Orientador: Niederauer Mastelari / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danes_LeandroHenschel_M.pdf: 2871625 bytes, checksum: b9af585f9ca0d24b08f2435b57a913bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Uma mistura de gás e liquido escoando em um tubo em diferentes faixas de vazões se comporta como diferentes padrões de escoamento, em que interações cinemáticas e dinâmicas especificas de cada padrão, ocorrem entre gás e liquido. A estimação de dados sobre a velocidade media de deslocamento e a vazão de ambas as fases depende da aplicação de estratégias estatísticas de e de modelos de escoamento para calcular estas informações. Neste trabalho, um sensor de impedância que, se devidamente calibrado, possui sinal proporcional ao nível de liquido na seção transversal do duto, foi utilizado para a obtenção destes dados sendo desenvolvidas técnicas e estratégias para alcançar este objetivo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no regime de escoamento horizontal água-ar nos regimes de bolhas alongadas, estratificado intermitente. Foram utilizadas técnicas para a obtenção da velocidade media de deslocamento do escoamento bifásico a partir de um arranjo de dois sensores de impedância em serie. Foi utilizada a técnica da correlação cruzada e foram elaboradas e apresentadas como opção, uma técnica baseada no calculo numérico e outra na covariância entre os sinais como alternativa. As técnicas foram testadas e comparadas. Foram utilizados modelos de escoamento e levantadas hipóteses para a estimativa das vazões de gás e liquido. Foram realizadas estimativas para o padrão de bolhas alongadas, estratificado e intermitente. Para o regime intermitente, considerado foco do estudo, foram obtidas respectivamente para gás e liquido, margens de erro de 24.4% e 28% considerando um perfil de escoamento constante e margens de 12.5% e 20.5% para um perfil laminar / Abstract: A gas-liquid moisture flowing in a tube at different flow rates , behaves as different flow patterns, which cinematic and dynamic interactions occurs between the gas and liquid phases. The estimation of average displacement rate data and flow data for both phases depends of the application of statistical strategies and floe models for calculating the information. In this work, a impedance sensor which, is correctly calibrated, has a proportional out to the liquid level of the tube cross section, was used for obtaining these data with techniques and strategies developed to achieve this goal. The study was developed for horizontal air-water flow at the bubbles, stratified and slug patterns. It was used techniques for obtaining the average displacement speed of the flow between the two sensors. The cross-correlation technique was used and a numeric calculus based technique and a covariance based technique were elaborated and presented as an option. The techniques were tested and compared. Flow-models were used and hypothesis were take in order to make estimations of gas and liquid flow magnitude. Estimatives were done for the elongated bubbles , stratified and slug patterns. For the slug pattern ,focus of the work, it was obtained respectively for the gas and the liquid phase, error margins of 24,4% and 28% considering a constant flow profile and 12.5% and 20.5% margins considering a laminar flow profile / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measures are central to the investigation of ischemic strokes, spreading depressions, functional and neuronal activation. Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is an optical imaging technique that has been used to obtain CBF measures in vivo at high spatial and temporal resolutions, by quantifying the localized spatial blurring of backscattered coherent light induced by blood flow. Despite being widely used for biomedical applications, LSCI's critical limitations such as its tendency to underestimate large flow changes and its inability to accurately estimate CBF through a thinned skull have not been overcome. This dissertation presents a new Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) technique that combines a new instrument and mathematical model to overcome these limitations. Additionally, in a pilot clinical study, an adapted neurosurgical microscope was used to obtain intra-operative LSCI images of CBF in humans. The MESI instrument accurately estimates experimental constants by imaging backscattered speckles over a wide range of the camera's exposure durations. The MESI mathematical model helps account for light that has scattered from both static and moving particles. In controlled flow experiments using tissue simulating phantoms, the MESI technique was found to estimate large changes in flow accurately and the estimates of flow changes were found to be unaffected by the presence of static particles in these phantoms. In an in vivo experiment in which the middle cerebral artery in mice was occluded to induce ~100% reduction in CBF, not only was the reduction in CBF accurately estimated by the MESI technique but these estimates of CBF changes were found to be unaffected by the presence of a thinned skull. The validity of statistical models used to derive the MESI mathematical model was confirmed using in vivo dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of CBF in mice. The MESI technique's potential to estimate absolute values of CBF in vivo was demonstrated by comparing CBF estimates obtained using the MESI technique to DLS measurements. The MESI technique's ability to measure CBF changes quantitatively through a thinned skull makes it particularly useful in chronic and long term studies leading to the development of better, more accurate stroke models. / text

Unravelling details of charge, structure and molecular interactions of functional polymer coatings defines an important analytical challenge that requires the extension of current methodologies. In this article we demonstrate how streaming current measurements interpreted with combined self consistent field (SCF) and soft surface electrokinetic theories allow the evaluation of the segment distribution within poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) brushes beyond the resolution limits of neutron reflectivity technique.

Magnetic resonance images (MRI) are acquired by sampling the current of induced electromotiveforce (EMF). EMF is induced due to flux of the net magnetic field from coherent nuclear spins with intrinsic magnetic dipole moments. The spins are excited by (non-ionizing) radio frequency electromagnetic radiation in conjunction with stationary and gradient magnetic fields. These images reveal detailed internal morphological structures as well as enable functional assessment of the body that can help diagnose a wide range of medical conditions. The aim of this project was to unwrap phase contrast cine magnetic resonance images, targeting the great vessels. The maximum encoded velocity (venc) is limited to the angular phase range [-π, π] radians. This may result in aliasing if the venc is set too low by the MRI personnel. Aliased images yield inaccurate cardiac stroke volume measurements and therefore require acquisition retakes. The retakes might be avoided if the images could be unwrapped in post-processing instead. Using computer vision, the angular phase of flow measurements as well as the angular phase of retrospectively wrapped image sets were unwrapped. The performances of three algorithms were assessed, Laplacian algorithm, sequential tree-reweighted message passing and iterative graph cuts. The associated energy formulation was also evaluated. Iterative graph cuts was shown to be the most robust with respect to the number of wraps and the energies correlated with the errors. This thesis shows that there is potential to reduce the number of acquisition retakes, although the MRI personnel still need to verify that the unwrapping performances are satisfactory. Given the promising results of iterative graph cuts, next it would be valuable to investigate the performance of a globally optimal surface estimation algorithm.

The path to future aero-engines with more efficient engine architectures requires advanced thermal management technologies to handle the demand of refrigeration and lubrication. Oil systems, holding a double function as lubricant and coolant circuits, require supplemental cooling sources to the conventional fuel based cooling systems as the current oil thermal capacity becomes saturated with future engine developments. The present research focuses on air/oil coolers, which geometrical characteristics and location are designed to minimize aerodynamic effects while maximizing the thermal exchange. The heat exchangers composed of parallel fins are integrated at the inner wall of the secondary duct of a turbofan. The analysis of the interaction between the three-dimensional high velocity bypass flow and the heat exchangers is essential to evaluate and optimize the aero-thermodynamic performances, and to provide data for engine modeling. The objectives of this research are the development of engine testing methods alternative to flight testing, and the characterization of the aerothermal behavior of different finned heat exchanger configurations. A new blow-down wind tunnel test facility was specifically designed to replicate the engine bypass flow in the region of the splitter. The annular sector type test section consists on a complex 3D geometry, as a result of three dimensional numerical flow simulations. The flow evolves over the splitter duplicated at real scale, guided by helicoidally shaped lateral walls. The development of measurement techniques for the present application involved the design of instrumentation, testing procedures and data reduction methods. Detailed studies were focused on multi-hole and fine wire thermocouple probes. Two types of test campaigns were performed dedicated to: flow measurements along the test section for different test configurations, i.e. in the absence of heat exchangers and in the presence of different heat exchanger geometries, and heat transfer measurements on the heat exchanger. As a result contours of flow velocity, angular distributions, total and static pressures, temperatures and turbulence intensities, at different bypass duct axial positions, as well as wall pressures along the test section, were obtained. The analysis of the flow development along the test section allowed the understanding of the different flow behaviors for each test configuration. Comparison of flow variables at each measurement plane permitted quantifying and contrasting the different flow disturbances. Detailed analyses of the flow downstream of the heat exchangers were assessed to characterize the flow in the fins¿ wake region. The aerodynamic performance of each heat exchanger configuration was evaluated in terms of non dimensional pressure losses. Fins convective heat transfer characteristics were derived from the infrared fin surface temperature measurements through a new methodology based on inverse heat transfer methods coupled with conductive heat flux models. The experimental characterization permitted to evaluate the cooling capacity of the investigated type of heat exchangers for the design operational conditions. Finally, the thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger at different points of the flight envelope during a typical commercial mission was estimated by extrapolating the convective properties of the flow to flight conditions. / Villafañe Roca, L. (2013). Experimental Aerothermal Performance of Turbofan Bypass Flow Heat Exchangers [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34774 / TESIS