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Um estudo sobre a distribuição das transferências condicionais no setor de saúde no BrasilSimão, Juliana Barby 01 February 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / This paper empirically studies some determinants of the intergovernmental transfers in the Brazilian health care sector. In particular, we discuss and investigate the existence of a positive relationship between municipal revenues and federal transfers received through Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS) by municipalities. As SUS legislation associates mandatory spending in health of municipalities to a portion of its revenues, the phenomenon was also investigated in the light of the flypaper effect theory. The empirical analysis was based on the estimation of fixed effect panel models. We considered a panel of Brazilian municipalities from 2002 to 2010. Data was mostly obtained from Departamento de Informações do SUS (DATASUS) and Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS), both from Ministry of Health of Brazil. Our results show that municipal tax revenue has indeed a positive and significant impact on receiving transfers. Considering the redistributive aspect, this relation may not be desirable. We argue about the possibility that the funds transferred by SUS are not sufficient, so that a financial compensation of the local governments would be required to cover programs and services in their entirety. We also identified some evidence that there may be political factors influencing receipt of funds from SUS. / Este trabalho estuda empiricamente alguns fatores determinantes das transferências intergovernamentais na área da saúde no Brasil. Em especial, discute e investiga a existência de uma relação positiva entre arrecadação municipal e o recebimento de recursos federais através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pelos municípios brasileiros. Como a legislação do SUS atrela gastos dos municípios obrigatórios em saúde a uma parcela de sua arrecadação, o fenômeno também pôde ser investigado à luz da teoria do flypaper effect. A análise empírica foi realizada através da estimação de modelos em painel com efeitos fixos. Para tanto, utilizou-se dados dos municípios brasileiros no período de 2002 a 2010, obtidos, em sua maioria, através do Departamento de Informações do SUS (DATASUS) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS), ambos do Ministério da Saúde. Os resultados apontam que a arrecadação municipal exerce, de fato, um impacto positivo e significante sobre o recebimento de transferências. Considerando o aspecto redistributivo, essa relação pode não ser desejável. Argumentamos sobre a possibilidade de que os recursos repassados pelo SUS não sejam suficientes, de modo que uma contrapartida financeira dos governos locais seria necessária para cobrir os custos dos programas e serviços em sua totalidade. Foram identificados também indícios de que pode haver fatores políticos influenciando o recebimento de recursos do SUS.
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The Flypaper Effect in Germany: An East-West ComparisonKorzhenevych, Artem, Langer, Sebastian 15 November 2016 (has links) (PDF)
We investigate the effect of general-purpose transfers on different expenditure categories and tax rates in the municipalities of Saxony (eastern Germany) and North Rhine-Westphalia (western Germany). Findings from the panel data analysis suggest the existence of the “flypaper effect” – municipalities use transfers to increase expenditures but do not reduce taxes. For most expenditure subcategories the estimated coefficients are alike, suggesting similarity of spending priorities in the two federal states despite the differences in the transfer dependency. Targeted support of eastern municipalities could potentially explain few identified differences in the spending behavior.
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The Flypaper Effect in Germany: An East-West ComparisonKorzhenevych, Artem, Langer, Sebastian 15 November 2016 (has links)
We investigate the effect of general-purpose transfers on different expenditure categories and tax rates in the municipalities of Saxony (eastern Germany) and North Rhine-Westphalia (western Germany). Findings from the panel data analysis suggest the existence of the “flypaper effect” – municipalities use transfers to increase expenditures but do not reduce taxes. For most expenditure subcategories the estimated coefficients are alike, suggesting similarity of spending priorities in the two federal states despite the differences in the transfer dependency. Targeted support of eastern municipalities could potentially explain few identified differences in the spending behavior.
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Equalization Transfers and the Pattern of Municipal Spending: An Investigation of the Flypaper Effect in GermanyLanger, Sebastian, Korzhenevych, Artem 25 April 2018 (has links)
We investigate how lump-sum equalization transfers affect expenditures and taxes in the municipalities of the largest German state North Rhine-Westphalia. In general, those general-purpose transfers cannot be treated as exogenous variables. Thus, for the identification of causal effects, two exogenous adjustments in the transfer allocation formula are used as instrumental variables. Findings suggest the existence of the “flypaper effect” – municipalities use transfers to increase expenditures but do not reduce tax rates. Extra money from transfers is mainly used to finance social expenditures and public facilities. A set of robustness checks, including a spatial dependence model, confirm the results.
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Ensaios sobre os gastos públicos dos municípios brasileiros: análises dos fenômenos efeito Flypaper, corrida para o fundo e migração de bem-estarRibeiro, Erika Cristina Barbosa de Almeida 25 May 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em um país como o Brasil, marcado pelas desigualdades de renda pessoal e regional, o
governo pode e deve utilizar políticas fiscais para tentar reduzir essas desigualdades.
Caracterizado também por uma alta carga tributária e, por vezes, regressiva, a busca pela
redução das desigualdades por meio de impostos no Brasil parece não surtir tanto efeito. Uma
das formas para resolver esse problema seria focar nos gastos públicos de forma a tentar
melhorar o bem-estar dos indivíduos brasileiros. Contudo, para tornar a política de gastos
públicos eficiente é necessário conhecer as despesas municipais e entender as suas dinâmicas
ao longo do tempo e do território brasileiro. Assim, essa tese busca verificar a existência de
fenômenos que podem afetar o desempenho dos gastos públicos, sendo eles: efeito flypaper,
race to the bottom (corrida para o fundo) e welfare migration (migração de bem-estar). O
primeiro fenômeno ocorreria quando a sensibilidade dos gastos públicos fosse maior em
relação a aumentos nas transferências intergovernamentais do que em relação a aumentos na
renda local, se contrapondo ao Teorema do Eleitor Mediano. Já os outros dois fenômenos, a
saber, race to the bottom e welfare migration, estariam ainda mais relacionados. Economistas
argumentam que a migração de bem-estar (welfare migration) e a competição tributária
poderiam gerar uma situação em que esses gastos municipais (direcionados a suprir a
demanda de bens públicos) tenderiam a valores muito baixos, ou seja, a uma corrida para o
fundo (ou, em inglês, race to the bottom). Na presença desses fenômenos, aconteceria uma
interação espacial entre os gastos dos municípios com os gastos dos seus vizinhos. As
análises da existência do efeito flypaper, da corrida para o fundo e da migração de bem-estar
são feitas em dois ensaios para os municípios brasileiros. O primeiro contempla os anos 2000
e 2010 e analisa o efeito flypaper e suas variações, considerando a dependência financeira, a
heterogeneidade espacial e desmembrando os gastos públicos entre despesas correntes e
despesas de capital. Já o segundo ensaio busca indícios dos outros dois fenômenos nos
mesmos anos, 2000 e 2010. Ambos usam dados em painel com correção espacial. Os
principais resultados indicam a existência de efeito flypaper e de migração de bem-estar.
Todavia, não são encontradas evidências de corrida para o fundo. / In a country like Brazil, marked by inequalities of personal and regional income, the
government can use fiscal policy to try to reduce these inequalities. Also characterized by a
high tax burden and sometimes regressive, the quest for reducing inequalities through taxes
in Brazil seems not to take much effect. One way to solve this problem would be to use public
expenditure in order to try to improve the welfare of Brazilian individuals. However, to make
the expenditure policy effective is necessary to know the municipal expenditures and
understand their dynamics over time and over Brazilian territory. Thus, this thesis seeks to
verify the existence of phenomena that can affect the behavior and efficiency of public
spending, namely: flypaper effect, race to the bottom and welfare migration. The first
phenomenon occurs when public spending is more sensitivity to increases in
intergovernmental transfers than to increases in local income, in contrast to Theorem of
Median Voter. The other two phenomena, namely, race to the bottom and welfare migration,
are still more related. Economists argue that the welfare migration and tax competition could
lead to a situation in which these municipal expenditures (targeted to meet the demand for
public goods) tend to very low values. In the presence of these phenomena, a spatial
interaction between spending of municipalities with the spending of their neighbors takes
place. Analysis of the existence of the flypaper effect, the race to the bottom and the welfare
migration is done in two essays for the municipalities using spatial panel data. The first essay
covers the years 2000 and 2010 and analyzes the flypaper effect considering the financial
dependence, spatial heterogeneity and separating public expenditure between current and
capital expenditures. The second one seeks for evidence of race to the bottom and welfare
migration in the same years, 2000 and 2010. The main results indicate the existence of
flypaper effect and welfare migration. However, there is no indication of race to the bottom.
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