No / This paper presents analytical technique and simplified formulas for the calculations of cracking, yield and ultimate moments of different cases as well as deflections of ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with steel bars. The technique is based on the simplified constitutive models of materials, strain compatibility, perforce bond of materials and equilibrium of internal forces and moment. Experimental testing of eleven ECC-concrete composite beams reinforced with steel bars is also presented. All beams tested had the same geometrical dimensions but different steel reinforcement strength and ECC thickness. The proposed formulas showed good agreement with the experimental results of various moment values and deflections. A parametric analysis shows that yield and ultimate moments increase with the increase of concrete strength in case of compression failure but, essentially, remain unchanged in case of tensile failure. With increasing the tensile resistance, for example by increasing ECC height replacement ratio, reinforcement ratio, strength of steel reinforcement and ECC, ultimate curvature and energy dissipation increase in case of tensile failure and decrease in case of compressive failure. On the other hand, ductility and energy dissipation ratio decrease with the increase of reinforcement ratio and strength, but, essentially, remain unchanged with increasing the height replacement ratio and strength of ECC. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625) and the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies.

Yes / This paper presents test results of fifteen reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC)-concrete beams. The main parameters investigated were the amount and type of reinforcement, and ECC thickness. All reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams tested were classified into four groups according to the amount and type of main longitudinal reinforcement used; three groups were reinforced with FRP, steel and hybrid FRP/steel bars, respectively, having similar tensile capacity, whereas the fourth group had a larger amount of only FRP reinforcement. In each group, four height replacement ratios of ECC to concrete were studied. The test results showed that the moment capacity and stiffness of concrete beams are improved and the crack width can be well controlled when a concrete layer in the tension zone is replaced with an ECC layer of the same thickness. However, the improvement level of ECC-concrete composite beams was controlled by the type and amount of reinforcement used. Based on the simplified constitutive relationships of materials and plane section assumption, three failure modes and their discriminate formulas are developed. Furthermore, simplified formulas for moment capacity calculations are proposed, predicting good agreement with experimental results. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625), the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies and Top-level Talents Support Project of Yangzhou University.

This thesis investigates the flexural behavior of interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) shear walls. In-plane cyclic tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of three flexure dominant large scale ICEB specimens: a slim wall with a 2:1 height to width aspect ratio, a flanged wall, and a wall with an opening at the center. Following the experimental investigation, two types of analyses were conducted for calculating the ultimate strength of flexure dominant ICEB walls: a nonlinear static analysis model assuming lumped plasticity and a plastic analysis model. In addition, incremental dynamic analysis was conducted to address the seismic performance of flexure dominant ICEB buildings. Based on the database from the incremental dynamic analysis, the collapse potential of demonstration ICEB buildings were compared for the countries of interest.

[pt] A protensão de estruturas de concreto com cabos externos já é uma prática comum em vários países e, tem sido empregada tanto na recuperação e reforço de estruturas existentes quanto na concepção de novas estruturas. Entre algumas vantagens estão a redução do peso da estrutura,simplicidade no traçado dos cabos e melhores condições de concretagem. A protensão externa pode ser feita com cabos de aço ou com cabos sintéticos. Estes últimos são constituídos de fibras de alta resistência e excelente resistência à corrosão. O cálculo da resistência das vigas protendidas com cabos não aderentes é mais complexo do que o caso de cabos aderentes, pois a variação de tensão é função da integral das deformações da viga ao longo do traçado do cabo. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo rígido-plástico simplificado para estimar a variação da força em cabos de protensão não aderentes, para estágios de carregamento onde ocorrem deformações plásticas nos materiais, considerando que todas as rotações estejam concentradas em uma rótula plástica. O modelo leva em consideração a dependência da variação da força em cabos de protensão com o comportamento geral da estrutura, bem como a influência da resistência do concreto, da taxa de armadura na seção e dos deslizamentos que ocorrem ao longo da armadura não aderente. A eficiência deste tipo de análise é verificada por meio de uma boa concordância entre resultados analíticos e experimentais, desde que se tenha uma boa estimativa da capacidade de rotação e/ou posição relativa da linha neutra na ruptura. Apresenta-se um estudo paramétrico, sobre o comportamento à flexão de vigas protendidas com cabos externos, utilizando o modelo computacional de Campos (1993). A análise é utilizada para enfatizar as principais implicações do emprego de cabos externos de diferentes módulos de elasticidade. Estabeleceu-se também, uma relação entre a capacidade de rotação da seção e posição relativa da linha neutra, com o objetivo de facilitar a determinação da variação de força em cabos não aderentes quando o modelo rígido-plástico simplificado é empregado. Verificou-se uma boa concordância entre resultados analíticos e experimentais. / [en] Beams prestressed with external tendons have a number of attractions for engineers. They allow a reduction in weight, since concrete is not provided merely to act as cover to tendon or duct; they allow the tendons to be inspected for signs of corrosion and tendons can be replaced or retensioned if necessary. External prestressing is also an ideal application of tendons made of new materials, such as aramids; since the tendons are brittle, it is necessary to avoid the strains concentrations that occur at crack locations with bonded tendons. Since aramids fibres are non-corrodable , there is no problem about the lack of alkaline environment. The main difference in behaviour between bonded and unbonded tendons is that the deflected shape of the unbonded tendon is not the same of the beam. The force change in unbonded tendons depends on the overall geometry of the beam. This work presents a rigid plastic analysis for predicting the force in unbonded tendons , which takes into account the overall geometry of the beam, concrete strenght, reinforment index, as well as the effects of the friction at deflector points. The method is validated with a good agrement with experimental results, provided that a good aproximation of the rotational capacity of a critical section and/or the relative position of the neutral axis are known. A numerical parametrical study of the flexural resistance of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons is carried out, with particular attention paid to those beams prestressed with aramid tendons. This study used a computer program developed by Campos(1993) based on the finite element method for the analysis of concrete structures prestressed with both bonded and unbonded tendons , including external prestressing. A relationship between the rotational capacity of a critical section and the relative position of the neutral axis was stablished. The usage of this relationship together with the rigid plastic model lead to a good agreement with experimental results. Beams prestressed with external tendons have a number of attractions for engineers. They allow a reduction in weight, since concrete is not provided merely to act as cover to tendon or duct; they allow the tendons to be inspected for signs of corrosion and tendons can be replaced or retensioned if necessary. External prestressing is also an ideal application of tendons made of new materials, such as aramids; since the tendons are brittle, it is necessary to avoid the strains concentrations that occur at crack locations with bonded tendons. Since aramids fibres are non-corrodable , there is no problem about the lack of alkaline environment. The main difference in behaviour between bonded and unbonded tendons is that the deflected shape of the unbonded tendon is not the same of the beam. The force change in unbonded tendons depends on the overall geometry of the beam. This work presents a rigid plastic analysis for predicting the force in unbonded tendons , which takes into account the overall geometry of the beam, concrete strenght, reinforment index, as well as the effects of the friction at deflector points. The method is validated with a good agrement with experimental results, provided that a good aproximation of the rotational capacity of a critical section and/or the relative position of the neutral axis are known. A numerical parametrical study of the flexural resistance of concrete beams prestressed with external tendons is carried out, with particular attention paid to those beams prestressed with aramid tendons. This study used a computer program developed by Campos(1993) based on the finite element method for the analysis of concrete structures prestressed with both bonded and unbonded tendons , including external prestressing. A relationship between the rotational capacity of a critical section and the relative position of the neutral axis was stablished. The usage of this relatio / [es] La protensión de extructuras de concreto con cabos externos es ya una práctica común en varios países y, ha sido empleada tanto en la recuperación y refuerzo de extructuras existentes cuanto en la concepción de nuevas extructuras. Entre algunas ventajas están la reducción del peso de la extructura,simplicidad en el trazado de los cables y mejores condiciones para el concretaje. La protensión externa puede ser hecha con cables de acero o con cables sintéticos. Estos últimos están constituídos de fibras de alta resistencia y excelente resistencia a la corrosión. El cálculo de la resistencia de las vigas protendidas con cables no adherentes es más complejo del que el caso de cables adherentes, pués la variación de tensión es función de la integral de las deformaciones de la viga a lo largo del trazado del cable. Este trabajo presenta un modelo rígido-plástico simplificado para estimar la variación de la fuerza en cables de protensión no adherentes, para estadíos de carregamento donde ocurren deformaciones plásticas en los materiales, considerando que todas las rotaciones esten concentradas en una rótula plástica. El modelo lleva en consideración la dependencia de la variación de la fuerza en cables de protensión con el comportamiento general de la extructura, así como la influencia de la resistencia del concreto, de la tasa de armadura en la sección y de los deslizamientos que ocurren a lo largo de la armadura no adherente. La eficiencia de este tipo de análisis se verifica por meio de una buena concordancia entre resultados analíticos y experimentales, desde que se tenga uma buena estimativa de la capacidad de rotación y/o posición relativa de la línea neutra en la ruptura. Se presenta un estudio paramétrico, sobre el comportamiento a la flexión de vigas protendidas con cables externos, utilizando el modelo computacional de Campos (1993). El análisis se utiliza para enfatizar las principales implicaciones del uso de cables externos de diferentes módulos de elasticidad. Se establece también, una relación entre la capacidad de rotación de la sección y posición relativa de la línea neutra, con el objetivo de facilitar la determinación de la variación de fuerza en cables no adherentes cuando se emplea el modelo rígido-plástico simplificado. Se erificó una buena concordancia entre resultados analíticos y experimentales.

Yes / To investigate the flexural performance of steel-UHPC (ultra-high performance concrete) composite beams with welded steel shear keys (SSK), eight specimens were experimental studied by four-point bending test. The finite element (FE) models were established based on the experimental results, then, the failure mode, load, deflection, strain and relative interface slip were parametric analyzed. The influences of strength, dimensions and configuration of upper concrete slab, steel beams as well as SSK on flexural performance, in terms of load-deflection response, ductility and ultimate energy dissipation, were studied. The experimental results show that steel-UHPC composite beams have superior bearing capacity, deformation capacity, ductility and energy dissipation ability when compared with steel-NSC (normal strength concrete) composite counterparts. Increasing the height of upper concrete slab has a significant effect on improving bending capacity and flexural stiffness, while increasing the width has a significant effect on enhancing deformation, ductility and ultimate energy dissipation. Increasing the yield strength, thickness of web and flange of steel beams has significant effect on improving bending capacity. Reducing the SSK spacing or increasing the yield strength of SSK, height and thickness slightly improve the cracking, yield and ultimate loads, reduce deflections, enhance the flexural stiffness, slightly weakens the ductility and ultimate energy dissipation. Besides, four types of failure modes were defined, based on reasonable assumptions, formulae for bearing capacity were proposed, and the predicted results fit well with experimental results. The results can be taken as reference for the design and application of steel-UHPC composite beams in long-span and heavy-load structures. / The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support to the work by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20201436), High-End Foreign Experts Project of Ministry of Science and Technology, China (G2022014054L), Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Construction System (2021ZD06, 2018ZD047), Science and Technology Cooperation Fund Project of Yangzhou City and Yangzhou University (YZU212105, YZ2022194), Science and Technology Project of Yangzhou Construction System (202309, 202312, 202204).

Yes / This paper aims to investigate the flexural behavior of engineered cementitious composite (ECC)-concrete hybrid composite beams reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and steel bars. Thirty two hybrid reinforced composite beams having various ECC height replacement ratio and combinations of FRP and steel reinforcements were experimentally tested to failure in flexure. Test results showed that cracking, yield and ultimate moments as well as the stiffness of hybrid and ECC beams are improved compared with traditional concrete beams having the same reinforcement, owing to the excellent tensile properties of ECC materials. The average crack spacing and width decrease with the increase of ECC height replacement ratio. The ductility of hybrid reinforced composite beams is higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete beams while their practical reinforcement ratios are similar. Reinforced ECC beams show considerable energy dissipation capacity owing to ECC’s excellent deformation ability. Considering the constitutive models of materials, compatibility and equilibrium conditions, formulas for the prediction of cracking, yield and ultimate moments as well as deflections of hybrid reinforced ECC-concrete composite beams are developed. The proposed formulas are in good agreement with the experimental results. A comprehensive parametric analysis is, then, conducted to illustrate the effect of reinforcement, ECC and concrete properties on the moment capacity, curvature, ductility and energy dissipation of composite beams. / National Natural Science Foundation of China (51678514, 51308490), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (BK20130450), Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (JZ-038, 2016), Graduate Practice Innovation Project of Jiangsu Province (SJCX17-0625), the Jiangsu Government Scholarship for Overseas Studies and Top-level Talents Support Project of Yangzhou University

[pt] O bambu é um recurso natural, típico de regiões tropicais e subtropicais, cujas fibras vêm atraindo interesse para reforço de materiais compósitos, pelas suas excelentes propriedades mecânicas. Entretanto, como toda fibra vegetal, as fibras de bambu apresentam alto grau de higroscopicidade, inchando quando da presença de água, limitando seu uso devido à perda de durabilidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho visa estudar melhorias nas propriedades de flexão do bambu através do processo de hornificação por ciclos de molhagem e secagem, tratamento muito utilizado em polpas de madeira ou papel, que leva a reduções na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água das fibras, reduzindo seus poros e tornando sua estrutura mais enrijecida. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos de 3, 5 e 10 ciclos de molhagem e secagem sobre as propriedades físicas e comportamento mecânico (flexão e módulo de elasticidade) do bambu da espécie Moso (Phyllostachys pubescens). Com relação às propriedades físicas foram avaliadas as variações na capacidade de absorção e retenção de água do bambu ao longo dos ciclos, incluindo avaliação das variações dimensionais dos feixes vasculares ao final dos ciclos, realizada por meio de análise e processamento de imagens obtidas por microscópio estereoscópico. Ademais, o comportamento à flexão foi estudado por meio de ensaios de flexão a quatro pontos, avaliando possíveis melhorias na resistência à flexão, deflexão e módulo de elasticidade do bambu após os ciclos de molhagem e secagem, incluindo análise da influência do cisalhamento na flexão. As análises físicas demonstraram que com os ciclos ocorreu redução na capacidade de retenção de água do bambu, além de reduções na área superficial de seus feixes de fibras. Na flexão houve ganho de rigidez após os ciclos, chegando a aumentar em 70 por cento o módulo de elasticidade. / [en] Bamboo is a natural resource, typical of tropical and subtropical regions, whose fibers are attracting interest to reinforce composite materials, due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, like all plant fibers, bamboo fibers present a high degree of hygroscopicity, swelling when water is present, limiting its use due to loss of durability. Thus, this work aims to study improvements in the flexural properties of bamboo through the process of hornification by wetting and drying cycles, a treatment that is widely used in pulps of wood or paper, leading to reductions in the water absorption and retention capacity of the fibers, reducing its pores and making its structure stiffer. The effects of 3, 5 and 10 wetting and drying cycles on the physical properties and mechanical behavior (flexure and modulus of elasticity) of the Moso bamboo species (Phyllostachys pubescens) were investigated. Regarding the physical properties, the variations in the bamboo water absorption and retention capacity were evaluated along the cycles, including evaluation of the dimensional variations of the vascular bundles at the end of the cycles, performed by means of analysis and processing of images obtained by a stereoscopic microscope. In addition, the flexural behavior was studied by means of four-point flexural tests, evaluating possible improvements in flexural strength, deflection and modulus of elasticity of the bamboo after the wetting and drying cycles, including analysis of the influence of shear on flexion. The physical analyzes showed that with the cycles there was a reduction in the water retention capacity of bamboo, as well as reductions in the surface area of its fiber bundles. In flexion, there was a gain of stiffness after the cycles, increasing the modulus of elasticity by 70 per cent.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24847号 / 工博第5164号 / 新制||工||1986(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉浦, 邦征, 教授 高橋, 良和, 教授 山本, 貴士, 教授 北根, 安雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

A substituição do aço pela armadura não metálica objetiva o aumento da durabilidade de estruturas sujeitas à corrosão e a campos eletromagnéticos. Mas, a inserção de um novo material na construção civil demanda especificação de sua composição, comportamento e procedimentos de sua utilização. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento à flexão de vigas de concreto armadas com barras não metálicas. Para esta finalidade foram realizados, uma revisão bibliográfica considerando os trabalhos publicados desde o início das pesquisas até os mais recentes e ensaios dos materiais e de vigas de concreto armado. Os ensaios de determinação das propriedades das barras da armadura não metálica de GFRP (glass fiber polymer – polímero reforçado com fibra de vidro) englobam a determinação do diagrama tensão-deformação e capacidade resistente. As vigas armadas com barras de GFRP foram ensaiadas à flexão em quatro pontos e os resultados comparados com o de uma viga armada com barras de aço CA-50 também ensaiada a flexão. Nos modelos pôde-se perceber a influência das propriedades das barras de GFRP no comportamento geral da estrutura. Por exemplo, as grandes deformações nas barras longitudinais e os deslocamentos dos modelos foram determinados pelo baixo módulo de elasticidade das barras de GFRP. É evidente a necessidade de continuação dos estudos envolvendo barras de GFRP. Estas pesquisas poderão desenvolver meios de se utilizar as propriedades do material em favor do melhor funcionamento da estrutura / Steel reinforcement replacement aims an increase at the durability of structures with corrosion and electrical magnetic problems. But, inserting a new material at the civil construction industry demands specifications of its composition, behavior and procedures for its utilization. This work is a flexural behavior analysis of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. To make this, a technical literature research was made considering the pioneer until the most recent researches, and components and concrete reinforced beams tests were done. GFRP bars properties tests went from the determination of its strains X stress diagram to its tension resistance. GFRP reinforced beams were submitted to four points flexural tests and the results compared with a CA-50 steel reinforced beam also submitted to the flexural test. The specimens showed the influence of GFRP properties at the behavior of the structure. For example, longitudinal bars large strains and the large displacement of the beam were determined by GFRP bars low longitudinal elastic modulus. Continuing the studies evolving GFRP bars is certainly a need. New researches might be able to design a way to use the composite properties to improve the structure behavior

Until recently, the hot-rolled steel members have been recognized as the most popular and widely used steel group, but in recent times, the use of cold-formed high strength steel members has rapidly increased. However, the structural behavior of light gauge high strength cold-formed steel members characterized by various buckling modes is not yet fully understood. The current cold-formed steel sections such as C- and Z-sections are commonly used because of their simple forming procedures and easy connections, but they suffer from certain buckling modes. It is therefore important that these buckling modes are either delayed or eliminated to increase the ultimate capacity of these members. This research is therefore aimed at developing a new cold-formed steel beam with two torsionally rigid rectangular hollow flanges and a slender web formed using intermittent screw fastening to enhance the flexural capacity while maintaining a minimum fabrication cost. This thesis describes a detailed investigation into the structural behavior of this new Rectangular Hollow Flange Beam (RHFB), subjected to flexural action The first phase of this research included experimental investigations using thirty full scale lateral buckling tests and twenty two section moment capacity tests using specially designed test rigs to simulate the required loading and support conditions. A detailed description of the experimental methods, RHFB failure modes including local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling modes, and moment capacity results is presented. A comparison of experimental results with the predictions from the current design rules and other design methods is also given. The second phase of this research involved a methodical and comprehensive investigation aimed at widening the scope of finite element analysis to investigate the buckling and ultimate failure behaviours of RHFBs subjected to flexural actions. Accurate finite element models simulating the physical conditions of both lateral buckling and section moment capacity tests were developed. Comparison of experimental and finite element analysis results showed that the buckling and ultimate failure behaviour of RHFBs can be simulated well using appropriate finite element models. Finite element models simulating ideal simply supported boundary conditions and a uniform moment loading were also developed in order to use in a detailed parametric study. The parametric study results were used to review the current design rules and to develop new design formulae for RHFBs subjected to local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling effects. Finite element analysis results indicate that the discontinuity due to screw fastening has a noticeable influence only for members in the intermediate slenderness region. Investigations into different combinations of thicknesses in the flange and web indicate that increasing the flange thickness is more effective than web thickness in enhancing the flexural capacity of RHFBs. The current steel design standards, AS 4100 (1998) and AS/NZS 4600 (1996) are found sufficient to predict the section moment capacity of RHFBs. However, the results indicate that the AS/NZS 4600 is more accurate for slender sections whereas AS 4100 is more accurate for compact sections. The finite element analysis results further indicate that the current design rules given in AS/NZS 4600 is adequate in predicting the member moment capacity of RHFBs subject to lateral torsional buckling effects. However, they were inadequate in predicting the capacities of RHFBs subject to lateral distortional buckling effects. This thesis has therefore developed a new design formula to predict the lateral distortional buckling strength of RHFBs. Overall, this thesis has demonstrated that the innovative RHFB sections can perform well as economically and structurally efficient flexural members. Structural engineers and designers should make use of the new design rules and the validated existing design rules to design the most optimum RHFB sections depending on the type of applications. Intermittent screw fastening method has also been shown to be structurally adequate that also minimises the fabrication cost. Product manufacturers and builders should be able to make use of this in their applications.