This thesis presents a numerical method for the simulation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems on high-performance computers. The proposed method is specifically tailored to interactions between Newtonian fluids and a large number of slender viscoelastic structures, the latter being modeled as Cosserat rods. From a numerical point of view, such kind of FSI requires special techniques to reach numerical stability. When using a partitioned fluid-structure coupling approach this is usually achieved by an iterative procedure, which drastically increases the computational effort. In the present work, an alternative coupling approach is developed based on an immersed boundary method (IBM). It is unconditionally stable and exempt from any global iteration between the fluid part and the structure part. The proposed FSI solver is employed to simulate the flow over a dense layer of vegetation elements, usually designated as canopy flow. The abstracted canopy model used in the simulation consists of 800 strip-shaped blades, which is the largest canopy-resolving simulation of this type done so far. To gain a deeper understanding of the physics of aquatic canopy flows the simulation data obtained are analyzed, e.g., concerning the existence and shape of coherent structures.

Die experimentellen Untersuchungen zur Strömungs-Struktur-Interaktion kommen zu folgenden Ergebnissen. Die als entrainment bezeichnete Verhaltensweise von Fischen kann durch den gezielten Ausgleich von Auftriebs-, Widerstands- und einer erstmals nachgewiesenen Saugkraft und der damit verbundenen Reduzierung der lokomotorischen Energie erklärt werden. Des Weiteren zeigen die Experimente an einer wellenförmig bewegten Oberfläche, dass die Strömung an einem Wellenberg zyklisch zwischen laminarem und turbulentem Regime wechselt und dass diese Oszillation zur Reduzierung des Form- und Gesamtwiderstandes der geschleppten Oberfläche führt. Dünne, flexible Häutchen hairy flaps an der Rückseite eines Zylinders führen zu einer Änderung der Struktur der Wirbelablösung an diesem. Dadurch wird sowohl die auf den Zylinder wirkende Auftriebskraft als auch die Widerstandskraft um bis zu 65% reduziert. Für die Interaktion zwischen der Strömung um zwei hintereinander positionierte elastische Zylinder und ihrer Kinematik konnte die Synchronisierung (lock-in) ihrer Bewegung mit einer verbundenen Zerstörung der Wirbelstraße hinter dem zweiten Zylinder gezeigt werden.:Zusammenfassung 1 Conclusions 7 1. Einleitung und Zielsetzung 11 2. Messtechnische Grundlagen 17 2.1. Klassische Particle Image Velocimetry 18 2.2. Scanning Particle Image Velocimetry 20 2.3. Mirror Particle Tracking Velocimetry 21 2.4. Druckberechnung 35 3. Hydrodynamisches Modell des entrainments 37 3.1. Stand der Forschung 38 3.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 42 3.3. Ergebnisse 44 3.4. Zusammenfassung 51 4. Undulatorisch bewegte Oberflächen 53 4.1. Stand der Forschung 54 4.2. Mechanisches Modell 57 4.3. Experimenteller Aufbau 61 4.4. Ergebnisse 65 4.5. Zusammenfassung 74 5. Selbstadaptive elastische Klappen - hairy flaps 77 5.1. Stand der Forschung 78 5.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 82 5.3. Ergebnisse 86 5.4. Zusammenfassung 107 6. Umströmung stumpfer elastischer Körper 109 6.1. Stand der Forschung 110 6.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 116 6.3. Ergebnisse 120 6.4. Zusammenfassung 128 7. Ausblick 131 Abbildungsverzeichnis 135 Tabellenverzeichnis 141 Symbolverzeichnis 142 Literaturverzeichnis 146 A. Anhang 155 / The experimental investigations presented herein explain the behavioural adaptation of fish called entrainment for the first time. The results confirm a balance of lift-, drag- and a suction-force, explaining the reduction of locomotive energy. Furthermore, flow measurements around an undulating membrane affirm an oscillation between laminar and turbulent flow over one period of the motion and that this oscillation decreases the pressure- and drag-force of the towed membrane. Experiments on thin and flexible flaps attached at the lee-side of a cylinder, show that the flaps alter the natural vortex separation cycle in such a way that the vortices do not shed in a staggered side-by-side arrangement but in line in a row with the cylinder wake axis. Thus, flow fluctuations are reduced by 42% in stream-wise - and 35% in transversal direction at best, compared to a reference case without hairy-flaps. Finally, investigations on the flow around and on the kinematics of two flexible cylinders in a tandem arrangement demonstrate a synchronisation of their motion (lock-in), resulting in the destruction of the vortex-street behind the second cylinder.:Zusammenfassung 1 Conclusions 7 1. Einleitung und Zielsetzung 11 2. Messtechnische Grundlagen 17 2.1. Klassische Particle Image Velocimetry 18 2.2. Scanning Particle Image Velocimetry 20 2.3. Mirror Particle Tracking Velocimetry 21 2.4. Druckberechnung 35 3. Hydrodynamisches Modell des entrainments 37 3.1. Stand der Forschung 38 3.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 42 3.3. Ergebnisse 44 3.4. Zusammenfassung 51 4. Undulatorisch bewegte Oberflächen 53 4.1. Stand der Forschung 54 4.2. Mechanisches Modell 57 4.3. Experimenteller Aufbau 61 4.4. Ergebnisse 65 4.5. Zusammenfassung 74 5. Selbstadaptive elastische Klappen - hairy flaps 77 5.1. Stand der Forschung 78 5.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 82 5.3. Ergebnisse 86 5.4. Zusammenfassung 107 6. Umströmung stumpfer elastischer Körper 109 6.1. Stand der Forschung 110 6.2. Experimenteller Aufbau 116 6.3. Ergebnisse 120 6.4. Zusammenfassung 128 7. Ausblick 131 Abbildungsverzeichnis 135 Tabellenverzeichnis 141 Symbolverzeichnis 142 Literaturverzeichnis 146 A. Anhang 155

Behaviour prediction of hydraulic steel structures with the view to surrounding influences in various design dispositions is a fundamental condition for operational reliability assessment of the analyzed construction. Reliable characteristics of construction behaviour defined by the specification of its movement within changes caused by time and environmental influences is of great importance. In currently used engineering mechanics formulation it concerns setting the response of the defined construction or its part to the given time variable mechanic load. Required response values, which are necessary for evaluation terminal dispositions of capacity and usability of the construction, are trans-location and tension, or values thence derived. Calculation is basic means for response prediction of construction. The thesis presented deals with complex multi-physical behaviour problems of water supply constructions in fluid structure interaction. There are presented various approaches to calculations of static and dynamic qualities of constructions. These approaches are divided into so called “direct method”, which is based on direct connection between two physical fields and the calculation is performed by the method of final elements, and so called “indirect method” , which is based on connection of two physical fields by means of various interfaces, which are described in this thesis. In case of indirect method, the calculation of running liquid is performed by the method of final volumes and the construction calculation is performed by the method of final elements. Within the scope of this thesis, static and dynamic responses of water supply constructions have been solved with the use of the above mentioned approaches. The results of the calculations in the scope of this thesis have been compared with the findings of performed experiments. The final part of the thesis describes the results and generalized findings gathered from the tasks by various approaches.

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Der mit flüssigem Natrium gefüllte Druckbehälter eines Präzessionsexperimentes unterliegt im Betrieb einer Vielzahl an Belastungen. Neben den aus der Rotation und Präzession resultierenden Fliehkräften und dem gyroskopischen Moment müssen ebenfalls die fertigungsbedingten Unwuchten sowie die Fluid-Struktur-Interaktion berücksichtigt werden. Darüber hinaus stellen die bei der Erwärmung bzw. Abkühlung auftretenden thermischen Spannungen eine wesentliche Beanspruchung dar. Es wird ein Algorithmus vorgestellt, der es ermöglicht, alle diese transienten und winkelabhängigen Lasten bei minimalem Rechenaufwand in den Berechnungsprozess einzubeziehen und die für den statischen und zyklischen Festigkeitsnachweis nach FKM-Richtlinie maßgeblichen Beanspruchungen zu identifizieren. Dies ermöglicht die vollflächige Berechnung des Auslastungsgrades in ANSYS Workbench.

In diesem Beitrag wird die Wirksamkeit statischer Mischer in verschiedenen Anordnungen und Strömungskonfigurationen untersucht. Auf Grundlage umfangreicher numerischer Untersuchungen werden die Anwendungsgrenzen von spiralförmigen statischen Mischern zur Verbesserung des Wärmeübergangs in Kühlkanälen von Werkzeugmaschinen aufgezeigt. Die numerischen Simulationen wurden mit der kommerziellen Computational-Fluid-Dynamics (CFD)-Software, ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2, durchgeführt. Diese Studie zeigt, dass es einen optimalen Anwendungsbereich für statische Mischer als Wärmeaustauschverstärker in Abhängigkeit von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, dem übertragenen Wärmestrom und der Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Werkzeugs gibt. Die Untersuchungen in diesem Beitrag beschränken sich auf einphasige Strömungen in kreisförmigen Querschnitten und geraden Kanalgeometrien. Als repräsentatives Anwendungsbeispiel für eine Werkzeugmaschine wird die Kühlung eines einfachen Spritzgießwerkzeugs untersucht. Die durchgeführten Analysen zeigen, dass der Einsatz von statischer Mischelemente zur Verbesserung der Wärmeübertragung sehr effektiv ist, insbesondere bei Strömungen mit niedrigen bis mittleren Reynoldszahlen, konturnaher Kühlung, hohen Wärmestromwerten sowie hoher Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Werkzeugmaterials. / In this contribution, the effectiveness of helical static mixers in different arrangements and flow configurations/regimes is explored. By means of a thorough numerical analysis the application limits of helical static mixers for the heat transfer enhancement inside cooling channels of machine tools is provided. The numerical simulations were processed with the commercial finite volume Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code, ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2. This study shows that there exists an optimal range of application for static mixers as heat exchange intensifier depending on the flow speed, the transmitted heat flow and the thermal conductivity of the tool. The investigations of this contribution are restricted to single-phase flow in circular cross-sections and straight channel geometries. As a representative application example for a machine tooling, the cooling of a simple injection mould is investigated. The research carried out reveals that the application of static mixing elements for enhancement of heat transfer is very effective, particularly for fluid flow with low to medium Reynolds numbers, close-contour cooling, high values of heat fluxes as well as high thermal conductivity of the tooling material.

Flow-induced vibration caused by fully developed pipe flow has been recognized, but not fully investigated under turbulent conditions. This thesis focuses on the development of a numerical Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) model that will help define the relationship between pipe wall vibration and the physical characteristics of turbulent flow. Commercial FSI software packages are based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) fluid models, which do not compute the instantaneous fluctuations in turbulent flow. This thesis presents an FSI approach based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) flow models, which do compute the instantaneous fluctuations in turbulent flow. The results based on the LES models indicate that these fluctuations contribute to the pipe vibration. It is shown that there is a near quadratic relationship between the standard deviation of the pressure field on the pipe wall and the flow rate. It is also shown that a strong relationship between pipe vibration and flow rate exists. This research has a direct impact on the geothermal, nuclear, and other fluid transport industries.

[ES] El interés en reducir el peso y resistencia aerodinámica de vehículos y en desarrollar fuentes de energía renovables se ha incrementado debido a la compleja situación ambiental y los requerimientos legales para reducir las emisiones de contaminantes y el consumo de combustibles. La industria aeronáutica ha propuesto nuevos diseños que integren conceptos como alas de alto alargamiento y materiales con elevada resistencia específica, como los materiales compuestos. Por su parte, conceptos similares se emplean en la generación de energía eólica. El radio de las palas de las turbinas eólicas se incrementa paulatinamente, siendo un ejemplo muy claro las grandes instalaciones off-shore. El uso de estructuras más alargadas y ligeras provoca mayor deformación debida a las cargas aerodinámicas. Este fenómeno se conoce como aeroelasticidad y combina los efectos de las cargas aerodinámicas, los efectos inerciales y las tensiones internas de la estructura. La combinación de las cargas anteriores provoca fenómenos de amortiguamiento de las vibraciones, o por el contrario, inestabilidades aeroelásticas. Diferentes metodologías pueden ser empleadas para simular los fenómenos aeroelásticos. La metodología más extendida para la simulación de las ecuaciones elásticas del sólido es la conocida como análisis de elementos finitos. Respecto a las ecuaciones de conservación del fluido, la mecánica de fluidos computacional es la herramienta de resolución para un problema arbitrario. La combinación de las metodologías anteriores puede ser empleada para el cálculo de fenómenos aeroelásticos. Sin embargo, el coste computacional de estas simulaciones es inasumible en la mayoría de casos de aplicación. Se requiere una metodología nueva capaz de reducir el coste de cálculo. Este trabajo se centra en el desarrollo de modelos de orden reducido que permitan resolver el problema acoplado sin pérdidas sustanciales de precisión. En primer lugar, la estructura tridimensional se reduce a una sección equivalente que reproduzca la física del sólido original. La sección equivalente se acopla con dos modelos aerodinámicos: simulaciones de mecánica de fluidos computacional y un modelo reducido basado en redes neuronales. Ambos modelos presentan elevada precisión respecto a las simulaciones tridimensionales. Sin embargo, algunos efectos como los efectos aerodinámicos tridimensionales, las distribuciones de carga aerodinámica, la presencia de materiales ortotrópicos y los acoplamientos estructurales no pueden ser simulados. Con el objetivo de resolver los limitantes del modelo anterior, se propone un segundo modelo de orden reducido. En este caso se trata de un algoritmo basado en elementos de viga. El algoritmo se diseña para ser capaz de incluir el cálculo de materiales ortotrópicos y diferentes tipos de problemas aeroelásticos. Inicialmente, se emplea el software para determinar su precisión en el cálculo de una viga de material compuesto y sección rectangular. Estos resultados se validan con las simulaciones tridimensionales. De este modo se demuestra la capacidad de la herramienta computacional para predecir las inestabilidades y los efectos de acoplamiento estructural provocados por la orientación de las fibras. Posteriormente, el algoritmo se emplea en la simulación de turbinas eólicas, mejorando los rangos de operación de las palas sin que ello suponga una penalización desde el punto de vista del peso de la misma. Finalmente, un ala basada en una estructura de membrana resistente es simulada. El cálculo obtiene una gran precisión en la predicción de la velocidad de flameo respecto a la simulación acoplada, siendo la única limitación del modelo la predicción de la distorsión de la membrana. El trabajo presente un conjunto de modelos de orden reducido que permiten disminuir el coste computacional de las simulaciones aeroelásticas en órdenes de magnitud. También, se proporcionan directrices para la selección del modelo reducido apropiado para los casos de interés. / [CA] L'interès a reduir el pes i la resistència aerodinàmica dels vehicles i a desenvolupar fonts d'energia renovables s'ha incrementat a causa de la complexa situació ambiental i els requeriments legals per a reduir les emissions de contaminants i el consum de combustibles. La indústria aeronàutica ha proposat nous dissenys que integren conceptes com ales d'alt allargament i materials amb elevada resistència específica, com ara els materials compostos. Per la seua banda, conceptes similars es fan servir en la generació d'energia eòlica. El radi de les pales de les turbines eòliques s'incrementa progresivament, sent un exemple molt clar les grans instal·lacions off-shore. L'ús d'estructures més allargades i lleugeres provoca més deformació deguda a les càrregues aerodinàmiques. Aquest fenomen es coneix com a aeroelasticitat i combina els efectes de les càrregues aerodinàmiques, els efectes inercials i les tensions internes de l'estructura. La combinació de les càrregues anteriors provoca fenòmens d'esmorteïment de les vibracions, o per contra, inestabilitats aeroelàstiques. Diferents metodologies poden ser emprades per simular els fenòmens aeroelàstics. La metodologia més estesa per a la simulació de les equacions elàstiques del sòlid és la coneguda com a anàlisi d'elements finits. Pel que fa a les equacions de conservació del fluid, la mecànica de fluids computacional és l'eina de resolució per a un problema arbitrari. La combinació de les metodologies anteriors pot ser emprada per al càlcul de fenòmens aeroelàstics. Tot i això, el cost computacional d'aquestes simulacions és inassumible en la majoria de casos d'aplicació. Cal una metodologia nova capaç de reduir el cost de càlcul. Aquest treball se centra en el desenvolupament de models d'ordre reduït que permeten resoldre el problema acoblat sense pèrdues substancials de precisió. En primer lloc, l'estructura tridimensional es reduix a una secció equivalent que reproduixca la física del sòlid original. La secció equivalent s'acobla amb dos models aerodinàmics. El primer empra les forces aerodinàmiques obtingudes mitjançant simulacions de mecànica de fluids computacional. Posteriorment es fa servir un model reduït basat en xarxes neuronals. Tots dos models presenten elevada precisió respecte a les simulacions tridimensionals. No obstant això, alguns efectes com ara els efectes aerodinàmics tridimensionals, les distribucions de càrrega aerodinàmica, la presència de materials ortotròpics i els acoblaments estructurals no poden ser simulats. Amb l'objectiu de resoldre els limitants del model anterior, es proposa un segon model dordre reduït. En aquest cas és un algorisme basat en elements de biga. L'algorisme es dissenya per ser capaç d'incloure el càlcul de materials ortotròpics i diferents tipus de problemes aeroelàstics. Inicialment, s'empra el programari per determinar-ne la precisió en el càlcul d'una biga de material compost i secció rectangular. Aquests resultats es validen amb les simulacions tridimensionals. D'aquesta manera, es demostra la capacitat de l'eina computacional per predir les inestabilitats i els efectes d'acoblament estructural provocats per l'orientació de les fibres. Posteriorment, l'algorisme s'empra en la simulació de turbines eòliques, millorant els rangs d'operació de les pales sense que això suposi una penalització des del punt de vista del pes. Finalment, una ala basada en una estructura de membrana resistent és simulada. El càlcul obté una gran precisió en la predicció de la velocitat de flameig respecte a la simulació acoblada, i l'única limitació del model és la predicció de la distorsió de la membrana. El treball presenta un conjunt de models reduïts que permeten disminuir el cost computacional de les simulacions aeroelàstiques en ordres de magnitud. També es proporcionen directrius per a la selecció del model reduït adequat per als casos d'interès. / [EN] The complex environmental situation and the legal requirements for decreasing pollutant emissions and fuel consumption have increased the interest in reducing the empty weight and drag of vehicles and developing renewable energy sources. Due to the former, the aviation industry has proposed new designs integrating high strength-to-weight ratios, such as composite materials and higher aspect ratio wings. These increases in aspect ratio have also been applied to wind energy generation. The rotors of wind turbines are increasing their diameters in recent years: a clear example is the massive off-shore facilities. Using larger and lightweight structures increases the effects of the aerodynamic loads on structural deformation. Structural dynamics are strongly connected to the air-structure interaction. This phenomenon, called aeroelasticity, combines the effect of the external aerodynamic loads, the inertial forces, and the internal elastic stress of the structure. The complex combination of all the previous effects may damp the vibrations of the structure, or on the contrary, they could increase their amplitude, resulting in an unstable phenomenon. The simulation of the aeroelastic phenomena can be performed using different approaches. The well-known finite element analysis is the most extended methodology for solving solid elastic equations. Regarding fluid conservation equations, computational fluid dynamics is the principal tool for resolving general aerodynamic problems. The aeroelastic simulations can be calculated by combining the previous algorithms. Nevertheless, the computational cost of these methodologies is excessive for a general engineering case. Therefore, new methodologies are required. This work focuses on developing aeroelastic reduced-order models that compute the coupled phenomena without substantial accuracy losses. Initially, the complete three-dimensional structure is reduced to an equivalent section that reproduces the structure. The equivalent structural section is coupled with two aerodynamic models. The first one uses the forces calculated with aeroelastic computational fluid dynamics. Then, a surrogate model based on artificial neural networks is combined with the equivalent section. Both models show accurate agreement compared to the complete three-dimensional simulations in predicting unstable velocity. However, the three-dimensional aerodynamic effects, load distribution, orthotropic materials, and structural couplings cannot be considered. In order to solve the previous limitations, a reduced-order model based on a beam element solver is proposed. The algorithm is designed to consider a general orthotropic material and different typologies of aeroelastic problems. Initially, the software is proven to simulate accurately a squared cross-section composite material beam. The results are validated with the complete three-dimensional simulations, demonstrating the capabilities of the tool for predicting the instabilities and the effects of the fiber orientations. Then, the algorithm is used for simulating a wind turbine blade, and the algorithm results are used to improve the operation range of the blades without weight penalties. Finally, a resistant membrane wing is simulated, obtaining high accuracy in the prediction of the flutter velocity compared with the complete coupled simulation. In addition, the only limitation of the model is the prediction of the membrane distortion. The work presents a set of reduced-order models that allow for reducing the computational cost of the aeroelastic simulations by orders of magnitude. In addition, a decision pattern is provided for selecting the appropriate algorithm for the interest problem. / This thesis have been funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University through the University Faculty Training (FPU) program with reference FPU19/02201. / Cremades Botella, A. (2023). Fluid-structure interaction with the application to the non-linear aeroelastic phenomena [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199249

Modelling the full event of an underwater explosion (UNDEX) is complex and requires advanced modelling methods in order to achieve accurate responses. The process of an UNDEX includes a series of events that has to be considered. When a detonation is initiated, a shock-wave propagates and the rest products from the explosive material creates a gaseous bubble with high pressure which pulsates and impacts the surroundings. Reflections of the initial shock-wave can also appear if it hits the sea floor, water surface or other obstacles. There are different approaches how to numerically model the impact of an UNDEX on a structure, some with analytical approaches without a water domain and others where a water domain has to be modelled. This master’s thesis focuses on two modelling methods that are available in the finite element software LS-DYNA. The simpler method is called Sub-Sea Analysis (SSA) and does not require a water domain, thus it can be beneficial to use in an early design stage, or when only approximated responses are desired. To increase the accuracy, a more complex method called S-ALE can be used. By implementing this method, the full process of an UNDEX can be studied since both the fluid domain and explosive material are meshed. These methods are studied separately together with a combination of them. Another important aspect to be considered is that oscillations of a structure submerged in water differs from the behavior it has in air. Depending on the numerical method used, the impact of the water can be included. Natural frequencies of structures submerged in water are studied, how it changes and how the methods takes this into account. To verify the numerical models, experiments were executed with a cylindrical test object where the distance and weight of charge were altered through out the test series. It was found that multiple aspects affects the results from the experiments, that are not captured in the numerical models. These aspects have for instance to do with reflections, how accurate the test object is modelled and the damping effects of the water. It is concluded that the numerical models are sensitive when small charges and fragile structures are studied. High frequency oscillations were not triggered in the experiment but found for both methods. It should be further investigated if the methods are more accurate for larger charges and stronger structures. Experiments with larger water domain would also be beneficial to reduce effects from reflections, as well as a more accurate model of the cylinder in the simulations.