由於土地使用分區管制在制度上某些缺憾，因此，現今發展趨勢乃有不同 於傳統之意義，已有許多彈性方法陸續出現，容積獎勵即為其一，此一方 法正代表著已從傳統上的消極限制轉為積極鼓勵及彈性設計，國內目前也 逐漸運用容積獎勵為手段，做為獎勵公共投資之誘因。本研究乃思藉由經 濟理論之解釋，從效率面考量欲發揮容積功能之經濟因素，以做為政策制 定之參考。在本研究中，考量市埸需求、建築成本、建築產品售價等因素 對於容積獎勵之影響，以開放空間容積獎勵為例，籍由模擬分析方法，從 而觀察各項因素對容積獎勵之影響，最後提出本研究之結論與建議。

This thesis contains explanations about the reasons why residents prefer apartment housing to low rise housing far away from the central business district. And it also investigates the facts that affect residents&rsquo / and producers&rsquo / apartment housing choice. As a dominant housing provision type, apartment housing is produced every location in urban space in Ankara. Therefore the study begins with investigating the formation and growth of apartment housing in Ankara by introducing spatial variation of apartment housing. With the help of building and population censuses, distribution of 400 quarters in the Greater Ankara Municipality borders with respect to building and population density, building features, share of apartment housing and average number of storeys are analyzed. FAR values are calculated and analyzed from the CBD to western direction to introduce the change in building densities. Lastly a questionnaire survey is done to find out whether differentiation of building and environment attributes of apartment housing that are produced in different location of urban area are well-matched with their residents&rsquo / preferences. At the end of the analysis differentiation of housing structure of the city clearly comes out. While it is expected that the height of housing structure is decreasing by going far away from the CBD, it is found increasing along certain directions such as western and south-western. However by moving at western direction FAR decreases from 2 to 0,75 which states different characteristics of housing structure even if high average number of storey. As a result apartment housing provisions at different locations offer different lifestyles with their building and environmental characteristics.

Urban land prices have important effects on urban development and locational distribution of land-uses. Housing is one of those sectors. There are high-density residential areas covering high-rise apartments at the city center where the land prices are quite high. Here, sizes of the plots and the housing units are relatively small. However, land prices begin to decrease with the increasing distance from the city center and the production of low-density, low-rise housing which is economically unfeasible at the center turns to be feasible for the housebuilders at the outskirts. Low-rise houses at the urban fringe provides various opportunities for the households. In these areas, plots and housing units are relatively larger due to cheap and available land. In addition to this, better urban services, quiet and clean environment as well as privacy contribute to create a livable urban environment. However, households living in low-rise housing units are subject to high transportation and maintenance costs. It is expected that they would compensate these costs with larger housing units, prestigious urban environment and many opportunities that their neighborhoods offer. Urbanization processes may be differ from one country to another with respect to the socio-economic and political structures, and the environmental characteristics. In that sense, low-rise housing areas at the urban fringe of Ankara were found to be developed highly compatible with urban land use theories / but different from the processes experienced in developed countries, to some extent. With regard to these, low-rise housing development in Ankara is discussed according to plan decisions, housebuilders, households and urban development pattern, considering the theoretical basis and historical processes.

Esta pesquisa teve como ponto de partida o viés do adensamento em áreas urbanas consolidadas - dotadas de infraestrutura, serviços urbanos e ofertas de emprego - servindo de alternativa à expansão periférica, apresentando-se como potencial para a produção habitacional e para o adensamento construtivo. E assim, uma questão se fez pertinente: construir com o coeficiente de aproveitamento (C.A.) máximo permitido pela legislação urbana (Plano Diretor Estratégico do município de São Paulo), numa dada área da cidade, é uma garantia do atendimento da qualidade ambiental de seus edifícios? A pesquisa foi estruturada na busca por responder a esta questão. Seu objeto é a implantação dos edifícios residenciais na cidade de São Paulo, dentro do contexto de C.A. máximo permitido pela legislação. Como objetivo tem-se o estabelecimento de procedimentos para avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso das unidades habitacionais dos edifícios implantados na quadra de estudo, em área central da cidade de São Paulo. O método é essencialmente analítico com base na ferramenta de simulação computacional TAO: uma metodologia para implantação de edificação - ênfase no desempenho térmico, acústico, luminoso e energético (ALUCCI, 2007), para a entrada de dados e modelagem da quadra de estudo. O trabalho incluiu procedimentos de levantamento de dados primários através de pesquisa de campo. Como produto da tese tem-se: (I) critérios ambientais que orientarão as escolhas dos arquitetos quanto às distintas alternativas de implantação da edificação no terreno, (II) a flexibilização das decisões de projeto, considerando a realidade local e contemplando, principalmente, as intenções e o partido adotado pelo arquiteto, (III) ao optar por qualquer alternativa de implantação, é possível estimar o desempenho da edificação para todos os critérios de desempenho, (IV) resultados distintos do 1° e do último pavimento tipo, o que aponta a necessidade de projeto de pavimento tipo diferentes, o que ordenará o desenho do edifício, (V) metodologia para avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso do edifício, (VI) proposta de ocupação de quadra e avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso das edificações. / This research took as a starting point the densification of consolidated urban areas - with infrastructure, urban services and jobs - as an alternative to peripheral expansion, posing as potential for housing production and the constructive consolidation. So a question became relevant: Does the use of maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) allowed by the urban legislation (Strategic Master Plan of São Paulo) in a given area of the city ensure compliance with environmental quality of its buildings? The research was structured aiming to answer this question. The object of investigation is the implementation of the residential buildings in the city of São Paulo within the maximum FAR allowed by law. The objective has been to establish procedures for assessing thermal, acoustic and luminous performance of housing units in buildings of the study block, in the central area of São Paulo. The method is essentially analytical, based on computational simulation tool TAO: methodology for building\'s site planning to optimize thermal, acoustics, lighting and energy performance (ALUCCI, 2007), for the input of data and modeling study block. The work included collection of primary data through a field survey. As the product of the research we have: (I) environmental criteria to guide the choice of architects among different alternative for site plans, (II) the flexibility of design decisions, considering the local reality and contemplating mainly the approach adopted by the architect, (III) Once the site plan is defined it is possible to estimate the performance of the building for various criteria, (IV) different results of the 1st and last floor type, which points the need for different types of design for the ground floor, (V) methodology for evaluating thermal performance, acoustic and light of buildings, (VI) block site plan proposal and evaluation of its thermal, acoustic and luminous performance.

Esta pesquisa teve como ponto de partida o viés do adensamento em áreas urbanas consolidadas - dotadas de infraestrutura, serviços urbanos e ofertas de emprego - servindo de alternativa à expansão periférica, apresentando-se como potencial para a produção habitacional e para o adensamento construtivo. E assim, uma questão se fez pertinente: construir com o coeficiente de aproveitamento (C.A.) máximo permitido pela legislação urbana (Plano Diretor Estratégico do município de São Paulo), numa dada área da cidade, é uma garantia do atendimento da qualidade ambiental de seus edifícios? A pesquisa foi estruturada na busca por responder a esta questão. Seu objeto é a implantação dos edifícios residenciais na cidade de São Paulo, dentro do contexto de C.A. máximo permitido pela legislação. Como objetivo tem-se o estabelecimento de procedimentos para avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso das unidades habitacionais dos edifícios implantados na quadra de estudo, em área central da cidade de São Paulo. O método é essencialmente analítico com base na ferramenta de simulação computacional TAO: uma metodologia para implantação de edificação - ênfase no desempenho térmico, acústico, luminoso e energético (ALUCCI, 2007), para a entrada de dados e modelagem da quadra de estudo. O trabalho incluiu procedimentos de levantamento de dados primários através de pesquisa de campo. Como produto da tese tem-se: (I) critérios ambientais que orientarão as escolhas dos arquitetos quanto às distintas alternativas de implantação da edificação no terreno, (II) a flexibilização das decisões de projeto, considerando a realidade local e contemplando, principalmente, as intenções e o partido adotado pelo arquiteto, (III) ao optar por qualquer alternativa de implantação, é possível estimar o desempenho da edificação para todos os critérios de desempenho, (IV) resultados distintos do 1° e do último pavimento tipo, o que aponta a necessidade de projeto de pavimento tipo diferentes, o que ordenará o desenho do edifício, (V) metodologia para avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso do edifício, (VI) proposta de ocupação de quadra e avaliação de desempenho térmico, acústico e luminoso das edificações. / This research took as a starting point the densification of consolidated urban areas - with infrastructure, urban services and jobs - as an alternative to peripheral expansion, posing as potential for housing production and the constructive consolidation. So a question became relevant: Does the use of maximum Floor Area Ratio (FAR) allowed by the urban legislation (Strategic Master Plan of São Paulo) in a given area of the city ensure compliance with environmental quality of its buildings? The research was structured aiming to answer this question. The object of investigation is the implementation of the residential buildings in the city of São Paulo within the maximum FAR allowed by law. The objective has been to establish procedures for assessing thermal, acoustic and luminous performance of housing units in buildings of the study block, in the central area of São Paulo. The method is essentially analytical, based on computational simulation tool TAO: methodology for building\'s site planning to optimize thermal, acoustics, lighting and energy performance (ALUCCI, 2007), for the input of data and modeling study block. The work included collection of primary data through a field survey. As the product of the research we have: (I) environmental criteria to guide the choice of architects among different alternative for site plans, (II) the flexibility of design decisions, considering the local reality and contemplating mainly the approach adopted by the architect, (III) Once the site plan is defined it is possible to estimate the performance of the building for various criteria, (IV) different results of the 1st and last floor type, which points the need for different types of design for the ground floor, (V) methodology for evaluating thermal performance, acoustic and light of buildings, (VI) block site plan proposal and evaluation of its thermal, acoustic and luminous performance.

This Master thesis was aimed at investigating common daylight evaluation methods related to Swedish building codes versus human perception of daylight in residential spaces. Field (interview) and simulation-based study were conducted in one of the typical 20thcentury residential, closed courtyard buildings in Stockholm.   12 residents of Kv. Väktaren 16 were interviewed and simulation models were prepared for the apartments occupied by the participants.   Resident perception of light was mostly contrary to daylight assessing values and methods of daylight factor – DF in a point (CIE overcast sky) and alternative method of window to floor area ratio – AF that are stated in Swedish standard (Boverkets byggregler BFS 2016:6).    Attractive and interesting view, access to direct sunlight and visual comfort played important role in overall occupant satisfaction level, this suggests that daylight metrics should include perception-based factors, which positively impact our health and well-being.