Orientador : Vivaldo Fernando da Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Domingues_AdrianaFavaro_D.pdf: 789245 bytes, checksum: 9ca2b124a01cd871aa7f4bbb4c63c57a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho aborda o problema das oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa freqüência de modo interárea em sistemas de energia elétrica através de duas metodologias: primeiramente, através do método convencional da análise modal linear e, posteriormente, através da aplicação do método da forma normal dos campos vetoriais como ferramenta para viabilizar o acréscimo dos termos não lineares de segunda ordem resultantes da expansão em série de Taylor. Neste caso, o método da forma normal é aplicado a um Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência com representação de segunda ordem, para investigar os efeitos das interações não lineares entre os modos naturais de oscilação de sistemas de energia elétrica. São consideradas, em ambas as análises, a inclusão de dispositivos FACTS e da modelagem dinâmica das cargas. As simulações são realizadas para um sistema simétrico de duas áreas e para o Sistema Equivalente Sul-Sudeste Brasileiro. A metodologia de análise proposta mostra-se bastante satisfatória como alternativa à simulação não linear no domínio do tempo e à análise modal convencional / Abstract: In this work, the analysis of power systems inter-area mode oscillations is performed by the application of two different methodologies: first, the linear modal analysis, and then the analysis including second order nonlinear terms from a Taylor series expansion, with the application of the method of normal forms of vector fields. In this case, the method of normal forms is applied to a Power Sensitivity Model including second order nonlinear terms, in order to investigate the effects of nonlinear interactions between system modes. Both methodologies consider the inclusion of FACTS devices and dynamic load model. Simulations are performed for a symmetric two-area test power system and for the Equivalent South-Southeast Brazilian system. The results obtained show that the methodology proposed is very effective as an alternative to linear modal analysis and timedomain simulation in the performance of inter-area mode oscillations analysis / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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Worldwide concern about the environmental problems and a possible energy crisis has led to increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is the most rapidly growing one. Therefore, how to provide efficient, reliable, and high-performance wind power generation and distribution has become an important and practical issue in the power industry. In addition, because of the new constraints placed by the environmental and economical factors, the trend of power system planning and operation is toward maximum utilization of the existing infrastructure with tight system operating and stability margins. This trend, together with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources, will bring new challenges to power system operation, control, stability and reliability which require innovative solutions. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices, through their fast, flexible, and effective control capability, provide one possible solution to these challenges. To fully utilize the capability of individual power system components, e.g., wind turbine generators (WTGs) and FACTS devices, their control systems must be suitably designed with high reliability. Moreover, in order to optimize local as well as system-wide performance and stability of the power system, real-time local and wide-area coordinated control is becoming an important issue. Power systems containing conventional synchronous generators, WTGs, and FACTS devices are large-scale, nonlinear, nonstationary, stochastic and complex systems distributed over large geographic areas. Traditional mathematical tools and system control techniques have limitations to control such complex systems to achieve an optimal performance. Intelligent and bio-inspired techniques, such as swarm intelligence, neural networks, and adaptive critic designs, are emerging as promising alternative technologies for power system control and performance optimization. This work focuses on the development of advanced optimization and intelligent control algorithms to improve the stability, reliability and dynamic performance of WTGs, FACTS devices, and the associated power networks. The proposed optimization and control algorithms are validated by simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC, experimental studies, or real-time implementations using Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Platform. Results show that they significantly improve electrical energy security, reliability and sustainability.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έχει ως αντικείμενο τη διερεύνηση της λειτουργίας και το σχεδιασμό συστήματος ελέγχου του δυναμικού αποκαταστάτη τάσης (DVR - Dynamic Voltage Restorer, όπως αναφέρεται στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία) που χρησιμοποιείται στα δίκτυα διανομής. Η συγκεκριμένη συσκευή ανήκει στην κατηγορία των FACTS (Flexible ac Transmission Systems), παρέχει εν σειρά αντιστάθμιση, και ο σκοπός λειτουργίας της είναι η βελτίωση της ποιότητας της παρεχόμενης ισχύος και η αύξηση της αξιοπιστίας του συστήματος. Εξειδικεύεται στις βυθίσεις τάσεως. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, ο δυναμικός αποκαταστάτης τάσης έχει στόχο, όπως μαρτυρά και το όνομά του, να διατηρεί την τάση ενός φορτίου κατά το δυνατόν σταθερή στην τιμή που αυτή είχε πριν συμβεί η όποια βύθιση. Έτσι, θα καταβληθεί προσπάθεια προκειμένου να προσομοιωθεί η λειτουργία μιας τέτοιας συσκευής σε ένα απλό δίκτυο με τη βοήθεια του λογισμικού PSCAD. Θα κατασκευαστεί ο DVR καθώς και το σύστημα ελέγχου του κι αφού συνδεθεί σε ένα φορτίο, θα δημιουργήσουμε διάφορα είδη σφαλμάτων και θα μελετήσουμε την απόκρισή του και την ικανότητά του να αποκαθιστά την τάση. / This diploma thesis refers to Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), a series compensator used in transmission systems. It is a device that belongs to FACTS and its main function is the mitigation of volatge sags and swells.

With limited enhancement or expansion of the transmission infrastructure, the contemporary power systems are operating under more stressed conditions. It becomes important to fully utilize the existing transmission system to supply load demand as much as possible, thus eliminating or reducing the need for new transmission investment. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technology provides an alternative to fully utilize the existing transmission lines as well as new and upgraded lines, by controlling power and also enhancing the power transfer capability of transmission lines. However, the implementation of FACTS controllers in the transmission system has introduced new power system dynamics that must be addressed in the area of power system protection, such as rapid changes in line impedance, power angle, line currents, transients introduced by the occurrence of fault and associated control action of the FACTS controller. Therefore, the performance of the protection system must be carefully analyzed in the presence of FACTS controllers. The thesis aims at evaluating the performance of distance relays when different types of FACTS controllers, in particular Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based FACTS controllers, are incorporated at the midpoint of the transmission system to achieve voltage profile improvement and power transfer capability. The detailed models of these controllers and their control strategies are described. The presence of FACTS controllers in the loop affects both steady state and transient components of voltage and current signals. The rapid response of FACTS controllers to different power system configurations significantly affects the apparent impedance seen by distance relays. The apparent impedance seen by distance relays would be different from that of the system without FACTS controller. Due to this, the distance relay may malfunction, resulting in unreliable operation of the power system during faults. Furthermore, the effect of FACTS controllers on distance relay operation depends on the type of FACTS controller used, the application for which it has been installed and its location in the power system. The distance relay is evaluated for different loading conditions and for various fault conditions. Simulation studies are carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC based transient simulation package.

The electric power supply industry has evolved into one of the largest industries. Even though secure and reliable operation of the electric power system is fundamental to economy, social security and quality of modern life, the complicated power grid is now facing severe challenges to meet the high-level secure and reliable operation requirements. New technologies will play a major role in helping today's electric power industry to meet the above challenges. This dissertation has focused on some key technologies among them, including the emerging technologies of energy storage, controlled power electronics and wide area measurement technologies. Those technologies offer an opportunity to develop the appropriate objectives for power system control. The use of power electronics based devices with energy storage system integrated into them, such as FACTS/ESS, can provide valuable added benefits to improve stability, power quality, and reliability of power systems. The study in this dissertation has provided several guidelines for the implementation of FACTS/ESS in bulk power systems. The interest of this study lies in a wide range of FACTS/ESS technology applications in bulk power system to solve some special problems that were not solved well without the application of FACTS/ESS. The special problems we select to solve by using FACTS/ESS technology in this study include power quality problem solution by active power compensation, electrical arc furnace (EAF) induced problems solution, inter-area mode low frequency oscillation suppression, coordination of under frequency load shedding (UFLS) and under frequency governor control (UFGC), wide area voltage control. From this study, the author of this dissertation reveals the unique role that FACTS/ESS technology can play in the bulk power system stability control and power quality enhancement in power system. In this dissertation, almost all the studies are based on the real system problems, which means that the study results are special valuable to certain utilities that have those problems. The study in this dissertation can assist power industry choose the right FACTS/ESS technology for their intended functions, which will improve the survivability, minimize blackouts, and reduce interruption costs through the use of energy storage systems. / Ph. D.

Small signal oscillation has been always a major concern in the operation of power systems. In a generator, the electromechanical coupling between the rotor and the rest of the system causes it to behave in a manner similar to a spring mass damper system. Following any disturbance, such as sudden change in loads, actuations in the output of turbine and faults etc. it exhibits an oscillatory behaviour around the equilibrium state. The use of fast acting high gain AVRs and evolution of large interconnected power systems with transfer of bulk power across weak transmission links have further aggravated the problem of these low frequency oscillations. Small oscillations in the range of about 0.1Hz to 3.5Hz can persist for long periods, limiting the power transfer capability of the transmission lines. These oscillations can be reduced by incorporating auxiliary controllers on generator excitation system. Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) were developed to produce additional damping by modulating the generator excitation voltage. Designing effective PSS for all operating conditions especially in large interconnected power systems still remains a difficult and challenging task. More and more power electronic based controllers have been and will be used in power systems. Many of these controllers such as Static Var Compensators (SVCs), Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) etc., are incorporated in power transmission networks to improve its operational capability. In addition, some of the energy storage systems such as Battery Energy Storage systems (BESS), Super conducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) as well large non-conventional energy sources are also increasingly being integrated with the power grid. With large integration of these devices, there is a significant impact on system stability, more importantly on small signal oscillatory instability of the power system. This thesis primarily focuses on impact of such devices on small signal oscillatory stability of the power systems. More specifically in this thesis small signal stability analysis of a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with a grid connected wind powered Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) has been presented. A SMIB system has been purposely chosen so that general conclusions can be obtained on the behaviour of the embedded STATCOM/Energy Source (ES) system on system stability. With a better understanding of the impact of such a system it would be probably possible to analyze more complicated multimachine power system and their impact on system stability. Small signal model of the complete system which comprises the generator, transmission network, inter connecting STATCOM, the wind power generator and all associated controllers has been developed. The performances of the system following a small disturbance at various operating conditions have been analyzed. To obtain quantitative estimates of the damping and synchronizing torques generated in the system, expressions for damping and synchronizing torque clients have been developed. With these analyses, the relative impact of the STATCOM and STATCOM with ES on system performance have been assessed. It is shown that with active and reactive power modulation capabilities effective and efficient control of small signal oscillations in power systems can be achieved.