In many technical applications chemical reactions are used. One of these is a so called decolorization, in which an ion exchange resin is used to remove a dye from water. To apply this decolorization technique a Rotating Bed Reactor, or RBR for short, can be used. It is filled with the ion exchange resin and spun inside the water. Whilst spinning, the reactor percolates the water, letting it interact with the ion exchange resin and thus removing the dye. This project aims to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool to create a model for the decolorization process when a RBR is used. The goal is to achieve a reaction model for the process that can be applied to various RBR models, i.e. scaled, to aid for example product development and research. A decolorization process in which methylene blue is removed from deionized water using a SpinChem S2 RBR inside a V2 vessel, using a NRW 1160 ion exchange resin, is investigated. Experiments are conducted where the concentration of methylene blue in deionized water is measured during the decolorization process using a transmittance probe. From the experimental results a linear regression model is fitted to achieve a model for the reaction's rate constant, determining its reaction rate, depending on the fluid velocity inside the RBR and the temperature of the fluid. CFD is used to find the flow field for different rotational speeds of the RBR inside the vessel. Using the steady-state flow field species transport simulations are done using the created reaction model. This is done to compare numerical simulations to experimental results. The results show that the created reaction model can predict the time taken to absorb the methylene blue onto the ion exchange resin. Deviations from the exact decay rate of methylene blue concentration is seen, and are concluded to come from conversion of global reaction rate in the vessel to local reaction rate inside the RBR. The reaction model has not been tested explicitly on other types of RBR, thus nothing can be said about its performance. However, care has been taken to not include any RBR geometry dependent parameters in the model.

This study was performed to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of the 37.5% scaled­ down Green Raven MK18 airframe, to evaluate boundary corrections method, and to investigate on support interference. A wind tunnel test was originally planned on June 2021 at a Large­Low­Speed Wind Tunnel at University of Bristol; however, due to COVID­19 travel restrictions, the test has been postponed to November 2021. In or­der to supplement the work and data directly required for the test, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigations were performed in free air and in wind tunnel condi­tions, both with and without support interference, at a Reynolds number of 7E+05. The simulations utilized an incompressible Reynolds-­Averaged­-Navier.­Stokes equa­tion accompanied with k − ω SST for turbulent modelling. Corrections factors were obtained to compensate for wall interference, and results indicate a satisfactory agree­ment between free ­air and wind­ tunnel corrected data for wall interference. The sup­ port structure interferes with the aerodynamic loads produced by the model. Lift and drag decrease, and pitching moment increases compared to WT without support structure condition. / Denna studie utfördes för att undersöka aerodynamiska egenskaper hos det nedskalade Green Raven MK18­flygplanet för 37.5%, för att utvärdera gränskorrigeringsmetoden och för att undersöka stödinterferens. Ett vindtunneltest planerades ursprungligen i juni 2021 vid en stor­låghastighets vindtunnel vid University of Bristol. Men på grund av resebegränsningar för covid­19 har testet skjutits upp till november 2021. För att komplettera det arbete och de data som direkt krävs för testet, utfördes CFD under­ sökningar (Computational Fluid Dynamics) i fri luft och i vindtunnelförhållanden, både med och utan supportinterferens, med ett Reynolds­tal på 7E+05. Simuleringarna använde en inkompressibel Reynolds­Averaged­Navier­Stokes­ekvation tillsammans med k − ω SST för turbulent modellering. Korrigeringsfaktorer erhölls för att kom­ pensera för väggstörningar, och resultaten tyder på en tillfredsställande överensstäm­ melse mellan frilufts­ och vindtunnelkorrigerade data för väggstörningar. Stödstruk­ turen stör de aerodynamiska belastningar som modellen producerar. Lyft och drag minskar och stigningsmomentet ökar jämfört med WT utan stödstruktur.

Scania works continuously to develop internal combustion engines and after treatment systems which can achieve low pollutant emissions and high efficiency. A major principal that Scania adopted for this goal is the Simulation Driven Development (SDD) process. Here computer aided simulations aid to develop designs and improve characteristics all the while reducing the iterative prototyping and testing process. Currently, parametric modelling and Design of Experiments (DoE) is a proven and major mode of exploring designs within the various stakeholder fields of development; namely structural, fluid mechanics and acoustics.  Topology optimisation in fluid flow is a new field which promises quick exploration of design spaces. The result of topology optimisation are unintuitive designs that could serve as baseline designs which can further reduce the design process. The objective of the thesis was to explore topology optimisation and investigate a way to incorporate topology optimisation in the design process at Scania CV AB. For this task Tosca Fluid by Dassault Systèmes was chosen for its optimisation capabilities, which uses back-flow as the criteria of optimisation. The case study was conducted based on the MTX diesel one box inlet end-plate which was used as reference. The dimensional constraints of the reference product were used to model and utilise the developed workflow. Since this task involved the use of substrates for exhaust gas filtration, it was imperative to explore uniformity of flow over the substrate as an additional optimisation criterion. The project studied modelling design spaces to satisfy the design criteria and the shortcoming the software currently poses have been documented in this report. The report also mentions the tasks involved in setting up simulation cases to work well with Tosca Fluid. In the current stage of the thesis work it was not possible to incorporate uniformity as an additional criterion and hence fails in using Tosca Fluid to optimise topology for turn volumes involving the use of substrates. / Scania arbetar kontinuerligt med att utveckla förbränningsmotorer och efterbehandlings system som kan uppnå låga föroreningar och hög effektivitet. En viktig princip som Scania antog för detta mål är processen Simulation Driven Development (SDD). Här hjälper datorstödda simuleringar att utveckla mönster och förbättra egenskaper samtidigt som den iterativa prototyp- och testprocessen reduceras. För närvarande är parametrisk modellering och Design of Experiments (DoE) ett beprövat och viktigt sätt att utforska konstruktioner inom de olika intressenternas utvecklingsområden; nämligen konstruktion, fluidmekanik och akustik. Topologioptimering i vätskeflöde är ett nytt område som lovar snabb utforskning av designutrymmen. Resultatet av topologioptimering är icke-intuitiva konstruktioner som kan fungera som baslinjedesigner som ytterligare kan minska designprocessen. Syftet med avhandlingen var att utforska topologioptimering och undersöka ett sätt att integrera topologioptimering i designprocessen på Scania CV AB. För denna uppgift valdes Tosca Fluid av Dassault Systèmes för sina optimeringsmöjligheter, som använder återflöddet som kriterier för optimering. Fallstudien genomfördes baserat på MTX diesel först låda inloppsändplatta som användes som referens. Referensproduktens dimensionella begränsningar användes för att modellera och använda det utvecklade arbetsflödet. Eftersom denna uppgift innebar användning av substrat för avgas filtrering, var det absolut nödvändigt att undersöka flödets enhetlighet som ett ytterligare optimerings kriterium. Projektet studerade modellerings designutrymmen för att uppfylla design kriterierna och den brist programvaran för närvarande har dokumenterats i denna rapport. Rapporten nämner också de uppgifter som är involverade i att skapa simuleringsfall för att fungera bra med Tosca Fluid. I det aktuella skedet av avhandlings arbetet var det inte möjligt att införliva enhetlighet som ett ytterligare kriterium och misslyckas därför med att använda Tosca Fluid för att optimera topologi för sväng volymer som involverar användning av substrat.

This study investigated 9 variables to determine their relationship to the frequency of use of "Play Therapy" or non- verbal counseling techniques by elementary school counselors as well as their relationship to counselor perceived self-efficacy when counseling children who speak a language in which the counselor is not fluent. The notion of placing an emphasis on "Play Therapy" or non- verbal counseling techniques with such a population has emerged as a possible therapeutic intervention when working with individuals from a cultural background which is different from that of the counselor. Researchers in counseling have noted the importance of providing adequate services to diverse populations including those who do not speak a language in which the counselor is fluent. This study was based on the concept that an elementary school counselor's effectiveness when counseling children who speak a language in which the counselor is not fluent is related to the counselor's level of training in non-verbal counseling techniques, level of training in multicultural counseling, years of counseling experience, professional membership affiliations, fluency in other languages, gender, and grade level in which the counselor works. Statistically significant relationships were found with several of the variables including level of training in play therapy, membership in the Association for Play Therapy and American School Counselor Association, and grade level in which the counselor works. Elementary school counselors and counselor educators can utilize the findings of this study to develop and implement programs that teach play therapy and other non-verbal counseling techniques to elementary school counselors. These experiences may help provide better services to diverse populations including those who speak a language in which the counselor is not fluent.

The TurboPiston Pump was invented to make use of merits such as, high flow rates often seen in centrifugal pumps and high pressures associated with positive displacement pumps. The objective of this study is to manufacture a plastic model 12” TurboPiston Pump to demonstrate the working principle and a metal prototype for performance testing. In addition, this research includes the study of the discharge valve to estimate the valve closing time and fluid mass being recycled back into the cylinder through hand calculations. Furthermore, a transient simulation was performed in CFD using Fluent to provide a better estimate of what will happen in the actual pump while running. Additionally, an experimental rig was designed to investigate the performance of the first generation valve on the TurboPiston Pump known as the flapper valve. Means to improve the hydrodynamic performance of both valves have been identified for future study.

In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations have been carried out in order to investigate and improve the performance of the Standard Cirrus glider, using different Navier-Stokes methods and solving the equations for the steady flow. The work has been divided in two parts: First, a study is performed to test the quality of the transition model (Gamma-ReTheta). The two dimensional results of the glider´s airfoil are compared against the results from panel’s methods and the open-source CFD codes: SU2 and OpenFoam. In addition, three dimensional glider´s models are simulated using the transition model with the purpose of creating a validated reference model of the glider’s performance in steady level flight. The simulations are carried out in two dimensions for the outer wing airfoil for a 1.5 e+06 Reynolds number and in three dimensions for the Wing & Fuselage model and Tail & Fuselage model under a range of velocities. Both simulations are validated against experimental data. In the second part of the study, the validated model is used to developed possible improvements in the glider´s external geometry that could produce possible benefits in the performance and handling qualities of the glider.

A jet engine operating near the ground at low aircraft speeds, high thrust, and subject to a crosswind, can experience a flow separation region on the windward inlet lip and the formation of a vortex that extends from the ground to the engine fan face, known as the inlet vortex. This structure forms from a single point on the ground and is ingested by the engine. Inlet vortices are often observed during engine power-up at the start of the take-off run. They create considerable stagnation pressure losses and flow distortions at the engine fan face, compromising fan efficiency, thrust, and increasing the potential for compressor surge. Inlet vortices have enough suction power to kick up sand and rocks that are then sucked into the engine when an aircraft is operating near the ground and especially over poorly-maintained tarmac. Thus foreign object damage (FOD) becomes a serious threat for an engine under these conditions, and may lead to compressor blade erosion, deteriorating engine performance and reducing service life. The work presented here used ANSYS FLUENT to model a jet engine under crosswind. The 3-D Navier-Stokes equations were solved for compressible, unsteady flow. The mesh generated contained 5.6 million tetrahedral and wedge elements. The goal of this research was to better understand the inlet vortex formation mechanisms by studying its transient formation process, and to provide new information for future development of vortex prevention techniques. This work has shown multiple smaller inlet vortices coexisting on the ground plane during the first 0.9s of the formation process. After about 1s, these vortices are shown to coalesce and form one single inlet vortex, containing the circulation of all the smaller vortices combined. The smaller vortices were weak enough to not present danger of FOD, but once coalesced could lift up a 16cm diameter chunk of tarmac asphalt. The conclusion of this work is a recommendation for the development of a solution to the inlet vortex problem focused on preventing the coalescing of the vortex during its formation, thus eliminating the threat of FOD.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-26T16:14:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jutaí Juarez Estrázulas_.pdf: 1716303 bytes, checksum: ac095da5508e03eaab20ab1008f22067 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T16:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jutaí Juarez Estrázulas_.pdf: 1716303 bytes, checksum: ac095da5508e03eaab20ab1008f22067 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inúmeras aplicações residenciais, comerciais e industriais voltadas ao gerenciamento térmico tem seus custos operacionais reduzidos quando um sistema de armazenamento de energia térmica é incorporado. Tal tipo de sistema pode, por exemplo, absorver energia térmica oriunda de fonte solar, de reaproveitamento de calor de processo industrial ou mesmo proveniente de energia elétrica (nos horários em que esta é menos onerosa), e liberá-la em um horário em que estas fontes de calor não estejam presentes e em que a energia elétrica, se utilizada, seria mais onerosa.Os PCMs (Phase Change Materials), devido ao seu alto calor latente de fusão, são materiais que representam uma alternativa viável à implementação de sistemas de armazenamento de energia térmica. No entanto, inúmeros PCMs ainda não tiveram suas características e propriedades fluidodinâmicas investigadas suficientemente. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico da mudança de fasede PCMs da família RT,em cavidades cilíndricas, visando o armazenamento térmico de energia através de calor latente (LHTES). O estudo foi realizado através de simulação numérica por CFD, com o software ANSYS Fluent. O modelo numérico adotado é bidimensional e é composto pelas equações da conservação da massa, quantidade de movimento e energia. Além destas, foi utilizada a técnica de modelamento entalpia-porosidade. A malha computacional é do tipo hexaédrica, com refinamento junto às paredes da geometria e na região de interface entre o PCM e o ar. O modelo implementado foi validado com resultados numéricos e experimentais da literatura, obtendo-se bons resultados. Foi avaliado o processo de fusão de cinco diferentes tipos de PCMs (RT 4, RT 35, RT 35HC (alta capacidade), RT 55 e RT 82), cada um deles com três intervalos de temperatura (T=10, 20 e 30 °C).Além disto, para T=10 ºC, os PCMS RT 27, RT 35, RT 35 HC e RT 82 foram testados para cinco diferentes valores de constante C (Mushy Zone), totalizando trinta diferentes situações. Paraos PCMs RT 4, RT 35, RT55 e RT82, aumentando-se o T de 10 oC para 20 oC e de 10 oC para 30 oC, para frações líquidas entre 0,4 e 0,8, a redução média dos tempos de fusão foide, aproximadamente, 55,8% e 71,8% e os incrementos médios no fluxo de calor foram de 63% e 111 %, respectivamente. Para o RT35HC, as reduções médias nos tempos de fusão foram de 51,6% e de 67,8%, para a mesma faixa de fração líquidae mesmos T. O RT35HC, quando comparado com o RT 35, possui calor latente de fusão 41,1% maiore os seus tempos de fusão são entre 100% à 134% superiores, dependendo do T utilizado. / Several residential, commercial and industrial applications focused on thermal management have their operating costs reduced when a thermal energy storage system is incorporated to them. This type of system can provide, can, for example, absorb thermal energy from solar source, heat reuse from industrial process or even from electrical power (during the time this is less expensive) and release it at a time that these heat sources are not present and the electrical power, if used, would be more expensive.The Phase Change Materials (PCMs), due to their high latent heat of fusion, are materials that represent a viable alternative to the implementation of thermal energy storage systems. However, many PCMs have not had their characteristics and fluid dynamics properties sufficiently investigated. Thus, this paper presents a numerical study of RT phase change materials family, inside cylindrical cavities, aiming at the thermal energy storage trough latent heat (LHTES). The study was conducted through a CFD numerical simulation, with ANSYS Fluent software. The numeric model adopted is two-dimensional and is composed by mass conservation, movement amount and energy equations. In addition, the enthalpy-porosity modeling technique was used. The computational mesh is hexaedric, with refinement along the walls of geometry and at the interface area between the PCM and air. The model was validated with numerical and experimental results available in the literature, achieving good results. The fusion process of five different PCMs (RT 4, RT 35, RT 35 HC (high capacity), RT 55 and RT 82) was evaluated, each one of them with three temperature ranges (T= 10, 20 e 30 °C). Furthermore, for T=10 °C, the PCMs RT 27, RT 35, RT 35 HC and RT 82 were tested for five different values of C constant (Mushy Zone) totaling thirty different situations. For PCMs RT 4, RT 35, RT 55 and RT 82, increasing T from 10 oC to 20 oC and from 10 oC to 30 oC, for liquid fraction between 0,4 and 0,8, the average reduction in fusion time were, approximately, 55.8% and 71.8% and the average increase in heat flow were 63% and 111% respectively. For RT 35 HC, the average reductions in fusion time were 51.6% and 67.8% for the same liquid fraction range and same T. The RT 35 HC, when compared to RT 35, has latent heat of fusion 41.1% greater and its fusion times are between 100% to 134% greater, depending on T used.

Estágio realizado no Centro de Nanotecnologia e Materiais Técnicos, Funcionais e Inteligentes / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2010

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009