levaria à mudanças na parede celular, o que determinaria a ocorrência do distúrbio do amolecimento precoce. / The occurrence of green skin and soft pulp in Golden papaya fruit during certain seasons has been reported by orchards in northern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It is not possible solely by skin color and pulp firmness analysis to distinguish early softening disorder fruits (DAP), at the time of harvest, from those without the disorder. The aim of this work was to study the physiological and biochemical ripening aspects that might help to understand the early softening disorder. Fruits were harvested on the most common seasons (mid-summer to mid-autumn) in maturity stage 1 and evaluated for 10 days. Fruits were stored at 10°C, and submitted to softening index (IA). The symptoms of early softening disorder were clearly observed on the 4th day after storage. However, the firmness decrease in DAP fruits happened between the 2nd and 8th day at 10°C, with a decrease of 71% of initial firmness, presenting an atypical behavior for fruits stored under refrigeration. There was no difference between fruits with DAP and without DAP for soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. Besides that, there was no difference between fruits with DAP and without DAP for respiration rate and ethylene production under refrigerated storage, which suggests that the disorder occurrence is not related to an increase in ethylene in the postharvest period. The results indicate a strong association between early softening disorder and changes in the cell wall composition. The cell wall polymers fractionation show that the yield of water soluble polymers (FSA) and NaOH soluble polymers (FSH) was higher in fruits with DAP than on fruits without DAP during the entire storage period. The smallest level of the imidazole soluble fraction (FSI) in DAP fruit, on day 0, may be related to a higher activity of pectinmethylesterase. The decrease in cellulose-rich polysaccharides (CEL) in the DAP fruit suggest modifications in the cellulose-hemicellulose domain. Ethylene production did not follow cell wall modification, suggesting that changes in the cell wall structure could be happening during fruit growth. DAP fruit presented an AIA level 6 times smaller than fruit without DAP, in day 0, without storage differences. Possibly, AIA levels in DAP fruit were reduced while fruits were still connected to the plant. The disorder may be related to cell wall changes and to AIA level. Should a hormonal change occur during fruit development i. e. prior to harvesting -- and still depending on fruit sensibility to hormonal signaling, cell wall changes could have different intensities, which determine if the fruit will or not have the flesh early softening observed after harvest.