Modern construction practices require proper knowledge to predict concrete pumping pressure, especially in high-volume and high-rise applications. Despite the progress made over the last decades, the spread of concrete pumping to high-rise construction has been hampered by the lack of standardized operating procedures and performance criteria. By and large, the guidelines available today focus predominantly on pumping Conventional Vibrated Concrete (CVC), while ambiguity still surrounds pumping Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) and other types of Highly-Workable Concrete (HWC). This PhD dissertation focuses on the fundamental principles relevant to the flow of high-strength SCC in pumping pipes, and it aims to develop methods to predict and reduce the required pumping pressure. The flow pattern of SCC in pipes is analytically investigated, providing a numerical approach to predict the pumping pressure based on the properties of both concrete and the lubrication layer, the pipe diameter, and the flow rate. The analytical results are further validated through full-scale pumping tests executed at the laboratory of the Université de Sherbrooke. Through this phase 26 optimal concrete mixtures were pumped in a 30-m pumping circuit to investigate the interactions between the concrete properties and pressure loss. The same tests are also employed to empirically correlate pressure loss with rheological and tribological properties of concrete at different flow rates. The resulting correlations furnish instrumental models capable of computing pressure loss for a wide range of concrete properties. In another application, the experimental results are analyzed to identify the influence of pumping on concrete properties with time. Full-scale pumping results are statistically analyzed in order to establish a quantitative description of the most influential parameters governing the concrete flow in pipes. As a result, concrete pipe flow is statically modeled, allowing the computation of pressure loss at different flow rates based on the the rheological and tribological properties of the concrete and the pipe diameter. Another statistical model is derived to calculate the pressure loss as a function of the V-funnel flow time, granting the advantage of predicting the pressure loss on job sites without the need for complex rheological and tribological measurements. In light of the research findings of the previous phases, a new simple test method called the pipe flow test (PFT) is developed in the context of this research, specifically for predicting pipe flow pressure loss. With preceding research phases as insights, the final stage of this project is directed toward mix design optimization faced with the challenge of reducing the pumping pressure and meeting the strength requirements of high-strength SCC. Ultimately, the research findings emanating from this investigation provide practical guidelines and conclusive models to predict and reduce pumping pressure for a wide scope of concrete mixtures and pipe diameters.

This research was aimed at the development and validation of new in vitro methods capable of predicting in vivo drug deposition from dry powder inhalers, DPIs, in lung-normal human adults. Three physical models of the mouth, throat and upper airways, MT-TB, were designed and validated using the anatomical literature. Small, medium and large versions were constructed to cover approximately 95% of the variation seen in normal adult humans of both genders. The models were housed in an artificial thorax and used for in vitro testing of drug deposition from Budelin Novolizer DPIs using a breath simulator to mimic inhalation profiles reported in clinical trials of deposition from the same inhaler. Testing in the model triplet produced results for in vitro total lung deposition (TLD) consistent with the complete range of drug deposition results reported in vivo. The effect of variables such as in vitro flow rate were also predictive of in vivo deposition. To further assess the method’s robustness, in vitro drug deposition from 5 marketed DPIs was assessed in the “medium” MT-TB model. With the exception of Relenza Diskhaler, mean values for %TLD+SD differed by only < 2% from their literature in vivo. The relationship between inhaler orientation and in vitro regional airway deposition was determined. Aerosol drug deposition was found to depend on the angle at which an inhaler is inserted into the mouth although the results for MT deposition were dependent on both the product and the formulation being delivered. In the clinic, inhalation profiles were collected from 20 healthy inhaler naïve volunteers (10M, 10F) before and after they received formal inhalation training in the use of a DPI. Statistically significant improvements in Peak Inhalation Flow Rate (PIFR) and Inhalation Volume (V) were observed following formalized training. The shapes of the average inhalation profiles recorded in the clinic were found to be comparable to the simulated profiles used in the in vitro deposition studies described above. In conclusion, novel in vitro test methods are described that accurately predict both the average and range of aerosol airway drug deposition seen from DPIs in the clinic.

Flow modelling in a compound channel is a complex matter. Indeed, due to the smaller velocities in the floodplains than in the main channel, shear layers develop at the interfaces between these subsections, and the channel conveyance is affected by a momentum transfer corresponding to this shear layer, but also to possible geometrical changes in a non-prismatic reach. In this work, a one-dimensional approach, the Exchange Discharge Model (EDM), is proposed for such flows. The EDM accounts for the momentum transfer between channel subsections, estimated as proportional to the velocity gradient and to the discharges exchanged through the interface; where two main processes are identified : (1) the turbulent exchange, due to the shear-layer development; and (2) the geometrical transfer, due to cross-sectional changes. The EDM is successfully validated for discharge prediction, but also for water-profile computation, through comparison with existing laboratory and field measurements. The momentum transfer due to turbulent exchanges is then studied experimentally, theoretically and numerically. At first, new experimental data, obtained by using Particle Tracking Velocimetry techniques, are presented : the periodical vortex structures that develop in the shear layer are clearly identified and characterised. Secondly, a hydrodynamic linear stability analysis enables to predict quite successfully the wave length of some observed vortices. Lastly, an Unsteady-RANS numerical method is used to simulate the perturbation development. The estimated vortex wave lengths agree again with the measurements and the theoretical predictions, although vortices merging occurs in the simulation results, which was actually not observed experimentally. The velocity-profile prediction is found improved when the effect of vortices is considered, thanks to the corresponding additional shearing. The geometrical transfer is also investigated experimentally and numerically. Novel experiments are designed, with the measurements of the flow in a compound channel with symmetrically narrowing floodplains. The mass transfer and the evolution of the flow distribution along the channel length are clearly observed. A significant additional head loss due to this transfer is measured, in accordance with the EDM hypothesis. Measured water profiles are finally compared successfully with the EDM predictions. In addition to the EDM development and validation, the so-called Lateral Distribution Method (LDM) is also investigated and the significance of the secondary-currents models proposed by previous authors for this method is discussed. When considering the velocity-profile prediction, the effect of these helical secondary currents is again clearly highlighted, by using dispersion terms in the Saint-Venant equations. However, the actual physical meaning of the related dispersion coefficients remains uncertain. In addition, an extended LDM is also proposed and discussed for non-prismatic flow modelling, using the new narrowing-channel data set./La modélisation des écoulements dans les rivières à plaines inondables est particulièrement complexe. En effet, la vitesse de l'eau étant plus faible sur la plaine d'inondation que dans le lit mineur, une couche de cisaillement se développe à l'interface entre ces sous-sections. La débitance totale de la rivière est dés lors réduite, à cause du transfert de quantité de mouvement qu'occasionne la présence de la couche de cisaillement, mais aussi de part les changements de géométrie qui peuvent se produire dans un lit non-prismatique. La présente thèse propose, pour la représentation de tels écoulements, une nouvelle approche uni-dimensionnelle dénommée Modèle des Débits d'Echange ("Exchange Discharge Model" – EDM). Le transfert de quantité de mouvement entre les soussections de la rivière est pris en compte par l'EDM comme étant proportionnel au gradient de vitesse entre celles-ci et aux débits échangés à travers leur interface. A cette interface, deux phénomènes sont essentiellement présents : (1) un échange turbulent, dû au développement de la couche de cisaillement; et (2) un transfert géométrique, correspondant aux changements de section. L'EDM est validé avec succès pour la prédiction du débit et pour le calcul de lignes d'eau, par comparaison avec des données existantes de laboratoire et de terrain. Le transfert de quantité de mouvement dû à l'échange turbulent est ensuite étudié expérimentalement, théoriquement et numériquement. De nouvelles mesures sont obtenues, au moyen d'une technique de vélocimétrie par suivi de particules. Les structures périodiques qui se développent dans la couche de cisaillement sont clairement identifiées et caractérisées. Deuxièmement, une analyse linéaire de stabilité hydrodynamique permet de prédire théoriquement les longueurs d'onde de quelques tourbillons qui ont été observés expérimentalement, et ce avec succès. Enfin, un modèle numérique, de type "Unsteady-RANS", est utilisé pour simuler la croissance des tourbillons dans la couche de cisaillement. Encore une fois, les longueurs d'onde obtenues correspondent relativement bien avec les valeurs mesurées et prédites théoriquement; bien que les coalescences de tourbillons qui se produisent numériquement n'aient pas été observées expérimentalement. La prédiction des profils de vitesse est améliorée, lorsque l'effet des tourbillons est considéré, grâce à la contrainte de cisaillement additionnelle que ceux-ci génèrent. Les transferts géométriques sont également explorés expérimentalement et numériquement. Une nouvelle campagne expérimentale a été réalisée, en considérant l'écoulement dans un lit composé symétrique, dont les plaines d'inondation se rétrécissent progressivement. Le transfert de masse entre sous-sections et la redistribution des débits qui lui est associée sont clairement observés au long du canal. Une importante perte de charge additionnelle due à ce transfert est mesurée, en concordance avec les hypothèses de l'EDM. Finalement, les lignes d'eau mesurées sont reproduites avec succès par un calcul utilisant l'EDM. En complément au développement et à la validation de l'EDM, la "Lateral Distribution Method" (LDM) est également utilisée, avec pour objectif la clarification du rôle des termes de courants secondaires proposés par différents auteurs. Par rapport à la prédiction du profil de vitesse, l'effet de ces courants secondaires est très marqué. Il est ici reproduit en utilisant des termes de dispersion dans les équations de Saint-Venant. Cependant, le sens physique des valeurs des coefficients de dispersion qui doivent être utilisés est discutable. Par ailleurs, une LDM étendue, pour les écoulement en lits nonprismatiques, est proposée et commentée, en utilisant le nouveau jeu de données pour le canal convergent.

A theoretical study has been carried out on different methods available to analyze complex mufflers. Segmentation methods have been discussed in detail. The latest two port segmentation method has been discussed and employed for a few common muffler configurations, describing its implications and limitations. A new transfer matrix based method has been developed in view of the lacunae of the available approaches. This Integrated Transfer Matrix (ITM) method has been developed particularly to analyze complex mufflers. An Integrated transfer matrix relates the state variables across the entire cross-section of the muffler shell, as one moves along the axis of the muffler, and can be partitioned appropriately in order to relate the state variables of different tubes constituting the cross-section. The method presents a 1-D approach, using transfer matrices of simple acoustic elements which are available in the literature. Results from the present approach have been validated through comparisons with the available experimental and three dimensional FEM based results. The total pressure drop across perforated muffler elements has been measured experimentally and generalized expressions have been developed for the pressure loss across cross-flow expansion, cross-flow contraction elements, etc. These have then been used to derive empirical expressions for flow-acoustic resistance for use in the Integrated Transfer Matrix Method in order to predict the flow-acoustic performance of commercial mufflers. A flow resistance model has been developed to analytically determine the flow distribution and thereby pressure drop of mufflers. Generalized expressions for resistance across the perforated elements have been derived by means of flow experiments as mentioned above. The derived expressions have been implemented in a flow resistance network that has been developed to determine the pressure drop across any given complex muffler. The results have been validated with experimental data.

Mikrosiebe stellen auf Grund ihrer Geometrie einen geringeren Strömungswiderstand im System dar und ermöglichen somit eine höhere Filtrationsgeschwindigkeit. Der Einsatz solcher Mikrosiebe anstelle herkömmlicher Membranen in Filtrationsprozessen kann deren Effizienz enorm steigern. Im Rahmen der Diplomarbeit wurden mittels partikelassistierter Benetzung hergestellte Mikrosiebe charakterisiert. Hierfür wurde zunächst ein Filtermodul für Kreuzstromfiltrationen entwickelt, welches anschließend in einen Versuchsaufbau integriert und charakterisiert wurde. Neben den Strömungswiderständen der rechteckigen Kanäle des Moduls wurde außerdem der Strömungswiderstand für Mikrosiebe einer Porengröße bestimmt und mit der Theorie verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass Theorie und Praxis gut übereinstimmen und es sich bei dem entwickelten Versuchsaufbau um eine gute Methode handelt Strömungswiderstände von Mikrosieben zu bestimmen.

Clean air is a global health concern. Each year more than seven million people across the globe perish from breathing poor quality air. Development of high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters demonstrate an effort to mitigate dangerous aerosol hazards at the point of production. The nuclear power industry installs HEPA filters as a final line of containment of hazardous particles. Advancement air filtration technology is paramount to achieving global clean air. An exploration of analytical, experimental, computational, and machine learning models is presented in this dissertation to advance the science of air filtration technology. This dissertation studies, develops, and analyzes alternative air filtration materials and methods of analysis that optimize filtration efficiency and reduce resistance to air flow. Alternative nonwoven filter materials are considered for use in HEPA filtration. A detailed review of natural and synthetic fibers is presented to compare mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of fibers to desirable characteristics for air filtration media. An experimental effort is undertaken to produce and evaluate new nanofibrous air filtration materials through electrospinning. Electrospun and stabilized nanofibrous media are visually analyzed through optical imaging and tested for filtration efficiency and air flow resistance. The single fiber efficiency (SFE) analytical model is applied to air filtration media for the prediction of filtration efficiency and air flow resistance. Digital twin replicas of nonwoven nanofibrous media are created using computer scripting and commercial digital geometry software. Digital twin filters are visually compared to melt-blown and electrospun filters. Scanning electron microscopy images are evaluated using a machine learning model. A convolutional neural network is presented as a method to analyze complex geometry. Digital replication of air filtration media enables coordination among experimental, analytical, machine learning, and computational air filtration models. The value of using synthetic data to train and evaluate computational and machine learning models is demonstrated through prediction of air filtration performance, and comparison to analytical results. This dissertation concludes with discussion on potential opportunities and future work needed in the continued effort to advance clean air technologies for the mitigation of a global health and safety challenge.

No description available.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成4年7月20日 淺田義正氏の博士論文として提出された