Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Peixoto Fontes.pdf: 503012 bytes, checksum: 716651363a2569d3e07eac2d397e1a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / The objective of this work was to study the effect of foliar fertilization with nitrogen and calcium on yield and fruit quality. The nutrients source used were the commercial fertilizer Nitroplus 9 (10% of N and 9% of Ca) and the mineral fertilizer calcium nitrate (15,5% of N and 9,5% of Ca), applied on different phenological stages of the crop. The experiment were conducted on a 4 year-old commercial orchard of Pera orange, grafted on Sunki tangerine, placed at Rio Claro, SP. It was studied five different treatments: one calcium nitrate treatment, three Nitroplus 9 different dosis and control. The treatments conducted were: 1 Control (no foliar fertilization); 2 Three foliar applications of 10 Kg ha-1 with calcium nitrate; 3 - Three foliar applications of 10,0 l ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 ; 4 - Three foliar applications of 20,0 l ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 ; and, 5 - Three foliar applications of 30,0 liters ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 . The foliar fertilizations were made on the phenological stages R1/R2 (October/2012), F1 (November/2012) and in the autumn vegetation (april/2013). The experimental design was randomized complete block with six replicates. Treatments 3, 4 and 5 lead to a significant increase on quality parameters, in other words, on total soluble solids, on ratio and on industrial yield. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos cítricos em função da aplicação foliar de nitrogênio e cálcio, utilizando como fonte dos nutrientes o fertilizante foliar comercial Nitroplus 9 (10% de N e 9% de Ca) e o fertilizante mineral nitrato de cálcio (15,5% de N e 9,5% de Ca) pulverizado em diferentes estágios fenológicos da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em lavoura comercial de laranja Pera , enxertada em tangerineira Sunki , com 4 anos de idade e localizada no município de Rio Claro, SP. Foram realizados 5 tratamentos, onde foram estudadas 1 dose do fertilizante nitrato de cálcio, 3 doses do fertilizante foliar Nitroplus 9 e a testemunha. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: 1 Testemunha (sem adubação foliar); 2 3 aplicações de 10 Kg ha-1 de nitrato de cálcio; 3 3 aplicações de 10 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 ; 4 3 aplicações de 20 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 ; e, 5 - 3 aplicações de 30 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 . As aplicações foliares foram realizadas nos estágios fenológicos R1/R2 (outubro/2012), F1 (novembro/2012) e na vegetação outonal (abril/2013). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições. Os tratamentos 3, 4 e 5 proporcionaram efeitos significativos nos parâmetros qualitativos, proporcionando aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais, no ratio e no rendimento industrial.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Eduardo Peixoto Fontes.pdf: 503012 bytes, checksum: 716651363a2569d3e07eac2d397e1a5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / The objective of this work was to study the effect of foliar fertilization with nitrogen and calcium on yield and fruit quality. The nutrients source used were the commercial fertilizer Nitroplus 9 (10% of N and 9% of Ca) and the mineral fertilizer calcium nitrate (15,5% of N and 9,5% of Ca), applied on different phenological stages of the crop. The experiment were conducted on a 4 year-old commercial orchard of Pera orange, grafted on Sunki tangerine, placed at Rio Claro, SP. It was studied five different treatments: one calcium nitrate treatment, three Nitroplus 9 different dosis and control. The treatments conducted were: 1 Control (no foliar fertilization); 2 Three foliar applications of 10 Kg ha-1 with calcium nitrate; 3 - Three foliar applications of 10,0 l ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 ; 4 - Three foliar applications of 20,0 l ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 ; and, 5 - Three foliar applications of 30,0 liters ha-1 with Nitroplus 9 . The foliar fertilizations were made on the phenological stages R1/R2 (October/2012), F1 (November/2012) and in the autumn vegetation (april/2013). The experimental design was randomized complete block with six replicates. Treatments 3, 4 and 5 lead to a significant increase on quality parameters, in other words, on total soluble solids, on ratio and on industrial yield. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos cítricos em função da aplicação foliar de nitrogênio e cálcio, utilizando como fonte dos nutrientes o fertilizante foliar comercial Nitroplus 9 (10% de N e 9% de Ca) e o fertilizante mineral nitrato de cálcio (15,5% de N e 9,5% de Ca) pulverizado em diferentes estágios fenológicos da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em lavoura comercial de laranja Pera , enxertada em tangerineira Sunki , com 4 anos de idade e localizada no município de Rio Claro, SP. Foram realizados 5 tratamentos, onde foram estudadas 1 dose do fertilizante nitrato de cálcio, 3 doses do fertilizante foliar Nitroplus 9 e a testemunha. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: 1 Testemunha (sem adubação foliar); 2 3 aplicações de 10 Kg ha-1 de nitrato de cálcio; 3 3 aplicações de 10 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 ; 4 3 aplicações de 20 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 ; e, 5 - 3 aplicações de 30 litros ha-1 de Nitroplus 9 . As aplicações foliares foram realizadas nos estágios fenológicos R1/R2 (outubro/2012), F1 (novembro/2012) e na vegetação outonal (abril/2013). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições. Os tratamentos 3, 4 e 5 proporcionaram efeitos significativos nos parâmetros qualitativos, proporcionando aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis totais, no ratio e no rendimento industrial.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22791号 / 人博第962号 / 新制||人||228(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||962(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 瀬戸口 浩彰, 教授 市岡 孝朗, 教授 宮下 英明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Chez le fraisier la balance entre floraison et développement végétatif incluant la production de stolons (tiges allongées portant les plants filles) conditionne le rendement du plant. L’objectif de la thèse était d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension des processus de développement du fraisier, la floraison, le développement végétatif des axes et le stolonnage, grâce à une étude spatio-temporelle. Trois approches complémentaires ont été développées sur six variétés non-remontantes plantées en conditions « hors sol » : (1) la modélisation des profils d’émergence hebdomadaire de fleurs, feuilles et stolons par une analyse de segmentation longitudinale, (2) l’analyse spatio-temporelle de l’architecture des plants durant une saison de production et (3) le suivi de l’expression de gènes clés liés à la floraison. (1) Les modèles univariés de détection de ruptures appliqués à chaque variable phénologique étaient basés sur l’hypothèse que les changements de phases sont synchrones entre les individus d’une même variété. Ces modèles ont permis d’identifier des phases pour chacune des variétés et chacun des trois types d’organe. Les modèles de détection de ruptures multivariés combinant les trois types d’organes ont permis de mettre en évidence une forte structuration du développement du fraisier par la floraison et le stolonnage. De plus, les variétés se regroupent autour de deux profils de floraison avec la présence ou pas d’un deuxième pic de floraison. Enfin, les modèles d’émergence de stolon montrent un synchronisme suggérant un fort effet environnemental. (2) L’analyse spatio-temporelle de l’architecture s’est basée sur un modèle de graphe arborescent multi-échelle, permettant une représentation visuelle et une analyse de la topologie du plant au cours de son développement. Cette analyse a permis de mettre en évidence des différences topologiques précoces ainsi que différentes stratégies de développement entre les variétés. Ces différences de développement expliquent en partie les différents profils de floraison. (3) Parmi les gènes étudiés pour leur expression au cours de la culture des plants de fraisier, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) apparait comme un marqueur de développement végétatif et de l’émergence des stolons. Une approche architecturale a également été initiée sur le fraisier diploïde. Les premiers résultats ont permis de mieux préciser le devenir des méristèmes axillaires. En conclusion, ce travail a permis d’évaluer les variétés en condition de production et d’identifier des critères de sélection pour le développement de nouvelles variétés. Il a également permis de développer de nouveaux outils qui pourront être utilisés par les sélectionneurs et les expérimentateurs. / In strawberry, the balance between flowering and vegetative development, including the production of stolons (elongated stems carrying the daughter plants), conditions the yield of the plant. The objective of the thesis was to better understand the developmental processes of strawberry plant, namely flowering, the vegetative development of axes and runnering, through a spatio-temporal study. Three complementary approaches have been developed on seasonal flowering varieties planted in "soilless" conditions: (1) modeling the weekly emergence of flowers, leaves and stolons by a longitudinal segmentation analysis, (2) spatio-temporal analysis of plant architecture during a seasonal production and (3) expression of key genes related to flowering. (1) Univariate multiple change-point models applied to each phenological variable were based on the assumption that phase changes were synchronous between individuals of a given variety. These models allowed to identify phases for each variety and each type of organ. Multivariate multiple changepoint models combining the three types of organ highlighted a strong structuring of strawberry development by flowering and runnering. Moreover, the varieties can be grouped into two profiles of flowering with the presence or not of a second period of flowering. Finally, the stolon emergence models show a synchronism suggesting a strong environmental effect. (2) Spatio-temporal analysis of the architecture relied on a multi-scale tree graph allowing visual representation and topological analysis of plant development. This analysis revealed early topological differences as well as different strategies of development between varieties. These differences in development partially explain the different flowering patterns. (3) Among the genes studied for their expression during the cultivation of strawberry plants, SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) appears as a marker of vegetative development and stolon emergence. An architectural approach was also initiated on the diploid strawberry. First results allowed to better specify the fate of axillary meristems. In conclusion, this work allowed to evaluate the varieties in production condition and to identify selection criteria for the development of new varieties. It has also allowed the development of new tools that can be used by breeders and experimenters.

Repeated polyploidization events are thought to be among the most important causes of sympatric speciation throughout evolutionary time. Changes in phenology and trait expressions that arise in polyploids have been shown to affect plant interactions with insect herbivores and pollinators. If these interactions are changed, selection subsequent to the polyploidization event could contribute to further divergence, or increased similarity, of cytotypes. This study was conducted to investigate plant interactions with insect herbivores and pollinators and patterns of selection in tetraploid and octoploid Cardamine pratensis L. (Brassicaceae), and to answer the following questions: i) Is there phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and number of flowers? ii) Is pollen limitation or herbivory most important for variation in reproductive output? iii) During what stages of ovary and ovule development do variation in fitness mainly arise? iv) Can the intensity of interactions be linked to phenology and number of flowers, suggesting that selection is mediated by pollen limitation or herbivory? v) Do intensity of interactions, and of interaction-mediated selection, differ between ploidy levels? From a combination of an observational study of herbivory and a hand pollination experiment, selection was found for earlier flowering in both subspecies. Intensity of herbivory was an important determinant of plant reproductive success, while hand pollination had little effect. Positive effects of flowering time on intensity of herbivory suggest that selection for earlier flowering was mediated by herbivores. Tetraploids initiated flowering later and suffered from more intense herbivory than did octoploids. The direction of selection was similar in both subspecies. However, differences strength of selection and intensity of herbivory suggest that there is a possibility of selection for their further divergence. / Polyploidisering anses vara en av de viktigaste orsakerna till artbildning inom populationer. Skillnader i blomningskaraktärer, såsom fenologi och blomantal, som uppstår i och med polyploidiseringen har visat sig påverka växters interaktioner med såväl pollinatörer som herbivorer. Förändringar i växt-insektsinteraktioner till följd av polyploidiseringen kan leda till selektion för ökade skillnader, eller likheter, mellan cytotyper. Studiens syfte var att undersöka växters interaktioner med insekter i form av pollinatörer och herbivorer, samt att undersöka selektionsmönster hos tetraploida och oktoploida Cardamine pratensis L. (Brassicaceae). Jag ville även besvara följande frågor: i) Sker selektion på blomningstid och blomantal? ii) Vilken växt-insektsinteraktion är viktigast för variation i reproduktionsframgång? iii) Under vilka utvecklingsstadier uppstår den största variationen i fitness? iv) Kan intensiteten av interaktionerna kopplas till blomningsfenologi och blomantal, vilket skulle indikera att selektion förmedlas genom pollenbegränsning eller herbivori? v) Skiljer sig styrkan av interaktionerna, och av interaktionsförmedlad selektion, mellan ploidinivåer? Studien utformades som en kombination av en observationsstudie av herbivori och ett handpollineringsexperiment, och jag fann selektion för tidigare blomning hos de två underarterna. Reproduktionsframgång styrdes av herbivori snarare än pollenbegränsing. Förlust av potentiell fitness genom att fröämnen inte utvecklades till frön var den faktor som starkast påverkade variation i fitness, och detta var också den fas i utvecklingen som bidrog i störst utsträckning till kvantitativ förlust av fitness. Ett positivt samband mellan blomningsfenologi och herbivoriintensitet indikerar att selektion för blomningstid var förmedlad av herbivorer. Tetraploider blommade senare och utsattes för mer intensiva herbivorattacker än oktoploider. Detta, samt skillnader i selektionsstyrka, indikerar att selektion skulle kunna leda till ökad divergens av underarterna.

Understanding the relationships between solitary bees’ flight phenology and flowering phenology is important in the context of global warming. Using Swedish citizen science data, observations of oligolectic solitary bees and flowering phenology were used together with temperature data. All five bees studied had flight period that overlapped with the flowering period their corresponding host plant. None of the species were affected by the temperature, although there was a correlation between earliest observations of flowering phenology and flight phenology. The later the flowering observation was made, the later the flight observation was made. No correlation was found between the length of flight period and length of the flowering period. Increasing temperature is not the only factor that effects flight phenology and flowering phenology.

Evaluation of pollen transfer in wild plant communities revealing heterospecific pollen receipt is common, yet experimental hand pollinations have revealed high among-species variation in the magnitude of its effect on recipient fitness. The causes of this among-species variation are unknown, however, prompting the investigation of underlying factors. Here, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment with ten co-flowering species to determine whether the effects of heterospecific pollen receipt are mediated by the pollen donor or recipient species alone, or whether the effects are determined by the interaction between them. We further assessed species traits potentially mediating interactive effects in heterospecific pollen receipt by evaluating the relationship between heterospecific pollen effect size and three different predictors reflecting a unique combination of pollen donor and recipient characteristics. Our results show, for the first time, that the magnitude of the heterospecific pollen receipt effect is determined by the specific combination of donor and recipient species (i.e., interactive effects). However, we were unable to uncover the specific combination of traits mediating these effects. Overall, our study provides strong evidence that an understanding of heterospecific pollen receipt effects based on recipient or donor characteristics alone may be insufficient. This study is an important step toward an understanding of consequences of heterospecific pollen receipt in co-flowering communities.

The number of co-flowering species, floral density and floral trait diversity can be major determinants of pollinator-mediated plant–plant interactions in a community. However, evaluation of how each one of these co-flowering components affects the pollination success of a single focal plant species, and how these effects vary at different spatial scales, is lacking. Here, we evaluated the effects of functional diversity (flower morphology and colour), taxonomic diversity (reflecting potential sampling effects) and flower density (conspecific and heterospecific), on the pollinator environment (i.e. visitation rate and pollinator diversity) and pollination success (i.e. pollen load size and number of pollen tubes per style) of Cakile edentula (Brassicaceae). We applied structural equation models (SEMs) at the floral-neighbourhood (plot level) and community-wide scales to uncover the factors that mediate co-flowering community effects on C. edentula pollination success. We found that co-flowering community effects at the community level are more important than fine-scale floral-neighbourhood differences in mediating plant pollination success in our study species. Increasing plant functional diversity decreased pollinator visitation rate but increased the diversity of pollinator functional groups visiting C. edentula flowers. Taxonomic diversity negatively affected pollinator diversity suggesting that other unmeasured floral traits may be relevant or that single-species effects (sampling effects) may be important. Overall, our results suggest that functional floral trait diversity in a community may be the most important factor influencing pollination success of species in a community. We also found evidence for intra- and interspecific pollinator competition mediated by flower density, but none of these effects seemed to have a significant impact on pollination success. This study is an important step towards understanding the complexity of co-flowering community effects on the pollination success of individual plant species at multiple spatial scales. This study further reveals the potential importance of plant functional diversity in a community in helping predict competitive and facilitative interactions in co-flowering communities. Synthesis. Floral density and taxonomic and functional co-flowering diversity are important drivers of pollination success in flowering plants. The effects of the co-flowering diversity on the pollination success of plant species can largely depend on the spatial scale being studied. Only evaluating the outcomes of pollinator-mediated plant–plant interactions at multiple stages of the pollination process can lead to a complete understanding of their ecological consequences in nature.

Terrestrial plants exist in almost every habitat on the earth, ranging from warm and moist tropical rainforests, hot and dry deserts, and to cold and barren tundras. Furthermore, a single species may encounter different climatic conditionshabitats within its range distribution which climatic conditions differs from one to another. In this study, I examine the flowering phenology and fitness of two locally adapted genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, one from the southern range limit (Italy) and one from the northern range limit (Sweden) in Europe, in an outdoor common-garden experiment in Uppsala. Flowering start was recorded to characterize flowering phenology, whilst survival and fecundity was recorded to characterize fitness. Flowering start differed significantly between the two genotypes as with the Swedish genotype startinged flowering 24 days later than the Italian genotype. The Italian genotype had higher fitness (number of fruits per seedling planted), which was due to a slightly higher survival and fecundity. The relative fitness of the two genotypes was thus intermediate to that observed in reciprocal transplants between the native sites of origin of the two populations.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19051号 / 農博第2129号 / 新制||農||1033(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4933(農学部図書室) / 32002 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻 / (主査)教授 白岩 立彦, 教授 奥本 裕, 准教授 中﨑 鉄也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM