古文書是民間社會為證明某種約定自然產生而存在的文件，除了具有時代意義，更可反映舊時代社會生活與經濟發展的歷史現象，是重要的珍貴史料，具高度研究價值。為了要將檔案能夠精確地揭示其行政或保存歷史以及證據稽憑價值，並發揮其功能，提昇檔案資訊的有效利用，檔案典藏單位必須進行有系統的館藏整理，即透過編排與描述的程序。 本研究採用「個案研究法」、「深度訪談法」。以國內公部門單位中目前典藏古文書典藏數量與館藏管理方面較具規模者有國家圖書館、國立臺灣圖書館、臺灣大學圖書館、中央研究院臺灣史研究所檔案館、國史館臺灣文獻館與宜蘭縣史館為代表。藉由個案研究與深度訪談探究古文書典藏單位對於古文書檔案編排描述的現況，然後加以比較分析。 根據研究結果，對於國內古文書檔案典藏單位編排與描述實務，提出結論如下：一、編排實務現況：（一） 多數古文書典藏單位多能遵守尊重來源原則，（二）古文書典藏單位的編排原則多以時間順序為主；二、描述實務現況：（一）多數古文書典藏單位尚未完成古文書描述規則，（二）多數古文書典藏單位缺乏全宗、系列、案卷層級內容描述。 最後就前述研究結論，提出建議：一、擬定國內古文書檔案編排與描述作業指引，二、擬定國內古文書檔案描述欄位元素，三、建立國內古文書典藏單位共建共享的合作機制。 / Abstract Ancient deeds to prove some kind of civil society agreed to produce records exist naturally, in addition to the era, but also reflect the history of the old era phenomenon of social life and economic development. It is important precious historical, highly research value. To archives in order to accurately reveal it’s administrative or preservation of historical and protracted with the value of the evidence, and perform its functions, improve the effective use of archival information, archival repository must be a systematic collection order, namely through the arrangement and description of the process. This study used "case study", "in-depth interviews." Domestic public sector units in the current collection of ancient deeds and collections management, the number of sizable who have the National Central Library, the National Taiwan Library , National Taiwan University Library, Taiwan Historica, The Archives of Institute of Taiwan History, Institute of Yilan County History. With case studies and in-depth interviews to explore the status of the unit for the collection of ancient deeds of archives arrangement and description, and comparative analysis. According to the results, the domestic ancient deeds repository arrangement and description of practice, made the following conclusions: First, the arrangement practice Status: 1) most ancient instrument collection units and more able to comply respected Principle of provenance, and 2) the ancient instrument collection unit arrangement the principle of multi-chronological order based. Second, description the status of practice: 1) most ancient instrument collection of ancient deeds describing the unit has not yet completed the rule, 2) the most ancient instrument collection units lack fonds, series, files hierarchical content description. Finally, based on the aforementioned conclusions, we suggest:1) to develop domestic arrangement and description of the ancient deeds archives of practice guide, 2) to develop domestic ancient deeds archives description field elements, 3) domestic ancient deeds repository building sharing mechanisms for cooperation.

Thesis (M.Env.Dev.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

Living by a commercial ethic and resisting English encroachment from New England, the Dutch made at least 40 land purchases by written deed from their Indian neighbors from 1630 to 1664. In the past, scholars have seen only a European instrument of dispossession in the so-called "Indian deeds" that document land transfers from Indians to Europeans. In fact, they are colonial phenomena with uniquely Indian qualities. This is particularly true of the Dutch-Indian deeds signed or marked between 1630 and 1664. The Dutch-Indian deeds of the seventeenth century exhibit a middle ground of land tenures, in which the Dutch were compelled to yield to aspects of Indian land tenure and law in order to successfully purchase the land and retain it without facing retaliation. Indians, for their part, partook in the sale rituals of the literate world -- deed-signing -- but resisted European notions of land deals as fixed, permanent agreements. The Dutch-Indian deeds thus emerge as fluid agreements that were a compromise between Dutch and Indian land tenures and legal conventions.

The topic of this thesis focuses on various legal professions within the Czech Republic, such as attorneys, notaries, bailiffs and judges. These occupations are often associated with civil judiciary process. The purpose of this thesis is to define the foundations of their legal status, including the scope of their activities, and how they differ. Additionally, the thesis focuses on the role of individual professions. Firstly, important elements, such as confidentiality, independence, autonomy or responsibility will be analyzed. Secondly, the thesis will address significant problems in defining the role of the legal profession. Finally, the thesis will include several challenges lawyers face in the 21st century, for example, the provision of legal services by non-professionals. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Property rights within historical urban contexts, an important aspect when considering how inhabitants create an urban pattern from an urban context, being starting point of living, using, building, designing and forming the built environment. Property rights can refer not only to the physical forms, socio-cultural structures, administrative issues, and political and economic conditions of the urban context, but also their way of defining an order between the context and its inhabitance, investigates the combination of tangible and intangible values and their continuity in an urban context, which has emerged as an important issue in urban conservation studies. While urban conservation studies have sought rational solutions to investigating the combination of tangible and intangible values and its hidden values in the historical urban context, the thesis is to focus to research the relationship between ownership and the physical urban context so as to define the tangible and intangible values of human experiences within the urban context. The city of Antakya (Antioch) has been selected as the case study of this thesis as not only a crucial empirical case owing to its rich historical, multi-cultural historic urban core, but also due to the fact that the current historical urban form was affected and formed under Islamic ownership norms, and later developed under Ottoman land tenures. Additionally, as archive documents such as title deeds have been translated into Turkish, and the cadastral plans of the urban form have been prepared during the French Mandate Period, they can be viewed as sources of reliable information on ownership norms for every single property unit, which is a key asset when attempting to decode the physical urban structure and reveal the hidden salience of the city. Fundamentally, this research clarifies that ownership has the means of affecting something that lies beyond the existence, beyond the apparent, beyond the known and beyond the man-made settlement boundaries that define elusive historical urban forms. The Antakya case reveals clearly that property rights have major implications when attempting to understand the formation and persistence of every single component of an urban form / and accordingly, these aspects deserve greater consideration in urban conservation when attempting to make holistic assessments.

<p>In distributed database systems, immediate global consistency of replicated data can be achieved by distributed commit protocols that are typically unpredictable. If real-time characteristics are necessary, such unpredictability has to be avoided. In a distributed real-time database, optimistic replication can be used to avoid unpredictable delays by allowing transactions to commit locally. The update of other nodes is performed as soon as possible. If optimistic replication is used, conflicts may occur since data can be changed locally without synchronously informing other nodes. To detect these conflicts, this thesis introduces a conflict detection approach for DeeDS, a distributed, active real-time database that supports a dynamic node set. A comparison of existing conflict detection approaches is performed, and it is found that the dynamic version vector approach is the best fitting approach. The main reason is that it can handle a dynamic node set with a minimum of additional conflict detection data. To show the realization of the approach in DeeDS, dynamic version vectors have been implemented. Additionally, conflict management in DeeDS is redesigned to allow separation of conflict detection and conflict resolution. This makes the software architecture more flexible and is a first step towards application specific conflict resolution.</p>

古老的契字文書，是先民處理種種物權和債權的記錄，為歷史過程中的有機產物，也是反映民間社會生活的重要文獻；無論是開墾、買賣、租佃、典貸或在家產分配時，都需依據土地契約作為最基本的證據。透過契約文書的解讀，我們可以從不同的角度，暸解先民來台開墾的過程、家族的成長以及土著族群為何喪失土地產權等類的歷史問題。 本研究採用「深度訪談法」與「實地調查法」進行研究，主要調查訪談對象包括：中央研究院台灣史研究所、中央研究院民族學研究所、宜蘭縣史館、國史館台灣文獻館、國立中央圖書館台灣分館、國立臺灣大學圖書館、國立故宮博物院、國家圖書館等，共八所機構。 本研究將以實地調查之方式，至古地契之典藏單位蒐集資料；瞭解各單位典藏古地契之特色、重點。深入訪談以古地契典藏單位中的實務工作者為對象，透過訪談進一步瞭解各單位之古地契資源管理現況為何，以及其相關推廣活動與相關建議。 據研究發現，提出結論如下：一、各典藏機構所藏古地契之特色不明顯，主題容易有重疊的現象；二、各典藏機構古地契徵集方式以捐贈、購買為主；三、各典藏機構所持分類方式不盡相同；四、古地契目錄建置現況以線上目錄較為普遍；五、古地契編目欄位視各館需求而異；六、古地契推廣應用主要有三種模式，即（一）策劃展覽活動；（二）印製刊物發行；（三）舉辦相關研討會，整理相關建議後另提出將古地契檔案融入史學教育之中，或進一步作數位化整合與加值。 針對前述研究結果提出建議：一、促請各典藏機構制訂館藏發展政策；二、建置理想之古地契分類模式；三、建立全國性古地契目錄檢索機制；四、推廣利用古地契檔案，使其使用與重視大幅提昇；五、建立古地契檔案之共享與合作機制，使古地契達到有效整理、確實運用的境界。 【關鍵詞】 古地契 檔案 契據文書 契約 / The ancient land deeds are organic documents that resulted from the historical course. They record how the ancient people dealt with all sorts of property and creditor's right, and they reflect the people's social life, too. When the people cultivated their land, bought or sold things, rented out objects, and divided their family properties, they needed these ancient land deeds as the most important evidences. Through the understanding of the ancient land deeds, we can use different perspectives to know how the ancient people cultivated Taiwan, how the families developed, and why the aborigines lost the property rights of their land. Our research adopts the in-depth interview and the investigation methods. The main selected cases include: 1. Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica; 2. Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica; 3. Institute of Yilan County History; 4. Taiwan Historica; 5. National Central Library Taiwan Branch; 6. National Taiwan University Library; 7. National Palace Museum; 8. National Central library. At first, our research uses the investigation method to collect the information from these eight organizations to understand the characteristics and features of the ancient land deeds placed in these organizations. Then, our research used the in-depth interview method to inquire archivists who arrange ancient land deeds about how they manage these ancient land deeds and what their viewpoints and suggestions are for promoting these ancient land deeds. According to our findings, the conclusions are: 1. there are overlaps of the features of the ancient land deeds among these eight organizations; 2. Most of these organizations collect ancient land deeds mainly by donations and purchases; 3. the classification methods are different among these organization; 4. the on-line catalogization of the ancient land deeds is more popular; 5. the catalog items vary from different demands of these organization; 6.The main approaches to promote the ancient land deeds are: (1)exhibitions; (2)publications; (3)relevant seminarsthat purpose toarrange relevant proposals and bring up some ideas, including: (1) applying the ancient land deeds to the history studies; (2) digitalizing the deeds integrally to add value. Finally, based on the results of our research, several suggestions are made: 1. establishing the collection development policy; 2. setting up an ideal model of classification in ancient land deeds; 3. Building the retrieval mechanism of the catalog of the ancient land deeds; 4. promoting the use of the ancient land deeds to increase the use and arouse the attention for these files; 5. setting up the sharing and cooperation of the ancient land deeds to make the utilization and management of ancient land deeds more effective.

This dissertation highlights Hannah Arendt's understanding of Political: deeds, speech and public sphere. In this manner, the meaning of politics is freedom, factually experienced through deeds and words, when men come forward and disclose themselves in the public sphere; i.e., politics can only surface amongst men. For being different, they need speech and deeds to make themselves understood. However, Arendt recognizes that action and speech are activities that are by themselves as futile as life itself. Deeds and words, in order to become part of the world, must be seen, heard and shared; and their only premise is the constant presence of other men. Specifically, deeds and speech are the human condition of plurality. The research was focused on Arendt's descriptions of the tradition's notions and political experiences, emphasizing that the author does not hesitate to state that recognition of human plurality and the establishment and preservation of intermediate spaces are essential conditions to political. The purposes were, on one hand, to demonstrate that Arendt's political thought is impregnated with her readings on ancient politics, conceived as an activity that arises in spaces which men set up to deal with common interests. On the other hand, to manifest that, at modern and current times, both the rise of social sphere and invasion on the field of action and speech by work and fabrication have favored the oblivion of freedom in the political sense. In short, that, to Arendt, the primary sense of politics, forgotten or obscured throughout the centuries, always finds a way to be updated, as shown in descriptions of modern revolutions, labor and popular movements and, more recently, American civil disobedience. / Esta dissertação evidencia as compreensões de Hannah Arendt acerca da Política: ação, discurso e esfera pública. Desse modo, o sentido da Política é a liberdade, factualmente experienciada por atos e palavras, quando os homens aparecem e se revelam na esfera pública; ou seja, a Política somente surge entre-homens. Esses por serem diferentes precisam do discurso e da ação para se fazerem entender. Todavia, Arendt reconhece que ação e discurso são atividades que por si mesmas são tão fúteis como a própria vida. Atos e palavras, a fim de que se tornem parte do mundo, precisam ser vistos, ouvidos e partilhados; e seu único pressuposto é a constante presença de outros homens. Especificamente, ação e discurso correspondem à condição humana da pluralidade. A investigação centrou-se nas descrições de Arendt das noções e das experiências políticas da tradição, destacando que a autora não hesita em afirmar que o reconhecimento da pluralidade humana e o estabelecimento e preservação de espaços intermediários são condições essenciais à Política. Os propósitos foram, de um lado, demonstrar que o pensamento político de Arendt é impregnado pelas suas leituras da política antiga, concebida como uma atividade que surge nos espaços que os homens estabelecem para se ocupar dos interesses comuns. De outro lado, manifestar que, nos tempos modernos e atuais, tanto a ascensão da esfera social quanto a invasão do campo da ação e do discurso pelo trabalho e pela fabricação favoreceram o esquecimento da liberdade como o sentido da política. Em suma, que, para Arendt, o sentido originário da Política, esquecido ou obscurecido através dos séculos, sempre encontra possibilidade de se atualizar, como demonstram suas descrições das revoluções modernas, do movimento operário e popular e, mais recentemente, da desobediência civil americana.

In distributed database systems, immediate global consistency of replicated data can be achieved by distributed commit protocols that are typically unpredictable. If real-time characteristics are necessary, such unpredictability has to be avoided. In a distributed real-time database, optimistic replication can be used to avoid unpredictable delays by allowing transactions to commit locally. The update of other nodes is performed as soon as possible. If optimistic replication is used, conflicts may occur since data can be changed locally without synchronously informing other nodes. To detect these conflicts, this thesis introduces a conflict detection approach for DeeDS, a distributed, active real-time database that supports a dynamic node set. A comparison of existing conflict detection approaches is performed, and it is found that the dynamic version vector approach is the best fitting approach. The main reason is that it can handle a dynamic node set with a minimum of additional conflict detection data. To show the realization of the approach in DeeDS, dynamic version vectors have been implemented. Additionally, conflict management in DeeDS is redesigned to allow separation of conflict detection and conflict resolution. This makes the software architecture more flexible and is a first step towards application specific conflict resolution.

Este trabalho propõe considerar o processo de formalização legal das transações de terras ocorrido após 1822 - ano da independência do Brasil - como mais uma condição de valorização da terra no Brasil paralelo às classicamente discutidas pela historiografia da História Agrária.O referido processo foi desencadeado pela necessidade de dinamizar o crédito em uma economia pouco monetizada e antecedeu e influenciou o surgimento da propriedade privada no Brasil. Pode ser percebido pela elaboração de leis que visaram promover maior clareza e segurança jurídica nos contratos. Para isso, as mudanças legais não só reformaram e produziram regras e procedimentos contratuais, como o sistema cartorial com a criação dos Cartórios de Registros ao lado dos Cartórios de Notas, integrando suas atividades: o Cartório de Notas passou a controlar a produção dos contratos dentro das formalidades ditadas pela Lei e o Cartório de Registro a lhes dar publicidade. Para concentrar as informações contratuais nos cartórios e disponibilizá-las para o conhecimento público, o Estado paulatinamente desestimulou os negócios feitos por títulos particulares por meio de sucessivas leis, que de forma gradual restringiram a sua segurança jurídica e validade legal. A maior clareza e segurança jurídica produzidas nesse processo tiveram o efeito não só de dinamizar o crédito hipotecário, como também as compras e vendas, catalisando o ganho de valor da terra em condições favoráveis. / The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the process of legal formalization of land purchase after 1822 when Brazil became independent as yet another condition of land valuation in the country, parallel to the reasons that have been traditionally discussed by the historiography on Agrarian History. Such process was triggered by the need to render credit more dynamic in a seldom monetized economy, having both preceded and influenced the rise of private property in Brazil, and included the drafting of laws to promote greater clarity and legal safety for the respective contracts. To this end, the legal modifications not only reformed and produced contractual rules and procedures, but also provided for the establishment of the notarial system and the relevant Real Estate Registry Offices (Brazils registers of deeds) and the Notary Public Offices, whose activities were integrated: the Notary Public Offices were used to control contract drafting according to the formalities set forth by law, whereas the Real Estate Registry Offices were used to render the contracts public. In order to concentrate contractual information at the registries and offices and ensure the public awareness thereof, the State gradually discouraged contractual transactions closed by means of private instruments upon the enactment of successive laws that gradually limited the legal safety and validity thereof. The greater clarity and legal safety brought forth by this process not only enabled mortgage credit to become more dynamic, but also provided for new scenarios in land purchase, thereby resulting in land valuation in favorable conditions.