The aim of this thesis is to involve word order tendencies of impersonal constructions in modern Spanish. The paper is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. In the theoretical one there is characteristics and a list of basic configurations of impersonal constructions, followed by the analysis which concerns how to make the syntactic impersonal constructions. The part is ended with the conception of term {\clqq}word order``, especially the word order in Spanish. The practical part is focused on the results of the analysis concerning word order variation of chosen types of configurations. The pattern words were analysed by means of synchronic corpus CREA and the permutations of word order were identified. Conclusions of the analysis serve for definition of tendencies in Spanish word order, especially for clarification whether Spanish disposes of free word order, and for confirmation of the hypothesis that the word order in Spanish is resticted to a great extent.

In this thesis I will explore the impersonal constructions in Modern Welsh. In doing so, I will follow the approach of the previous literature in comparing this construction with the analytic Welsh passive. The general linguistic literature on passivization assumes that both constructions involve passivization and despite some studies of Welsh concluding that the impersonal construction is not a passive, this thesis cannot support or deny this claim. I show that it is the definition of passive that obstructs a conclusive analysis for the Welsh impersonal morphology's syntactic and semantic effects, ultimately. Using the data described in detail throughout the thesis, I conclude with an assessment of the scope of our current theories of passive - be they typological or theoretical - that reveals problematic areas. Typological, prototypical and canonical approaches to the passive of course fail to include enough nuance to identify the relevant structural components of the Welsh impersonal, whilst theoretical approaches cannot account for the restrictions found on intransitive impersonals. LFG's mapping theory has the potential to accommodate the Welsh data according to current proposals and as such is examined in more depth. I have given an emphasis to using naturally occurring data whenever possible and this has led to a data-rich, descriptive work, in an attempt to expand the breadth of examples of Welsh found in discussions of linguistic theory. Additionally, this approach provide the basis for future work on Welsh verb classes by describing the behaviour of verbs in several constructions relevant to the work at hand. Along with a general synthesis of the previous literature on impersonals and analytic passives in chapter 2, I include an elaborated analysis of Welsh analytic passives and some problematic new impersonal data. The novel data on verb classes begins in chapter 3 with a study of verbs of psychological state. The lack of restriction on the impersonal contrasts with the analytic GET-passive's failure in a subset of these transitive verbs previously unobserved. In chapter 4, I investigate the availability of unaccusativity diagnostics in Welsh, in an attempt to prove that unaccusative verbs do indeed impersonalize, as suggested by previous literature. Chapter 5 then uses the diagnostic, amongst others to track down further restrictions on the impersonal and I show that whilst unaccusativity cannot be excluded as a potential restriction to impersonal morphology, the semantic restrictions are as plausible an account. This chapter uses different structural and semantic verbs and predicates and finds that animacy in intransitives is the only restriction needed to describe impersonals. In the following chapter (6) I examine this restriction in more detail and summarize the data on the impersonal in order to then probe the current linguistic theories in chapter 7.

No description available.

Cette thèse propose d’explorer, à partir d’une intervention réalisée dans un milieu de travail non ordinaire, celui d’une section départementale d’un syndicat, les spécificités de la dimension impersonnelle du « métier » de syndicaliste.L’intervention s’est déployée selon la perspective méthodologique et méthodique propre à la clinique de l’activité, auprès d’un collectif de militants d’un syndicat des enseignants du premier degré qui ont pris pour objet d’analyse une part de leur activité syndicale. Cette intervention, tant dans son déroulement que dans le contenu des analyses co-produites par les militants, a été particulière. Après un examen de la littérature relative à des travaux qui s’intéressent au syndicalisme analysé comme une activité et à des métiers exercés dans le secteur social, cette particularité s’est précisée et s’est constituée en objet de recherche. Elle concerne l’une des quatre dimensions du « métier » de syndicaliste, la dimension impersonnelle. Les analyses du matériau issu des autoconfrontations croisées ont permis de montrer que cette dimension est floue et « in-discutée ». Nous avons alors avancé l’hypothèse que cette « in-discussion » pourrait s’expliquer par des contradictions qui traverseraient les principes fondateurs du syndicat. Ces particularités de la dimension impersonnelle du « métier » de syndicaliste ont aussi des conséquences sur les autres dimensions du métier ce qui nous a conduit à interroger l’usage du mot « métier » pour évoquer l’activité syndicale. La réflexion se prolonge alors par une discussion de la conceptualisation de la dimension impersonnelle du métier en clinique de l’activité. Alors qu’elle est souvent définie de manière imprécise comme ce qui relève indifféremment de la prescription, des tâches ou des fonctions, il est proposé de concevoir cette dimension comme un rapport entre des buts et des moyens donnés par l’organisation. Le travail réalisé sur les spécificités de la dimension impersonnelle du « métier » de syndicaliste permet également de préciser la notion de but : elle contiendrait distinctement des buts généraux et des buts issus de l’organisation du travail. / This thesis seeks to explore, from a “transformation-action” in a “non-ordinary” workplace such as a trade union county branch, the specificities of the impersonal dimension experienced in the occupation of trade unionist.The transformation-action took place within a group of activists from a high school teachers’ trade union that collectively analyzed their own activity within the union. It was conducted according to the activity clinics consistent methods and methodologies. This transformation action was unusual in the way it was conducted and in that the content was co-produced by activists themselves. Following research and literature related on unionism analyzed as being a working activity as well as occupations in the field of social work, this characteristic became itself an object of research. This was identified as one of the trade unionist occupation’s four dimensions, the impersonal dimension.The analysis carried out on “crossed self-confrontation” material showed that this dimension is poorly defined and "not-discussed". We suggest that this "non-discussion" could be explained by existing contradictions within the Union founding principles themselves. The characteristics of the impersonal dimension of the trade unionist occupation also has effects on the other dimensions of the occupation; this has led us to question the use of the word occupation to describe the union activity.The debate is to be continued with a discussion of the conceptualization of the occupation impersonal dimension in the field of clinic of activity. Often described in indistinct terms as it relates either to the prescription, or to the tasks or functions, it is suggested to develop this dimension as being a link between goals and means given by the organization. The work based on the specificities of the impersonal dimension of the trade unionist occupation also clarifies the goal concept : it contains general goals on one hand and goals from the work organization on the other hand.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-30T18:16:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 554014 bytes, checksum: 4a4b4c9093db3071a57b6bb0ba7a6e56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T18:16:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 554014 bytes, checksum: 4a4b4c9093db3071a57b6bb0ba7a6e56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / O objetivo da presente dissertação é analisar a presença dos modos originário e derivado nas reflexões heideggerianas sobre queda, impessoal, objetivação e tempo. Para isso, nos utilizaremos de Ser e Tempo como obra central. A conferência O Conceito de Tempo, de 1924, a análise das epístolas paulinas e das Confissões de Agostinho, presentes no livro Fenomenologia da Vida Religiosa, e a resenha crítica feita por Heidegger sobre o texto A psicologia das visões de mundo de Karl Jaspers, também aparecem como constituintes importantes de nosso estudo. Para levarmos a cabo nosso objetivo de pesquisa, começamos apresentando, nos primeiros capítulos, a analítica existencial e alguns elementos que compõem sua estrutura, como o Dasein, a queda, o impessoal e a objetivação. Em seguida, entramos nos modos como os entes vêm ao encontro do Dasein no mundo, ou seja, o modo manual do lidar nas ocupações e o modo objetivado como "coisa". Por fim, entraremos nos temas da falação, curiosidade, ambiguidade, que compõem a queda no impessoal e no tema do tempo. / The aim of the present dissertation is to analyze the presence of originating and derived modes on Heidegger’s reflection on fall, impersonal, objectification and time. To do so, we will use Being and Time as a core reference. The conference The Concept of Time in 1924, the analysis of the Pauline epistles and the Confessions of St. Augustine within the book Phenomenology of Religious Life, despite Heidegger’s review and critique on the text Psychology of Worldviews by Karl Jaspers, also appear as important constituents of our study. In order to fulfill our research goal, we begin by presenting in the early chapters, the existential analytic and some elements that compose its structure as the Dasein, the fall, the impersonal and the objetification. Then, we get into the ways in which beings come to meet Dasein in the world, i.e., the manual mode to handle occupations and the objectified way as “thing”. Finally, we will go into themes like talk-talk, curiosity and ambiguity that compose the fall in impersonal and the theme of time.

Plus connue pour le foisonnement et la richesse de ses thèmes, pour la densité de son contenu historique, socioéconomique, et pour la technicité avec laquelle elle manipule divers domaines scientifiques, l’œuvre de Powers laisse pourtant également une très large place à ses personnages. Jouant le double rôle de reflets de la société et de piliers narratifs organisant le récit, ces personnages expriment en effet la vision de Powers de l’Amérique contemporaine et constituent un lieu d’expérimentation littéraire. Ces romans s’intéressent aux façons dont les êtres entrent en lutte pour préserver et réinventer leur identité propre au sein d’un monde en perpétuelle mutation sociale et politique, et saturé de moyens technologiques nouveaux. Powers fait le choix d’une approche à la fois sociologique et philosophique en partageant le regard qu’il porte sur la société contemporaine américaine et en mettant au cœur de son œuvre la notion de relation à soi et aux autres. Les implications narratives de cet intérêt pour la complexité accrue d’un statut ontologique de la personne sont multiples et aboutissent à la construction de personnages mouvants et discontinus, réfractant plus qu’ils ne concentrent une énergie remise en circulation au triple niveau de la fiction, de la lecture et de l’écriture. Les modalités d’écriture des personnages, qui rendent compte de l’éclatement de l’unité de la personne dans le monde contemporain américain, font alors déborder la conception individualisante et personnelle qui leur est le plus souvent associée et lui substituent une vision fragmentaire, paradoxalement fédératrice, et en définitive impersonnelle, des êtres. / Richard Powers’ novels are best known for the diverse and rich quality of their themes, for the density of their historic and socio-economic contents, as well as for the level of technicality with which they handle a variety of scientific themes, yet they also leave a place of choice to the characters. Their role consists in both mirroring a social reality and holding the paramount function of organizing the course of the narrative, as they express Powers’ vision of contemporary America and constitute a space of literary experimentation. These novels focus on the ways human beings who are caught in a world saturated with new technological means and struggling through constant social and political mutations, can fight to preserve and reinvent their personal identity. The author chooses both a sociological and philosophical approach by expressing his vision of the contemporary American society and by putting at the very center of his works the notion of relationship to oneself and to others. The narrative implications of such interests in the increasing complexity of the ontological status of the individual are multiple and lead to the construction of changing and discontinuous characters who refract more than they absorb an energy that can be recirculated at the triple level of the fiction, the readers, and the act of writing. Accounting for the destruction of the unity of the individual in the contemporary American world, the modalities of Powers’ character writing push back the boundaries of the traditional individualistic and personal concept of literary character and substitute to it a paradoxically welcoming, fragmentary and impersonal vision of the human nature.

The present research focuses on the Lithuanian modal verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’. The purpose of the research is to analyse the verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’ within the framework of grammaticalization and to identify what aspects of grammaticalization are relevant (if at all) to the verbs under study. The study also aims at exploring the factors that trigger the rise of modal meanings and at comparing the semantic properties of the verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’ in contemporary Lithuanian and in Old Lithuanian writings (the 16th and 17th centuries). The data of the contemporary Lithuanian language has been compiled from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its Central newspapers and Fiction parts. The examples of Old Lithuanian have been extracted from three Old Lithuanian Writings: “Postilė” by J. Bretkūnas (1591), “Postilė” by M. Daukša (1599), and “Punktai Sakymų” by K. Sirvydas (1629; 1644). The corpus-based study has shown that the verbs under analysis satisfy the parameters of frequency and polifunctionality. However, they do not exhibit any morphological or morphosyntactic properties that set them apart from the other lexical verbs. In Old Lithuanian Writings the verb reik(ė)ti ‘need’ is used as a modal verb while the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are rarely used in their modal meanings. In contemporary Lithuanian, reik(ė)ti ‘need’ and tekti ‘be gotten’... [to full text] / Disertacijos tyrimo objektu pasirinkti trys lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžiai, – gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti, – iki šiol sulaukę mažai lingvistų dėmesio. Tikslas – ištirti lietuvių kalbos modalinius veiksmažodžius gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti iš gramatinimo reiškinio perspektyvos, išsiaiškinti, kurie gramatinimo parametrai relevantiški (jei išvis relevantiški) nagrinėjamiems lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžiams, išnagrinėti šių veiksmažodžių modalinės semantikos ypatumus, modalinės reikšmės susidarymą lemiančius veiksnius, pateikti nagrinėjamų veiksmažodžių semantinį aprašą ir palyginti jų vartosenos ypatumus senojo periodo (XVI-XVII a.) ir dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos medžiaga surinkta iš „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno“ grožinės literatūros ir publicistikos patekstynio. Senosios lietuvių kalbos pavyzdžiai surinkti iš trijų senųjų lietuvių kalbos raštų: J. Bretkūno „Postilės“ (1591), M. Daukšos „Postilės“ (1599), ir K. Sirvydo „Punktai sakymų“ (1629; 1644). Tyrimas parodė, kad analizuoti veiksmažodžiai tenkina dažnumo ir polifunkciškumo parametrus. Vis dėlto gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti neišsiskiria griežtu sisteminiu struktūrinių požymių rinkiniu, kuris apibrėžtų modalinį jų statusą. Senuosiuose lietuvių kalbos raštuose veiksmažodis reik(ė)ti funkcionuoja kaip modalinis veiksmažodis, o veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti retai vartojami modalinėmis reikšmėmis. Dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje reik(ė)ti ir tekti įsitvirtinę kaip modaliniai veiksmažodžiai, o gauti tėra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijos tyrimo objektu pasirinkti trys lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžiai, – gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti, – iki šiol sulaukę mažai lingvistų dėmesio. Tikslas – ištirti lietuvių kalbos modalinius veiksmažodžius gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti iš gramatinimo reiškinio perspektyvos, išsiaiškinti, kurie gramatinimo parametrai relevantiški (jei išvis relevantiški) nagrinėjamiems lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžiams, išnagrinėti šių veiksmažodžių modalinės semantikos ypatumus, modalinės reikšmės susidarymą lemiančius veiksnius, pateikti nagrinėjamų veiksmažodžių semantinį aprašą ir palyginti jų vartosenos ypatumus senojo periodo (XVI-XVII a.) ir dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos medžiaga surinkta iš „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno“ grožinės literatūros ir publicistikos patekstynio. Senosios lietuvių kalbos pavyzdžiai surinkti iš trijų senųjų lietuvių kalbos raštų: J. Bretkūno „Postilės“ (1591), M. Daukšos „Postilės“ (1599), ir K. Sirvydo „Punktai sakymų“ (1629; 1644). Tyrimas parodė, kad analizuoti veiksmažodžiai tenkina dažnumo ir polifunkciškumo parametrus. Vis dėlto gauti, tekti ir reik(ė)ti neišsiskiria griežtu sisteminiu struktūrinių požymių rinkiniu, kuris apibrėžtų modalinį jų statusą. Senuosiuose lietuvių kalbos raštuose veiksmažodis reik(ė)ti funkcionuoja kaip modalinis veiksmažodis, o veiksmažodžiai gauti ir tekti retai vartojami modalinėmis reikšmėmis. Dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje reik(ė)ti ir tekti įsitvirtinę kaip modaliniai veiksmažodžiai, o gauti tėra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The present research focuses on the Lithuanian modal verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’. The purpose of the research is to analyse the verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’ within the framework of grammaticalization and to identify what aspects of grammaticalization are relevant (if at all) to the verbs under study. The study also aims at exploring the factors that trigger the rise of modal meanings and at comparing the semantic properties of the verbs gauti ‘get’, tekti ‘be gotten’ and reik(ė)ti ‘need’ in contemporary Lithuanian and in Old Lithuanian writings (the 16th and 17th centuries). The data of the contemporary Lithuanian language has been compiled from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, namely its Central newspapers and Fiction parts. The examples of Old Lithuanian have been extracted from three Old Lithuanian Writings: “Postilė” by J. Bretkūnas (1591), “Postilė” by M. Daukša (1599), and “Punktai Sakymų” by K. Sirvydas (1629; 1644). The corpus-based study has shown that the verbs under analysis satisfy the parameters of frequency and polifunctionality. However, they do not exhibit any morphological or morphosyntactic properties that set them apart from the other lexical verbs. In Old Lithuanian Writings the verb reik(ė)ti ‘need’ is used as a modal verb while the verbs gauti ‘get’ and tekti ‘be gotten’ are rarely used in their modal meanings. In contemporary Lithuanian, reik(ė)ti ‘need’ and tekti ‘be gotten’... [to full text]

Previous studies have revealed that the creation of synergy among retailers’ channels can enhance customers’ satisfaction and loyalty. Nevertheless, little is known about utilising such synergy in inducing customers’ purchasing behaviour in electronic commerce. In an attempt to address this issue, few empirical studies have been conducted into the role of trust transference from brick to click channels in order to understand customers’ purchasing intentions. These empirical studies have mainly focused on interpersonal trust as a proxy of the transference process. Therefore, the present study seeks to articulate the importance of impersonal trust, and shed light on its expected role in the transference process during the introductory stage of customers’ interaction. Impersonal trust, or perceived structural assurance as labelled in this study, refers to customers’ beliefs in the legal and technological structures of retailers’ websites. However, the introductory stage describes the state of customers when they have not yet been exposed to a retailer’s website. These notions are thoroughly reviewed and synthesised to achieve a proper conceptualisation and operationalisation for the perceived structural assurance. Then, on the basis of previous theories and studies, a conceptual model is constructed to determine several drivers of the perceived structural assurance, as well as its consequences. With regard to the research methodology, a quantitative triangulation choice is adopted in the present study. This choice involves the design of a survey questionnaire, which is employed after relying on several explorative instruments. However, upon the insights of a pilot study, a total of 304 responses are used to analyse the overall research data. Then, the results are generated through an advanced stage of statistical analysis which is performed by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results indicate that the validated model is robust and can be used in generalising the findings of the current research. The novelty of this study involves several contributions to the body of knowledge and practice. This study develops a model that theoretically extends the existing knowledge on the trust transference phenomenon and posits an effective approach of triangulating methods in quantitative research. Lastly, this study contributes to the practice by presenting evidence to support the synergy among retailers’ brick and click channels.

The aim of this study is to test if the impersonal trust sub-constructs serve aspredictors of quality in LMX-relations. By performing structural equation modelingwith empirical data, a model was developed that optimally predicts quality in LMXrelations. A cross-sectional survey was designed in order to gather data fromemployees in Kalmar municipality (N=574) and was analyzed by Analysis ofMoment Structures (AMOS). The result suggests that the sub-construct of HRMpractices predicts quality in LMX-relations while simultaneously being regressed bythe sub-construct management of business and people and organizing theoperational activities. Additionally, the result indicates that the sub-constructmanagement of business and people correlate with other sub-constructssustainability, fair play and communication. This study indicates the importance ofHRM-practices, managerial capability and the organizing the operational activitiesin order to predict quality in LMX-relations by increasing the impersonal trust.