Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4341432 bytes, checksum: af580d9ab0474238331e9cd9183956d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Floods are phenomena that happen frequently rains triggered by rapid, excessive or intense and long lasting. The problems caused by this phenomenon will depend, for example, the degree of occupation of areas surrounding water bodies by populations, as well as the frequency with which flooding occurs. Disasters are called "natural" common affecting societies around the world. Such an event may cause fatalities or permanent damage to the physical integrity of the affected population, as well as the destruction of occurrence of these areas and increased poverty due to damage to capital and productive. Due to these factors, it is necessary to conduct research to evaluate existing vulnerability and risk to flooding. This involves measuring the size and risk, in order to determine the efficiency of intervention measures, so that if there are activities compatible with the carrying capacity of the environment, thereby promoting sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the institutional management and disaster vulnerability in relation to flooding in municipalities of the Açu Valley/RN through the Local Disaster Indexes (LDI and LDI ), Risk Management Index (RMI), and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The municipalities studied were Açu Ipanguaçu, Alto do Rodrigues, Pendências and Carnaubais. This study area was chosen due to the fact that, over the years this phenomenon is being increasingly applicant. The data used in this study were based on documents Damage Assessment (AVADAN), conducted by the municipalities to the Civil Defense of Rio Grande do Norte State and through questionnaires with municipal managers on the management of institutional year 2009. The results show that the highest values were found to LDI municipalities of Açu (99.86), Carnaubais (99.63), Ipanguaçu (99.44), and Pendências (98.63), and lowest for the municipality of Alto Rodrigues (46.77), the latter being thus less vulnerable to disasters caused by floods. Regarding the LDI', the council showed the lowest concentration of losses was the Alto do Rodrigues (0.67199), followed by to do (0.70522) and Carnaubais (0.71632). The municipalities that had the highest concentration were Açu (0.80459), and Ipanguaçu (0.74569). As for the RMI, the municipalities that best manages the flood risk were Ipanguaçu (25%), and Açu (22.9%), being qualified as reasonable. As a result we have: Pendências (13.9%), Alto do Rodrigues (10.4%), and Carnaubais (7.6%) classified as bad. As for AHP, the results (suggestions) show up differently for each municipality, as each invests in different ways. Finally, this study shows that these methods are useful tools for the analysis and recommended economic and sector in order to promote development policies, territorial local intervention and watershed protection, justify the transfer of resources to the local level with specific purposes of risk management and the creation of social safety nets. / As inundações são fenômenos que acontecem frequentemente deflagradas por chuvas rápidas, excessivas ou intensas e de longa duração. Os problemas ocasionados por este fenômeno irão depender, por exemplo, do grau de ocupação das áreas do entorno dos corpos hídricos pelas populações, bem como, da frequência com que as inundações ocorrem. São os desastres ditos naturais mais comuns que afetam as sociedades ao redor do mundo. Tal acontecimento pode causar vítimas fatais ou danos irreparáveis à integridade física da população atingida, bem como, a destruição das áreas de ocorrência destes e o aumento da pobreza devido aos danos no capital social e produtivo. Devido a estes fatores, se faz necessário realizar pesquisas para avaliar a vulnerabilidade e o risco existente à inundação. Isto implica em dimensionar e medir o risco, com o fim de determinar a eficiência das medidas de intervenção, para que se existam atividades compatíveis com a capacidade de suporte do ambiente, para assim promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a gestão institucional e a vulnerabilidade a desastres no que concerne a inundação em municípios do Vale do Açu/RN por meio dos Índices de Desastre Local (IDL e IDL ), do Índice de Gestão de Risco (IGR) e do Processo de Análise Hierárquica (PAH). Os municípios estudados foram Açu, Ipanguaçu, Alto do Rodrigues, Pendências e Carnaubais. Esta área de estudo foi escolhida devido ao fato de que, com o passar dos anos esse fenômeno está sendo cada vez mais recorrente. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram baseados nos documentos de Avaliação de Danos (AVADAN), realizados pelos municípios para a Defesa Civil do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e por meio da aplicação de questionários com os gestores municipais, relativo à gestão institucional do ano de 2009. Os resultados mostram que os maiores valores de IDL foram encontrados para os municípios de Açu (99,86), Carnaubais (99,63), Ipanguaçu (99,44) e Pendências (98,63), e o menor para o município de Alto do Rodrigues (46,77), estando este último, portanto, menos vulnerável a desastres ocasionados por inundações. No que concerne ao IDL , o município que obteve a menor concentração de perdas foi o Alto do Rodrigues (0,67199), seguido por Pendências (0,70522) e Carnaubais (0,71632). Os municípios que apresentaram a maior concentração foram Açu (0,80459) e Ipanguaçu (0,74569). Quanto ao IGR, os municípios que melhor gerenciam o risco a inundação são Ipanguaçu (25%) e Açu (22,9%), sendo qualificados como razoáveis. Na sequência tem-se: Pendências (13,9%), Alto do Rodrigues (10,4%) e Carnaubais (7,6%) qualificados como ruins. E quanto ao PAH, os resultados (sugestões) mostram-se diferentes para cada município, pois cada um investe em ações de forma divergente. Por último, este estudo mostra que tais metodologias são ferramentas úteis e recomendáveis para a análise econômica e setorial, com o fim de promover políticas de desenvolvimento, ordenamento territorial local, intervenção e proteção de bacias hidrográficas, justificar a transferência de recursos para o nível local com fins específicos de gestão de risco e a criação de redes de segurança social.

De part et d’autre de la Terre, on observe de plus en plus de phénomènes naturels dévastateurs, parmi lesquels les inondations constituent l’une des catastrophes les plus fréquentes. Ces dernières décennies d’importantes inondations ont été induites par les crues de rivières. Ces crues, dues à des pluies excessives ou aux eaux de ruissellement, causent sans cesse des pertes de vies humaines et des dégâts matériels importants. Pour remédier à ces problèmes, les réseaux hydrographiques sont de plus en plus équipés de moyens de détection de crues. Un facteur essentiel à la gestion de tels phénomènes est la réactivité. En effet, les gestionnaires des réseaux hydrographiques, dans ce genre de situation, doivent prendre rapidement des décisions importantes dans un contexte incertain, car la plupart de ces crues sont le fruit de phénomènes climatiques brusques, dont l’ampleur est difficile à évaluer avec précision. Nous proposons, dans ce mémoire, une méthode de gestion des crues dans des réseaux hydrographiques équipés de zones inondables contrôlées par des portes gravitationnelles. Dans un premier temps, nous avons modélisé notre méthode de gestion à l’aide d’un réseau de transport statique. Dans un second temps, nous l’avons enrichi en utilisant les réseaux de transport à retards dans le but de prendre en compte les temps de déplacement de la ressource gérée. Afin de pallier le problème de la taille importante des réseaux de transport à retards, nous avons élaboré un mécanisme de substitution combinant un réseau de transport statique réduit et une matrice de temporisation. De plus, ce mécanisme autorise la prise en compte des temps de transfert variables dépendant des débits, sans modification ni du réseau de transport, ni de la structure de la matrice de temporisation. Ce mécanisme permet donc une gestion simplifiée des temps de transferts, variables ou non. Avec ce mécanisme, l’évaluation du flot maximal à coût minimum, nous a permis, suivant les stratégies de gestion considérées, de consigner l’ouverture des portes des zones inondables afin d’écrêter la crue mais aussi afin de restituer cette eau stockée au moment opportun. Finalement, afin d’évaluer les apports de cette gestion, la méthode a été appliquée sur un cas d’étude basée sur un tronçon de rivière équipé de trois zones inondables et modélisé à l’aide de simulateurs hydrauliques combinant les approches de modélisation 1D et 2D. Les résultats de simulation obtenus ont montré que l’approche proposée permettait de réduire de manière significative les inondations en aval des cours d’eau. / On either side of the Earth, we observe more and more devastating natural phenomena. Amon these phenomena, floods are one of the most frequent and devastating natural disasters. During these last decades extensive flooding were caused by the flood of rivers. These floods due to excessive rainfall or runoff induce invariably the loss of human lives and material damages. To overcome these problems, water systems are increasingly equipped with means for detecting floods. A key factor in the management of such phenomena is responsiveness. Indeed, managers of river systems, faced to this kind of situation should quickly take important decisions in an uncertain context, as most of these floods are induced by abrupt climate events, whose magnitude is difficult to assess accuracy. We propose in this dissertation, a method of flood management in river systems equipped with flood zones controlled by gravitational gates. At first, we modeled our management method using a static transportation network. In a second step, we enriched it by using transportation networks with delays in order to take into account the travel time of the managed resource. The main difficulty of transportation networks with delays is their oversize. To overcome this problem, we developed an alternative mechanism combining a static reduced transportation network with a temporization matrix. Furthermore, this mechanism allows the consideration of variable time transfer depending on flows, without modification either on the transportation network, or on the structure of the temporization matrix. This mechanism allows simplified management of the transfer times, variable or not. With this mechanism, the evaluation of the minimum cost maximum flow allowed us, according to the management strategies considered, to compute the gate opening for floodplains in order to mitigate the flood but also to restore the water stored at the relevant time. Finally, to evaluate the contributions of this management, the method was applied to a case study based on a section of river equipped with three flood control reservoirs areas modeled using hydraulic simulators combining 1D and 2D models. The simulation results showed that the proposed approach allowed reducing significantly the floods downstream watercourses.

This thesis focuses on areas prone to inland floods and more specifically on the municipality of Acharnes, Attica, Greece. Usually, flood risk management strategies are treated as an engineering problem. Here, the floodplains/wetlands are going to be addressed as an asset and reveal the role of the landscape as a dynamic way for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Furthermore, such an approach can also offer potentials not only for water quality and management but also for benefiting the public spaces and open a discussion concerning awareness and engagement. Within the context of Attica, flood prone areas are not only ecologically deprived but also places of inequalities and loose social capacities. Acharnes is not an exception. Thus, the vision of this thesis is to investigate an alternative way for flood resistance by incorporating tools and methods capable of strengthening local communities. The thesis will investigate the following questions: •How can cities adapt to water issues and how can public space be used towards this end? •Can design for flood management be incorporated into a greater strategy connected to building relations?

Yes

Yes / With the rapid urbanization of cities around the world, water security, flood control, and urban hydro-environmental management have become important tasks to tackle. The majority of large to megacities are located in delta regions surrounded by river networks, due to their historical development. They are not only threatened by floods from upstream river basins, but also endangered by the challenges of urban hydro-environmental governance. Fast urbanization causes interference and fragmentation of the river system and impedes its hydrodynamic potential, which is a primary driver of flooding, pollution, and sediment deposition. Consequently, water security and environmental problems are major issues for sustainable urban development. The purpose of this Research Topic (RT) is to examine the latest advances and developments in addressing the challenges in urban fluvial and freshwater systems as well as to discuss the opportunities they create for improvement in modelling, management practices and governance. This RT consists of twenty research articles from 99 authors under three different research themes, which feature contributions on urban space management, water pollution mitigation and urban watercourse behavioural sciences to strengthen resilience. The RT includes the following themes: • State-of-the-art numerical models, • Urban environmental and hydrological advances, and • Sustainable cities implementation.

Climate and human activities impact the timing and quantity of streamflow and floods in different ways, with important implications for people and aquatic environments. Impacts of landscape changes on streamflow and floods are known, but few studies have explored the magnitude, duration and count of floods the landscape can influence. Understanding how floods are influenced by landscape structure provides insight into how, why and where floods have changed over time, and facilitates mapping the capacity of watersheds to regulate floods. In this study, I (1) compared nine flood-return periods of 31 watersheds across North Carolina and Virginia using long-term hydrologic records, (2) examined temporal trends in precipitation, stream flashiness, and the count, magnitude and duration of small and large floods for the same watersheds, and (3) developed a methodology to map the biophysical and technological capacity of eight urban watersheds to regulate floods. I found (1) floods with return periods ≤ 10 years can be managed by manipulating landscape structure, (2) precipitation and floods have decreased in the study watersheds while stream flashiness has increased between 1991 and 2013, (3) mapping both the biophysical and technological features of the landscape improved previous efforts of representing an urban landscape's capacity to regulate floods. My results can inform researchers and managers on the effect of anthropogenic change and management responses on floods, the efficacy of current strategies and policies to manage water resources, and the spatial distribution of a watershed's capacity to regulate flooding at a high spatial resolution. / Master of Science

abstract: Flooding is a critical issue around the world, and the absence of comprehension of watershed hydrologic reaction results in lack of lead-time for flood forecasting and expensive harm to property and life. It happens when water flows due to extreme rainfall storm, dam breach or snowmelt exceeds the capacity of river system reservoirs and channels. The objective of this research was to develop a methodology for determining a time series operation for releases through control gates of river-reservoir systems during flooding events in a real-time using one- and/or two-dimensional modeling of flows through river-reservoir systems. The optimization-simulation methodology interfaces several simulation-software coupled together with an optimization model solved by genetic algorithm coded in MATLAB. These software include the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-RAS linked the genetic algorithm in MATLAB to come up with an optimization-simulation model for time series gate openings to control downstream elevations. The model involves using the one- and two-dimensional ability in HEC-RAS to perform hydrodynamic routing with high-resolution raster Digital Elevation Models. Also, the model uses both real-time gridded- and gaged-rainfall data in addition to a model for forecasting future rainfall-data. This new model has been developed to manage reservoir release schedules before, during, and after an extraordinary rainfall event that could cause extreme flooding. Further to observe and control downstream water surface elevations to avoid exceedance of threshold of flood levels in target cells in the downstream area of study, and to minimize the damage and direct effects in both the up and downstream. The application of the complete optimization-simulation model was applied to a portion of the Cumberland River System in Nashville, Tennessee for the flooding event of May 2010. The objective of this application is to demonstrate the applicability of the model for minimizing flood damages for an actual flood event in real-time on an actual river basin. The purpose of the application in a real-time framework would be to minimize the flood damages at Nashville, Tennessee by keeping the flood stages under the 100-year flood stage. This application also compared the three unsteady flow simulation scenarios: one-dimensional, two-dimensional and combined one- and two-dimensional unsteady flow. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

abstract: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s National Water Model (NWM) will provide the next generation of operational streamflow forecasts at different lead times across United States using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro hydrologic system. These forecasts are crucial for flood protection agencies and water utilities, including the Salt River Project (SRP). The main goal of this study is to calibrate WRF-Hydro in the Oak Creek Basin (OCB; ~820 km2), an unregulated mountain sub-watershed of the Salt and Verde River basins in Central Arizona, whose water resources are managed by SRP and crucial for the Phoenix Metropolitan area. As in the NWM, WRF-Hydro was set up at 1-km (250-m) resolution for the computation of the rainfall-runoff (routing) processes. Model forcings were obtained by bias correcting meteorological data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System-2 (NLDAS-2). A manual calibration approach was designed that targets, in sequence, the sets of model parameters controlling four main processes responsible for streamflow and flood generation in the OCB. After a first calibration effort, it was found that WRF-Hydro is able to simulate runoff generated after snowmelt and baseflow, as well as magnitude and timing of flood peaks due to winter storms. However, the model underestimates the magnitude of flood peaks caused by summer thunderstorms, likely because these storms are not captured by NLDAS-2. To circumvent this, a seasonal modification of soil parameters was adopted. When doing so, acceptable model performances were obtained during calibration (2008-2011) and validation (2012-2017) periods (NSE > 0.62 and RMSE = ~2.5 m3/s at the daily time scale). The process-based calibration strategy utilized in this work provides a new approach to identify areas of structural improvement for WRF-Hydro and the NWM. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020

Desastres naturais são fenômenos que causam grandes danos às pessoas em áreas urbanas e rurais, motivando medidas de prevenção e reação. Se múltiplas fontes de informação são consideradas, tais medidas podem ser mais assertivas e efetivas. Porém, a integração de dados heterogêneos ainda impõe desafios devido às diferenças em suas estruturas. Para preencher essa lacuna, esta pesquisa apresenta uma arquitetura orientada a serviços, como parte de uma plataforma geoespacial para gestão de risco de desastres, a qual visa apoiar a integração de dados de sensores e de voluntários relacionados a inundações. Como resultado, a composição dos serviços descritos pelos componentes arquiteturais possibilita a integração entre dados de sensores e voluntários usando algoritmos diferentes de forma flexível e automática. / Natural disasters are phenomena that can cause great damage to people in urban and rural areas, thus motivating preventive and reactive measures. If multiple sources of information are considered, such measures can be more assertive and effective. However, the integration of heterogeneous data still poses challenges due to the differences in their structures. To fill this gap, this paper presents a service-oriented architecture, as part of a geospatial platform for disaster risk management, which aims to support the integration of sensor data streams and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) related to floods. The architectural components are implemented as Web services, and their composition enables the integration between sensor data and VGI using several algorithms in a flexible and automated manner. As result, the composition of the services described by the architectural components allows the integration of sensor and volunteered data by using diverse algorithms in a flexible and automated way.

Desastres naturais são fenômenos que causam grandes danos às pessoas em áreas urbanas e rurais, motivando medidas de prevenção e reação. Se múltiplas fontes de informação são consideradas, tais medidas podem ser mais assertivas e efetivas. Porém, a integração de dados heterogêneos ainda impõe desafios devido às diferenças em suas estruturas. Para preencher essa lacuna, esta pesquisa apresenta uma arquitetura orientada a serviços, como parte de uma plataforma geoespacial para gestão de risco de desastres, a qual visa apoiar a integração de dados de sensores e de voluntários relacionados a inundações. Como resultado, a composição dos serviços descritos pelos componentes arquiteturais possibilita a integração entre dados de sensores e voluntários usando algoritmos diferentes de forma flexível e automática. / Natural disasters are phenomena that can cause great damage to people in urban and rural areas, thus motivating preventive and reactive measures. If multiple sources of information are considered, such measures can be more assertive and effective. However, the integration of heterogeneous data still poses challenges due to the differences in their structures. To fill this gap, this paper presents a service-oriented architecture, as part of a geospatial platform for disaster risk management, which aims to support the integration of sensor data streams and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) related to floods. The architectural components are implemented as Web services, and their composition enables the integration between sensor data and VGI using several algorithms in a flexible and automated manner. As result, the composition of the services described by the architectural components allows the integration of sensor and volunteered data by using diverse algorithms in a flexible and automated way.