Meaning or sense [sens] is traditionally thought to be bestowed by a subject, or found ready-made within the world. Against these views Merleau-Ponty develops an account of the genesis of sense in which it arises from the mutually formative relation between an intentionally directed body and the perceptual levels of the world. In this thesis I explore the implications of Merleau-Ponty's theory of sense for the work of art, arguing ultimately that artistic sense arises from a reversible relation between artist and world, intention and process, historical works and artistic goals, viewer and work. This account deepens through an analysis of the ontology of the Flesh through which we find that sense, as the intentional being of the body and the world, is what constitutes subject and object in the first place. Through a folding back on itself, being senses itself and gives rise to a generative difference through which new sense can emerge in perception, expression and aesthetic experience. / Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) - Joseph-Armand Bombardier CGS Master’s, Ontario Graduate Fellowship (OGF)

Notre projet vise à suivre et reconstruire, de l’intérieur de la pensée de Merleau-Ponty, le concept de « personnel » dans sa relation avec ceux d’« impersonnel » et de « généralité », les trois étant impliqués dans la notion de « chair » et faisant partie de la reformulation du sujet et de l’identité. Selon nous, négliger la connexion existante entre les aspects les plus « personnels » de chaque individu et ceux plus « généraux », qui soutiennent une conception aussi bien du sujet que de la société, donne lieu à une lecture partielle de l’auteur. Cela risque, de surcroît, de rendre difficile la compréhension de la dimension qui en est la synthèse la plus avancée chez Merleau-Ponty, à savoir sa dimension « charnelle ». Étudier la relation qui entrelace le « personnel » au « général », en passant par l’analyse du concept d’« anonymat », revient à chercher une clef d’intelligibilité majeure de la pensée merleau-pontienne, qui respecte l’ampleur de sa réflexion, pour en entrevoir les raisons de départ et en justifier les points d’arrivée, grâce à l’approfondissement de ses textes encore inédits. / Our project aims to reconstitute, from the inside of Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical thought, the concept of « personal » in relation to the concepts of « impersonal » and « generality ». Those three concepts are involved in the notion of « flesh » and are part of the reformulation of the terms of subject (person) and identity. According to us, neglecting the bond between the more « personal » aspects of an individual and those more « general », aspects which support a conception of both subject and society, would lead to a « partial » interpretation of our author. In addition, it would make difficult the understanding of Merleau-Ponty’s most advanced synthesis, namely the dimension of the flesh. Studying the relation that intertwines the « personal » with the « general », through the examination of the importance of the notion of « anonymity » for our author, would mean instead looking for a central key of reading in the merleau-pontian thought, that would respect the whole amplitude of its reflection, so to sense the starting reasons and justify the arriving points, thanks to the in-depth study of its still unpublished texts.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / One of many problems that worry the cashew farmers is the very short post-harvest conservation of the peduncle, due to the fast firmness lost, negatively affecting the sales of this product. The use of growth regulators may be an alternative to improve the peduncle quality (keep flesh firmness), avoid waste (reduce the pre-harvest fall), increase the harvest time (reduce the seasonality), this way, dropping production costs in the cashew farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of AVG and GA3 spraying in pre-harvest, concerning the quality and production of pseudo fruits of dwarf cashew tree clones CCP 76 and 189, produced in the Northeast Brazilian Region. Thereunto, it was made five experiments, which the replications was the harvests times, for each treatment. The first was carried in randomized block, with two plants per unit and 10 fruits per plant, with following treatments (doses) for the CCP 76 clone: AVG 0 mg L-1 (water sprayed); AVG 40 mg L-1; AVG 80 mg L-1; AVG 120 mg L-1; GA3 40 mg L-1; GA3 80 mg L-1; and GA3 120 mg L-1. The studied characteristics was power of hydrogen (pH), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), SS/AT relation, soluble sugar (AS), vitamin C (VC), total carotenoids (CT), total anthocyanins (ANT) and extractable polyphenols (PE). The second and the third experiments were carried in randomized blocks, with two plants per unit and 15 fruits per plant and two clones (CCP 76 and BRS 189). These experiments include the following treatments (doses): AVG and GA3 0 mg L-1 (water sprayed); 60 mg L-1, 120 mg L-1, 180 mg L-1 of AVG and 60 mg L-1, 120 mg.L-1, 180 mg.L-1 of GA3. For both clones the characteristics evaluated was break between spray and harvest, fruit fall before harvest, peduncle size, peduncle basal diameter, peduncle top diameter, cashew total mass, peduncle mass, nut mass and peduncle flesh firmness. The fourth and fifth experiments had same treatments and experimental set of the second and third. However the evaluated variables, for both clones, was: SS, AT, SS/AT relation, AS and VC. In the first experiment it was observed that the GA3 120 mg L-1 dose could be a alternative for the early dwarf cashew clone CCP 76, because it improved the commercial quality attributes of the peduncles. In the experiments two and three GA3 increased the break between the spraying and the harvest, the size and firmness of clones peduncles studied. In the two last experiments the GA3 increased the SS/AT relation of the peduncles of CCP 76 and BRS 189 early dwarf cashew clones. Therefore, besides it detain the maturation time, the growth regulators also improved some quality attributes of the peduncles, what is well wished due to the fact that the improvement of such attributes is predominantly made by genetic improvement, and this process, in the current conditions, takes a lot of time to be concluded. / Um dos vÃrios problemas que preocupam os cajucultores, especialmente os que pretendem atuar no comÃrcio de caju in natura, à a conservaÃÃo pÃs-colheita demasiadamente pequena dos pedÃnculos, atribuÃda à rÃpida perda de firmeza dos mesmos, afetando negativamente a venda desse pseudofruto. O uso de reguladores de crescimento pode ser uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade do pedÃnculo (manter a firmeza da polpa), evitar o desperdÃcio (diminuir a queda prÃ-colheita), aumentar o tempo de colheita (abreviar a sazonalidade), desse modo, reduzindo custo de produÃÃo na cajucultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicaÃÃo de AVG e GA3 em prÃ-colheita, sobre a qualidade e produÃÃo dos pseudofrutos dos clones de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76 e BRS 189, cultivados na regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, foram realizados cinco experimentos, sendo as repetiÃÃes as datas de colheita, para cada tratamento. O primeiro foi realizado em blocos casualizados, com duas plantas por parcela e 10 frutos por planta, com os seguintes tratamentos (dosagens) para o clone CCP 76: 0 mg L-1 de AVG e GA3 (pulverizaÃÃo com Ãgua); 40 mg L-1 de AVG; 80 mg L-1 de AVG; 120 mg L-1 de AVG; 40 mg L-1 de GA3; 80 mg.L-1 de GA3; e 120 mg.L-1 de GA3. As caracterÃsticas analisadas foram: potencial hidrogeniÃnico (pH), sÃlidos solÃveis (SS), acidez titulÃvel (AT), relaÃÃo sÃlidos solÃveis/acidez titulÃvel (SS/AT), aÃÃcares solÃveis (AS), vitamina C (VC), carotenoides totais (CT), antocianinas totais (ANT) e polifenois extraÃveis (PE). O segundo e terceiro experimentos foram realizados em blocos casualizados, com duas plantas por parcela, 15 frutos por planta e dois clones de cajueiro (CCP 76 e BRS 189). Esses experimentos abrangeram os seguintes tratamentos (dosagens): 0 mg L-1 de AVG e GA3 (pulverizaÃÃo com Ãgua); 60 mg L-1 de AVG; 120 mg L-1 de AVG; 180 mg L-1 de AVG; 60 mg L-1 de GA3; 120 mg.L-1 de GA3; e 180 mg.L-1 de GA3. As caracterÃsticas analisadas, para ambos os clones, foram: intervalo entre a aplicaÃÃo e colheita, queda de frutos em prÃ-colheita, comprimento do pedÃnculo, diÃmetro basal do pedÃnculo, diÃmetro apical do pedÃnculo, massa total do caju, massa do pedÃnculo, massa da castanha e firmeza da polpa do pedÃnculo. O quarto e quinto experimentos tiveram os mesmos tratamentos e delineamento experimental do segundo e terceiro. Contudo as variÃveis analisadas, para ambos os clones, foram: SS, AT, relaÃÃo SS/AT, AS e VC. No primeiro experimento verifica-se que a dosagem de 120 mg L-1 de GA3 pode ser uma alternativa ao clone de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76, pois melhora os atributos de qualidade comercial dos pedÃnculos. Nos experimentos dois e trÃs o GA3 aumentou o intervalo entre a aplicaÃÃo e colheita, tamanho e a firmeza dos pedÃnculos dos clones estudados. Nos dois Ãltimos experimentos o GA3 aumentou a relaÃÃo SS/AT dos pedÃnculos dos clones de cajueiro-anÃo-precoce CCP 76 e BRS 189. Portanto, alÃm de terem retardado o tempo de maturaÃÃo, os reguladores de crescimento tambÃm aprimoram alguns atributos de qualidade dos pedÃnculos, o que à bastante desejÃvel devido ao fato de que a melhoria de tais atributos à feita predominantemente via melhoramento genÃtico, e este processo, nas atuais condiÃÃes, leva muito tempo atà ser concluÃdo.

A ocorrência de mamões Golden com casca verde e polpa mole, em determinadas épocas do ano, tem sido relatada por produtores da região Norte do Espírito Santo. Não sendo possível distinguir frutos com o distúrbio do amolecimento precoce (DAP) apenas pela análise da cor da casca e da firmeza da polpa no momento da colheita, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar aspectos da fisiologia e bioquímica do amadurecimento que pudessem auxiliar no entendimento da perda precoce da firmeza. As coletas ocorreram no período de maior frequência de frutos com o distúrbio (meados de verão a final de outono). Os frutos foram coletados no estádio 1 de maturação, armazenados a 10º±1oC e 85±10% UR, durante 10 dias e submetidos à metodologia do Índice de Amolecimento (IA). O sintoma do amolecimento precoce foi observado claramente no 4°dia após o armazenamento sendo verificada a perda de firmeza nos frutos com DAP entre o 2° e o 8°dia a 10°C, sendo o decréscimo na firmeza equivalente a 71% da firmeza inicial, comportamento atípico para frutos armazenados sob refrigeração. Frutos com e sem DAP não apresentaram diferença significativa no teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. A atividade respiratória e a produção de etileno foram reduzidas com o armazenamento refrigerado, sem diferença entre os frutos com e sem DAP, o que sugere que o aparecimento do distúrbio não se deve ao aumento na produção de etileno no período póscolheita. Os resultados indicam forte associação entre o amolecimento precoce e mudanças na parede celular. O rendimento das frações solúvel em água (FSA) e em NaOH (FSH) nos frutos com DAP, foi superior ao observado nos frutos sem DAP, durante todo o período de armazenamento. O menor nível da fração solúvel em imidazol (FSI) no tempo 0 pode estar associado à maior atividade da pectinametilesterase nos frutos com DAP. O decréscimo na fração celulose (CEL) em frutos com DAP pode indicar modificação na parede celular, ao nível celulose-hemicelulose. A produção de etileno não acompanhou as modificações na parede celular, sugerindo que alterações na estrutura da parede podem ter ocorrido durante o crescimento do fruto. Frutos com DAP apresentaram níveis de auxina (AIA) 6 vezes menor do que frutos sem DAP, no dia 0, sem diferença durante o armazenamento. Possivelmente os níveis de AIA nos frutos com DAP estavam reduzidos quando o fruto ainda estava ligado à planta. O distúrbio possivelmente está relacionado à alteração na parede celular e níveis de AIA. Desta forma, uma alteração hormonal durante o desenvolvimento do fruto anterior à colheita -, associada à sensibilidade do fruto à essa sinalização hormonal, levaria à mudanças na parede celular, o que determinaria a ocorrência do distúrbio do amolecimento precoce. / The occurrence of green skin and soft pulp in Golden papaya fruit during certain seasons has been reported by orchards in northern Espírito Santo State, Brazil. It is not possible solely by skin color and pulp firmness analysis to distinguish early softening disorder fruits (DAP), at the time of harvest, from those without the disorder. The aim of this work was to study the physiological and biochemical ripening aspects that might help to understand the early softening disorder. Fruits were harvested on the most common seasons (mid-summer to mid-autumn) in maturity stage 1 and evaluated for 10 days. Fruits were stored at 10°C, and submitted to softening index (IA). The symptoms of early softening disorder were clearly observed on the 4th day after storage. However, the firmness decrease in DAP fruits happened between the 2nd and 8th day at 10°C, with a decrease of 71% of initial firmness, presenting an atypical behavior for fruits stored under refrigeration. There was no difference between fruits with DAP and without DAP for soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content. Besides that, there was no difference between fruits with DAP and without DAP for respiration rate and ethylene production under refrigerated storage, which suggests that the disorder occurrence is not related to an increase in ethylene in the postharvest period. The results indicate a strong association between early softening disorder and changes in the cell wall composition. The cell wall polymers fractionation show that the yield of water soluble polymers (FSA) and NaOH soluble polymers (FSH) was higher in fruits with DAP than on fruits without DAP during the entire storage period. The smallest level of the imidazole soluble fraction (FSI) in DAP fruit, on day 0, may be related to a higher activity of pectinmethylesterase. The decrease in cellulose-rich polysaccharides (CEL) in the DAP fruit suggest modifications in the cellulose-hemicellulose domain. Ethylene production did not follow cell wall modification, suggesting that changes in the cell wall structure could be happening during fruit growth. DAP fruit presented an AIA level 6 times smaller than fruit without DAP, in day 0, without storage differences. Possibly, AIA levels in DAP fruit were reduced while fruits were still connected to the plant. The disorder may be related to cell wall changes and to AIA level. Should a hormonal change occur during fruit development i. e. prior to harvesting -- and still depending on fruit sensibility to hormonal signaling, cell wall changes could have different intensities, which determine if the fruit will or not have the flesh early softening observed after harvest.

Corpographies en Danse est une recherche complexe et « indisciplinée ». Développée entre les domaines de la Science de l'information et des Sciences du langage,l'investigation se lie fortement aussi au terrain de la Danse et s'appuie, principalement,pour des fondements philosophiques, débordant et conjuguant donc, différentes frontières disciplinaires. Cette trame théorique est développée afin de rendre visible la présupposition qui déplace notre quête, que ce soit: l'hypothèse que le corps éprouve,sensiblement, l'information et qu’à travers la gestualité nous pouvons mettre en évidence cette relation sous-jacente. Ainsi le début de notre argumentation est orienté par une réflexion philosophique sur le corps, en vue de souligner la complexité de notre objet principal et également, de proposer une approche qui réfléchit ce corps en communion constante avec le monde. Nous nous référons à l´ontologie de la chair chez Merleau-Ponty, que nous plaçons à l’arrière-plan du jeu entre les éléments que nous avons mis en lumière afin d’intégrer et composer le tracé souhaité. Parmi ces éléments,l’information est le premier à être déployé, révélant ses aspects sensibles et qualitatifs qui seront appelés infosignes. Dans cette direction, l’information trouve son devant et son envers, son visible et son invisible, et avant tout elle devient puissance, qui doit être actualisée devant un corps qui est son dispositif. Ensuite, le geste est révisé dans une revue de littérature qui va de l’anthropologie et la philosophie à la perspective somatique et la danse. Face à ce qui est présenté, le geste est saisi en tant que médialité pure, ayant dans la gestualité son côté le plus apparent. Quant à l’approche sur le terrain de la danse, nous proposons un bref panorama historique qui inclut l’émergence de la danse moderne au tournant du XXe siècle. Partant du schéma de François Delsarte qui cherchait à indiquer les associations entre les gestes et les émotions humaines, nous avons examiné quelques réflexions artistiques parmi lesquelles on peut souligner les systèmes élaborés par Rudolf Laban, qui nous serviront partiellement dans les analyses.De ce point de vue nous appréhendons l’improvisation en danse comme un exercice créatif capable de provoquer l’agencement des altérités imaginaires qui peuvent pointer le caractère sensoriel et émotif de l’information. De là nous nous questionnons les spatialités, ici centrées sur le corps. Intervient alors la notion de corpographie, à partir du point de vue de Britto et Jacques, d’où est avancée une conception du lieu, de l’espace et de l’ambiance - à des fins analytiques – comme des temps distincts de l’expérience corporelle dans l’entité physique. A partir de cette cartographie théorique nous passons à l’analyse des corpographies en danse, qui constituent notre objet empirique. Pour cela nous avons créé une méthodologie de recherche dans laquelle desdanseurs volontaires de plusieurs parties de l’Amérique du Sud et de l’Europe ontenregistré des vidéos d’improvisation en danse, dans des espaces publics, avec des consignes données en préalable. Le travail développé comprend l’information, le geste et l’espace comme des éléments d’une seule chair qui opèrent en synergie et pour lesquels il faut déterminer un méta-point de vue, qui permet de les déployer et de les conjuguer.L’apport de notre recherche apparaît dans le traçage d’une ligne invisible de sens entre l’information et la gestualité, qui suscite déjà son désassemblage dans le corps, toujours en mouvement continu. / Bodygraphies in Dancing is a complex and “undisciplined” investigation. It has been developed in between the fields of Information Sciences and Language Sciences, and it hasbeen deeply rooted to the Dance Field and is essencially fundamented by philosophical grounds, conjugating therefore distinct disciplinary boundaries. Such theoretical weave isdeveloped in order to make visible the presumptions that move our issues, which are: the hypothesis that the body experiments information quite much, and that gestures make thissubjacent relation evident. The principle of our argumentation goes somewhat around the philosophical reflection about the body so as to point out the complexity of our main research object and to equally suggest an approach which considers it in constant communion with the world. This way we investigate the onthology of the flesh by Merleau-Ponty to make it the background for the game among the elements we point out to integrate and shape up the desired design. Among such elements, information is the fisrt one to be unfolded, unraveling its sensitive and qualitative aspects which will be named infosigns. In such verticalization, information gets its right side and its inside out, its visible and its invisible sides, and above all, it becomes potency, to be updated before a body which is its trigger. Further on, the gesture comes to be revised with views of a literature that ranges from antropology and philosophy to the somatic perspective and the dance. Due to what is presented, it is taken as pure mediality and has in gesturing its most aparent side. Concerning the dance field approach, we promote brief retrospective which compromises the urge of modern dance at the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Having François Delsarte’s schematic as a starting point, who attempted to show associations between gestures and human emotions, we glide through some artistic reflections such as the systems elaborated by Rudolf Laban, the most outstanding ones, which are important references ground to our analysis demands. From that being done we could consolidate our understanding of improvisation in the dance, as a creative exercise able to provoke the acting of imaginary alterities which may point to the sensorial and emotional character of information. We have therefore dedicated ourselves to the debate over the spacialities which are here focused in the body. In such scope, the notion of bodygraphy has been included – under Jacques and Britto’s points of view – and from this notion, our conceptions of place, space and ambience – elaborated for analytical ends - have also been included, as distinct times of the bodily experience in the physical entity. Up to this point, we conclude our research cartography and go towards the analysis of our bodygraphs in dancing, which conform with our empiric objective. With that in mind, a research methodology was developed in which volunteer dancers from various parts of America and Europe made videos of dance improvisation in public spaces according to previous orientation. That way the elaborated work encompasses the information, the body, the gesture and the space as elements of the same flesh which operate in sinergy and demand a complex point of view that can unfold, tighten and conjugate them. Such efforts and contributions of this research design an invisible thread of sense between information and gesturing which untangles as it is built since the body is an ever moving (meaningful) entity.

This thesis engages with the tension between political action and political speech in political understanding. This tension arises in a context whereby speech is represented as the sine qua non of being political and the way to change the conditions of being political; specifically, this thesis explores this tendency within a linguistic account of performative action (where action is understood through/as language effects). Against this backdrop, the thesis develops a notion of haptic performativity—performative action where the action (or doing) occurs without or in spite of linguistic (de)legitimation. Here, haptic performativity begins answering how marginalised populations act politically when defined by a lack of voice. To develop this notion—centering forms of action that occur in absentia of linguistic legitimation—the thesis: 1) reveals the disjunctive relation between deeds and speech with linguistic Performative Speech Act (PSA) theory; argues that 2) PSA theory reveals the inability for speech to convey the full force of bodily deeds within/through language; and, thereby, explores 3) how bodies or actors defined by a lack of social standing (or linguistic efficiency as a subject) remain politically impactful. Thus, while linguistic performativity gestures to the assembling power of speech (the power of already assembled subjects), conversely, haptic performativity testifies to the disassembling force of bodies who revolt without speech (the force of actors who are yet to be subjects). The thesis ends by bringing this haptic perspective into a contemporary context: the place of the body in the Black radical tradition of thought and the force of silent protests in the Black Lives Matter Movement. / Graduate

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Although Merleau-Ponty did not write a book that would explicitly deal with the philosophy of nature, it is clear - thanks to the published transcripts of lectures at the College de France - that he considered this issue to be very important. A philosophy which in its anthropological and ontological concepts overlooks nature is not able to give, according to Merleau-Ponty, a realistic picture of human existence. If the philosophy of nature is not to be subordinated to metaphysics or exact science, it must be based on thinking about our physical, and therefore perceptual- emotional being in the world. Part of this interest in nature is also an interest in non-human animals who bodily inhabit the natural world and relate to it in their own way, although they may share significant biological and behavioral traits with us. In Merleau-Ponty's philosohy, the phenomenology of not only human corporeality and vitality meets with considerations of the being of nature, and the reflection of certain scientific conceptions meets with the clarification of the philosophical concept of nature.

Basement Heart is a collection of short stories with a goal of documenting the manifestations of rage and how it evolves throughout a woman’s life. In these stories, femininity is explored through the aesthetics of the grotesque. Female protagonists seek to inhabit new definitions of female sexuality that combat tired expectations made by society’s misogynistic and objectifying culture. Often, their feelings of unprovoked grief manifest themselves as pursuits of the flesh, which becomes the underlying heartbeat of each story; themes revolve around sex and obsession and explore what happens when sexual fantasies are realized and lived out in the real world. When characters inhabit their bodies in ways that American culture tells women not to, they become viscerally self-aware and better their understanding of what they want. And doing what they want is all these women care about. The characters in Basement Heart are angry, restless, and at times driven mad by their own lust for control.