<p>The present study deals with the use of two Irish verb constructions, the autonomous (e.g. <i>cuireadh litreacha chun bealaigh</i>, ‘letters were dispatched’)<i> </i>and the passive progressive (e.g. <i>bhí m’athair á leigheas acu</i>, ‘my father was being cured by them’), in a corpus of 20th-century texts. From this corpus, 2,956 instances of the autonomous and 467 instances of the passive progressive were extracted and included in the analysis. Dialectal variation concerning the use of these two constructions is also surveyed.</p><p>The study explores and compares the use of the autonomous and the passive progressive. The main aim of the study is to investigate the two constructions with regard to their textual functions. The features studied relate to verb and clause type, as well as the measuring of topicality of patients, implicit agents, and – in the passive progressive only – overt agents. </p><p>The autonomous tends to be used when the patient is topical, or central, in the text. The passive progressive, on the other hand, is mainly used with an overt agent that is considerably more topical than the patient. In agent-less passive progressives, patients and implicit agents are equally low in topicality. The autonomous occurs about equally often in main and subclauses, while the passive progressive is used primarily in subclauses, mainly non-finite ones. This difference is connected to the finding that 24% of the clauses containing the autonomous denote events as part of a sequentially ordered chain of events, compared to 4% of those containing the passive progressive.</p><p>The most salient dialectal variation concerns the frequency of the passive progressive: 73% of the instances of the passive progressive in the database occur in the Munster texts, compared to 22% in Connacht 5% in Ulster. The autonomous, in contrast, is fairly evenly distributed across the dialects.</p>

The present study deals with the use of two Irish verb constructions, the autonomous (e.g. cuireadh litreacha chun bealaigh, ‘letters were dispatched’) and the passive progressive (e.g. bhí m’athair á leigheas acu, ‘my father was being cured by them’), in a corpus of 20th-century texts. From this corpus, 2,956 instances of the autonomous and 467 instances of the passive progressive were extracted and included in the analysis. Dialectal variation concerning the use of these two constructions is also surveyed. The study explores and compares the use of the autonomous and the passive progressive. The main aim of the study is to investigate the two constructions with regard to their textual functions. The features studied relate to verb and clause type, as well as the measuring of topicality of patients, implicit agents, and – in the passive progressive only – overt agents. The autonomous tends to be used when the patient is topical, or central, in the text. The passive progressive, on the other hand, is mainly used with an overt agent that is considerably more topical than the patient. In agent-less passive progressives, patients and implicit agents are equally low in topicality. The autonomous occurs about equally often in main and subclauses, while the passive progressive is used primarily in subclauses, mainly non-finite ones. This difference is connected to the finding that 24% of the clauses containing the autonomous denote events as part of a sequentially ordered chain of events, compared to 4% of those containing the passive progressive. The most salient dialectal variation concerns the frequency of the passive progressive: 73% of the instances of the passive progressive in the database occur in the Munster texts, compared to 22% in Connacht 5% in Ulster. The autonomous, in contrast, is fairly evenly distributed across the dialects.

LIMA, Maria Claudete. A não-atribuição de causalidade na Crônica geral da Espanha de 1344. 2009. 473 f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-25T14:29:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MCLIMA.pdf: 5188441 bytes, checksum: e2cf67965c6e922472be995c5e7ca70e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T14:14:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MCLIMA.pdf: 5188441 bytes, checksum: e2cf67965c6e922472be995c5e7ca70e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T14:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_TESE_MCLIMA.pdf: 5188441 bytes, checksum: e2cf67965c6e922472be995c5e7ca70e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / This work aims to characterize formally, semantically and pragmatically the passive, middle and impersonal constructions, in order to elucidate the nature of relation between these constructions in a archaic Portuguese, a relation observed in researches, such as those of Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), in modern Portuguese. The present research, thus, claims that the common feature of these constructions is the non-attribution of causality, and that they represent different event conceptualizations. Based on principles, founded on a cognitive-functional approach (GIVÓN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003, 2006; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), the codification of the non-attribution of causality is analyzed in Crônica Geral de Espanha de 1344, a representative historical text in archaic Portuguese, edited by Cintra (1951). In this analysis, answers are sought for the following questions: (a) in the analyzed corpus, which is the most and the least prototypical verbal recourses available for the expression of the non-attribution of causality? (b) which semantic, pragmatical and formal features characterize the different strategies used for expressing the non-attribution of causality? The central hypothesis considers that analyzed constructions codify the non-attribution of causality at various degrees, according to aspects related to the causality notion, such as perspectivization and salience. A large number of occurrences (1061, in total) were collected and analyzed from the perspective of pragmatical aspects such as topicality and informational status; semantic aspects, such as cognitive salience of Affected and of Causative, animacy, affectation type; and formal aspects, such as order and expression. Moreover, all of such occurrences were graduated regarding the transitivity degree and the Grounding. The results indicate that middle construction is the most prototypical of the non-attribution of causality constructions, because it presents less salient causative and is posited in the least degree of transitivity. Passive, most frequent in the corpus and, often, with omitted causative, was characterized as the least prototypical construction because its causative is commonly evoked and it presents a higher degree of transitivity. Impersonal construction, whose causative is frequently inferable, was characterized as more causative and more transitive than the middle construction, however, less than passive. Therefore, the analyses demonstrated that non-attribution of causality is not an isolated phenomenon, limited to the manifestation of an Agent. It is subject to degrees of escalarization which is attached to temporal and aspectual event contours. Because of experiential notion of causality, linked to the idea movement, perfective events are more causal than imperfective ones / Este trabalho visa caracterizar formal, semântica e pragmaticamente as construções passivas, médias e impessoais, com o fim de elucidar a natureza da relação entre estas construções, no português arcaico, relação essa observada em trabalhos, como os de Camacho (2002, 2003, 2006), para o português atual. Parte do princípio de que o traço comum a essas construções é a não-atribuição de causalidade, e de que estas construções refletem diferentes conceitualizações de um evento. Com base nesses princípios, analisa, numa abordagem cognitivo-funcional (GIVÓN, 1993, 1995, 2002, 2005; KEMMER, 1993; CAMACHO, 2002, 2003; HOPPER & THOMPSON, 1980; POTTIER, 1992; CROFT, 1994, 1998; LANGACKER, 1987, 1991; DELANCEY, 1987; TALMY, 1988, 2000; LAKOFF, 1977), a codificação da função não-atribuição de causalidade na Crônica Geral da Espanha de 1344, prosa histórica representante do português arcaico, editada por Cintra (1951). Nessa análise, busca respostas para os seguintes problemas: (a) dos recursos verbais disponíveis, no corpus analisado, para a expressão da não-atribuição de causalidade, qual a mais e a menos prototípica? (b) que traços semântico-pragmáticos e formais caracterizam as diferentes estratégias? A hipótese central considera que as construções analisadas codificam a não-atribuição da causalidade em variados graus, conforme fatores ligados à noção de causalidade e à transitividade, como a perspectivação e a saliência. Foram coletadas 1061 ocorrências e analisadas quanto a fatores pragmáticos, como a topicalidade e o estatuto informacional; fatores semânticos, como saliência cognitiva do Afetado e do Causativo, traço [animado], tipo de afetação; e fatores formais, como a ordem e a expressão. Além disso, todas foram graduadas quanto ao grau de transitividade e de relevo discursivo. Os resultados apontaram que a média é a mais prototípica das construções de não-atribuição de causalidade, por ser a que apresenta causativo menos saliente e menor grau de transitividade. A passiva, mais freqüente no corpus e, muitas vezes, com Causativo omitido, caracterizou-se como menos prototípica por seu Causativo ser freqüentemente evocado e apresentar maior grau de transitividade. Do mesmo modo, a impessoal, cujo causativo é freqüentemente inferível, manifestou-se como mais causativa e mais transitiva que a média, todavia menos que a passiva. A análise demonstrou, enfim, que o fenômeno da não-atribuição de causalidade não é um fenômeno isolado, limitado à manifestação ou não de um Agente. Submete-se a graus e acha-se ligado, especialmente, ao contorno têmporo-aspectual do evento. Devido à noção experiencial de causalidade, ligada à idéia de movimento, eventos perfectivos são mais causais que eventos imperfectivos

Dans « Crise de vers » (1897), Mallarmé déclare « la disparition élocutoire du poëte », formule qui inspire aux critiques littéraires du milieu du XXe siècle la revendication de « la mort de l’auteur ». Si le poète s’efforce de disparaître, comment peut-on considérer le je parlant et le centre de la subjectivité inscrite inévitablement dans le poème ? L’impersonnalité, perçue d’abord par Mallarmé au moment de sa crise spirituelle des années 1860, est-elle compatible avec ce je ineffaçable du poème ? À partir de ces questions, la présente thèse, composée de deux parties, se propose d’interroger sa poétique de l’impersonnalité. Le premier volet vise à tracer chronologiquement l’évolution de l’idée d’impersonnalité en s’appuyant sur le discours théorique du poète. Cette idée, qui se rattache au début à un état existentiel du sujet créateur, porte au fur et à mesure sur la technique artistique et l’effet produit de l’œuvre, au cours de ses critiques sur Manet (1874-1876), Wagner (1885) et le théâtre contemporain (1886-1887). En analysant les poèmes publiés entre 1876 et 1887, période marquée par ce développement, le second volet vise à éclairer le côté pratique de l’impersonnalité. Pour saisir le paradoxe apparent de l’exigence théorique et du je poétique, nous examinerons d’un point de vue énonciatif le poème qui se produit d’une énonciation du sujet parlant. Sur ce plan de l’acte de langage, la quête mallarméenne de l’impersonnalité, articulée à celle de la pureté de la poésie, parvient, malgré son discours à la première personne, à la construction dans et par le poème d’un espace-temps fictif et théâtral qui nous apparaît à chaque lecture. / In “Crise de vers” (1897), Mallarmé declared “la disparition élocutoire du poëte”, which inspired the concept of “the death of the author” among the literary critics in the middle of 20th century. If the poet attempts to disappear, how then do we think of the speaking I and the subjectivity that is inevitably built into the poem? Is the impersonality, which Mallarmé perceived first during his spiritual crisis in the 1860s, compatible with this indelible I ? Based on these questions, the present thesis, composed of two parts, aims to investigate Mallarmé’s poetic of impersonality. The first part aims to draw chronologically on the evolution of his idea of impersonality, relying on his theoretical discourse. Relating to the beginning of an existential state of the creator, this idea applies gradually to the artistic technic and to the effects produced by works of art, through Mallarmé’s criticisms of Manet (1874-1876), Wagner (1885), and the contemporary theatre (1886-1887). Analyzing the poems published between 1876 and 1887, the period characterized by the development of the idea, the second part aims to clarify the practical side of the impersonality. For understanding the apparent paradox of the theoretical claim of the impersonality with the poetic I, we examine the poem produced from the enunciation of the speaking subject from a viewpoint of enunciation. In these pragmatic terms, Mallarmé’s search associated with that for poetic purity, has taken, despite his poetic discourse in the first person, the form of a poem of a fictional and theatrical space-time that becomes apparent to us on every reading.

Na passagem dos séculos XIX a XX, Campinas era um polo de produção cafeeira no interior de São Paulo. A conjugação de condições econômicas e sociais determinou o crescimento acelerado da cidade e sua modernização, além de conferir-lhe importante papel no cenário político nacional. Na década de 1870, um grupo de republicanos idealizou o Colégio Culto à Ciência, visando a difundir o saber científico e laico aos jovens campineiros. Porém, nos anos de 1890, fatores diversos levaram ao fechamento do colégio e, em 1896, o prédio em que ele funcionava passou a abrigar o Ginásio Estadual de Campinas, uma das instâncias da reforma do ensino público paulista. Neste trabalho, analisamos produções discursivas relacionadas a essas duas instituições de ensino secundário, entre o final da Monarquia e as primeiras décadas da República, de modo que não sejam entendidas apenas como escolas de prestígio no período, mas como espaços de reunião das elites econômica e intelectual, personificadas nos seus idealizadores e no corpo docente e diretor, e como símbolos do ideário republicano na área da instrução. Sob o enfoque da História Social da Língua Portuguesa, uma área de estudos interdisciplinar, a análise de textos oriundos desse espaço social é significativa para identificar tanto elementos conjunturais quanto fatos linguísticos que reflitam e refratam a realidade em transição, além do padrão linguístico culto que servia de referencial para as escolas e, por conseguinte, para os alunos. Os corpora examinados ao longo da tese são: o discurso fundador do Culto a Ciência, proferido por Campos Sales em 1874; textos escritos por lentes de Português tanto do Culto à Ciência quanto do Ginásio de Campinas; jornais dos alunos das duas instituições; e ofícios e atas produzidos no espaço do Ginásio. Os resultados destacam a relação entre as palavras e seu conteúdo ideológico (BAKHTIN (VOLOSHINOV), 1997) no discurso republicano, fazendo emergir significações a partir de seu contexto concreto de uso; a coexistência de marcas pessoais e impessoais nas relações sociais e na língua, salientando distinção e hierarquização num contexto histórico que pressupunha a adoção de tratamentos igualitários, e.g., o tratamento por cidadão se opondo a Vossa Excelência, e o uso do imperativo (ato de comando) seguido do pronome se (impessoal); e, em se tratando do fenômeno sintático da colocação pronominal, a percepção do valor social (ECKERT, 2012) da ênclise no contexto das orações infinitivas preposicionadas, caracterizando o padrão culto do português brasileiro do período e constituindo uma marca identitária do colégio republicano paulista e daqueles que ocupavam postos de prestígio e poder na sociedade. / At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, Campinas was a pole of coffee production in São Paulo. The combination of economic and social conditions determined the accelerated growth of the city and its modernization and also gave it an important role in the national political scene. In the 1870s, a group of republicans idealized the Colégio Culto à Ciência, aiming to spread scientific and secular knowledge to young inhabitants of Campinas. However, in the 1890s, several reasons led this school to close and, in 1896, the building in which it operated started to house the Ginásio de Estado de Campinas, one instance of the public education reform that took place in São Paulo. In this work, we analyze discursive productions related to these two institutions of secondary education, from the end of the Monarchy to the first decades of the Republic, in a way that they are not only seen as prestigious schools in the period, but as meeting places of the economic and intellectual elite, personified in their founders and the professor and director bodies, and as the republican ideals in the area of education. In the approach of the Social History of Portuguese, an interdisciplinary field of language studies, the analysis of texts coming from this social space is significant to identify both social elements and linguistic facts that reflect and refract the reality in transition, in addition to the standard language that served as reference for the schools and their students. The corpora examined are: the founding discourse of the Colégio Culto à Ciência, delivered by Campos Sales in 1874; written production by Portuguese teachers of both Culto à Ciência and Ginásio de Campinas; student periodicals from both institutions; and documents produced in the administrative space of the Ginásio. The results highlight the relationship between words and ideological content (BAKHTIN (VOLOSHINOV), 1997) in the republican discourse, causing meanings to emerge from their concrete context of use; the coexistence of personal and impersonal marks in social relations and in language, emphasizing distinction and hierarchy in a historical context that presupposed the adoption of egalitarian treatments, e.g., treatment by cidadão (citizen) opposing to Vossa Excelência (Your Excellency), and the use of the imperative (command act) followed by the pronoun se (impersonal); and, regarding the syntactic phenomenon of clitic placement, the perception of the social value (ECKERT, 2012) of the enclisis in the context of the prepositional infinitives, characterizing the standard pattern of Brazilian Portuguese in the period and constituting an identity mark of the republican high school in the state of São Paulo and of those who occupied positions of prestige and power in society.

Este ensaio propõe a obra Os Malavoglia (1881), de Giovanni Verga, como um romance-tese do Verismo, a partir do estudo de suas instâncias narrativas e da análise de seus principais procedimentos compositivos, à luz das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski e outros. / This essay proposes Os Malavoglia (1881), of Giovanni Verga, as roman à thèse of the Verismo, from the study of his narrative´s instances and the analysis of his main compositive´s proceedings, according to the teories of Mikhail Bakhtin, Iúri Tyniánov, Erich Auerbach, Eleazar Meletínski and others.

Esta pesquisa investiga construções-se em anúncios publicitários de revistas paulistanas dos anos de 1890 a 1920. A passagem do século XIX para o XX é um momento de transformações na cidade de São Paulo, na publicidade e no Português Brasileiro (PB). Estudos têm mostrado que, desde esse período, a gramática do PB não produz a construção-se passiva, mas a ativa, sem concordância entre verbo e argumento interno. Neste trabalho, descrevemos e analisamos as sentenças com se não como unidades isoladas, mas em relação aos demais elementos do anúncio (verbais e não verbais) e ao contexto sócio-histórico e cultural de produção do corpus. A leitura do anúncio como um todo revelou que a concordância nas construções-se se deu entre o verbo e um tópico, coindexado a um sujeito nulo e referindo-se a um elemento realçado tipograficamente na publicidade. Esse tipo de exame possibilitou a identificação de estruturas tanto ativas quanto passivas; em ambos os casos, o se tinha a função de apontar que o agente semântico era humano e indeterminado. Os anúncios ainda mostraram que a oscilação entre a Pessoalidade (significando distinção e hierarquia) e a Impessoalidade, uma característica estrutural da sociedade paulistana de então, atingia também o domínio linguístico, e isso se tornou visível pelo emprego dos diferentes tipos de construção-se. / This research investigates constructions with the pronoun se in advertisements published in magazines from 1890 to 1920. At the turn of the 20th century, many changes took place in the city of São Paulo, in advertising and in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Studies have shown that, from that moment on, instead of producing the socalled passive-se, BP has been using the active construction with se, in which the verb does not agree with the internal argument. In the present analysis, the linguistic phenomenon is not taken as an isolated part of the advertisements, but is observed in relation to the other verbal and non-verbal elements of the text and also the social, historical and cultural context. Reading the advertisements as a whole showed that the verb agreed with a topic, co-indexed with a null subject, which referred to a typographically salient element in the page. Through this type of examination, we could identify both active and passive structures; at the same time, the pronoun se denoted that the semantic agent was human and indefinite. The different kinds of constructions with se also revealed that a social structural feature of São Paulo, viz. the alternation between hierarchical and impersonal relationships, could reach the linguistic domain. Keywords:

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux trois types d’expressions dont la structure s’écarte du modèle de la proposition transitive canonique, à savoir les constructions : anticausatives, à causalité interne, et impersonnelles en polonais et en russe. Leur point commun est que l’écart par rapport à une phrase transitive porte sur la référence du sujet de la proposition. Dans tous les cas, le référent du sujet est non-agentif. Dans certains cas, le marquage morphologique reflète cette absence, tant sur le prédicat qui est marqué à la troisième personne du singulier neutre que par l’absence d’un sujet nominatif. Ailleurs, la morphologie ne laisse rien, ou presque rien apparaître, le prédicat s’accordant avec l’argument Thème ou le Patient. Ces expressions feront l’objet d’une étude comparative, dans laquelle seront étudiées : la nature de chaque participant non-canonique qui apparaît dans la proposition, les caractéris¬tiques de chaque prédicat présent, et enfin, les propriétés combinatoires entre les participants et les prédicats. Il sera montré que la nature et la structure et enfin la manière dont sont légi¬timés les sujets non-canoniques ne sont pas seulement liées aux propriétés du réfé¬rent de sujet, mais aussi dépendent de la nature du prédicat. Tout comme cela a été proposé pour les constructions anticausatives et à causalité interne (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopou¬lou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), nous avancerons que les constructions impersonnelles comportent un prédicat Cause qui est responsable de la légitimation thématique des caus(at)eurs nominatifs et obliques. Les différences entre ces structures sont dues à la présence ou à l’absence de la tête Voice. Vues sous cet angle, les constructions impersonnelles sont une sorte de causativisation. Le caus(at)eur indéfini (cf. Kibort (2004)) présent dans les constructions impersonnelles d’une part, et la possible présence des causeurs obliques d’autre part, sont des preuves qui étaient cette hypothèse. / In this dissertation we study three kinds of expressions that deviate from the model of canonical transitive sentences, namely anticausative, internal causation and impersonal constructions in Polish and in Russian. The common point is that the deviation from a transitive sentence has to do with the subject’s reference. In all cases, the referent of the subject is non-agentive. In some cases, the morphological marking reflects this absence, both on the predicates which is frozen in the third person singular (neuter), and by the absence of a nominative subject. In the other two cases, the non-canonicity is not morpologically revealed because the inflected verb agrees with the nominative argument whose referent is the Theme or the Patient.A comparative study of these expressions will be given, in so far as the nature of the non-canonical participants that appear in the sentence, the characteristics of each predicate, and finally, the combinatorial properties between participants and predicates are concerned.It will be shown that the nature, the structure and ultimately the way that non-canonical subjects are licensed are not only related to the properties of the subject’s reference, but also depend on the nature of the predicate. Just as it was proposed for anticausatives and internal causal constructions (Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou (2003), Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2006), Schäfer (2008)), it will be shown that impersonal constructions include a Cause predicate that is responsible for the thematical licensing of nominative and oblique causers. The differences between these structures are due to the presence or absence of a Voice head. From this perspective, impersonal constructions encode a kind of causativisation. The indefinite causer (analysed in Kibort (2004)), which is present in impersonal constructions on the one hand, and the possible presence of other oblique causer, are thus deemed to be evidence that supports this hypothesis.

Gamification is a concept that is gaining significant recognition in the field of business administration in general and marketing in particular. Gamification has been gaining the interest of researchers recently with mostof the studies being conducted during the last three years. Gamification presents an opportunity for businesses to gain consumers’ attention and engagement through different aspects and elements of it. Organizations such as Pinchos, the restaurant have utilized those gaming elements in order to grow their revenues and keep the customers engaged while ordering food. Despite the exponential growth of gamification in the business world, studies on its marketing effectiveness and the influence of its elementsare lacking.To fill this gapin the literature, this researchaims to gain a deeper understanding of gamification and its different elements, byfocusingon the utilization of gamification as a digital marketing tool to enhance customer loyalty and retention in retail store setting. Therefore, this researchaimsfirst to identify all the factorsaffecting store choice. Second, identify and examine the different factors affecting retail store loyalty. Finally, the differentelements of gamificationare identifiedand their effect on loyalty are studied.In order to fulfil thepurpose of the studywe have collaborated with ChildrensHouse, a retail toy store located in Umea, Sweden, in order to gain insights from current and potential customers. A quantitative study was conducted,and the sample population chosen was generation Y parents, due to their digital literacy. To add a degree of credibility to the research, a short interview with Simon, the owner of ChildrensHouse, was conducted in order to gain managerial insights as well.The main conclusions of this research include,the different factors affecting retail toy store choices which were: store attributes, product attributesand demographics; the factors influencing loyaltywhich were: interpersonal communications, impersonal communications, direct experience, distance, value for moneyand engagement in gamified applications. Finally, the research results indicate that gamification when utilized as an engagement application will enhance customer retention and store loyalty.

英國哲學家帕費特（Derek Parfit）在《理由與人格》（Reasons and Persons）中主張人格存活中重要的不是同一性，而是有正確原因的心理持續性與聯繫性（關係R）。這樣的化約主義式觀點，帕費特強調這不是西方國家才有的論點，他主張佛陀本來也會同意化約主義的觀點。佛陀「本來也會同意」的意思是指帕費特把佛陀所闡釋的無我思想視為比化約主義更極端的「消除式的化約主義」。在人格的本質上，帕費特反對笛卡兒的獨立精神實體，主張只有當我們是離開大腦、軀體以及各種心物理事件而單獨存在的實體，我們的同一性才是確定的。初期佛教為否定婆羅門教的「梵」，同樣是否定有常住、獨存的靈魂。在這相類似的理論基調上，是否真如帕費特所言佛教無我思想是「消除式的化約主義」的代表。又，帕費特這樣的主張是否顯現出其對佛教無我思想的理解與佛陀闡述的無我思想有所出入。這些問題將是本文所要釐清的重點。本論文的研究方向是從帕費特關於人格同一理論的化約主義式觀點切入，來審視佛陀無我思想。 / Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984) claims that in survival personal identity is not what matters, what matters is psychological connectedness and/or continuity with the right kind of cause (Relation R). He asserts this reductionist view of persons that Buddha would have agreed. It means that the Buddha’s view of persons is Eliminative reductionism. Regarding the nature of persons, Parfit denies the Cartesian View (a Cartesian Ego), he says that only if we are separately existing entities can it be true that our identity must be determinate. To against ‘Brahman’, Buddha denies a permanent, separately existing Self as well. The question arises at the gap between Buddha’s view of persons and Parfit’s so-called Eliminative Reductionism. This paper starts with Parfit’s Reductionist view of persons and discusses no-self theory in Early Buddhism.