The main aim of my thesis on the topic "Selected forms of Selling the Organic Food - specialty stores" is to assess the actual state of organic food sales in specialty stores in terms of assortment, conditions and sales culture. Likewise, this work allow the reader to learn what is the difference between Czech and foreign quality organic food, who is a typical customer buying organic food, what are comments of organic food vendors, etc. Furthermore, this theme is dealing with regional sales or sales of fair trade products. In the end, we design measures that would help to further expansion, for example, sales of organic food. The goal is not to extend the organic food popularity, but to make consumers aware of benefits of buying organic food just in speciality stores or in health food stores.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21249号 / 理博第4419号 / 新制||理||1634(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中野 伸一, 教授 山内 淳, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

In a world of imbalance, food consumption exhibits great diversity among regions and countries. Although farmers in developed economies benefit from up-to-date agricultural technology and produce much more than they consume, households in the developing world are still combating food insecurity. This dissertation is composed of two manuscripts. One is about consumption in developing countries, while the other is related to promoting agricultural production in a developed economy. Chapter 1 applies a three-stage demand system to nationally representative household survey data to identify food demand behavior with an emphasis on food staples in two West Africa countries ‒ Niger and Nigeria. The third stage of the demand system offers demand elasticities of specific staple items. Instead of treating the population as a whole, the study distinguishes rural and urban households and households of different welfare status. Results confirm the complexity of the food and staples demand between rural/urban areas and among welfare quintiles. Therefore, researchers and policymakers should consider not only the average demand response but also its distribution among households. In addition to demand elasticities, the effects of household demographic characteristics on the structure of food consumption are also obtained. Chapter 2 estimates the rates of return to Virginia's public expenditure on agricultural research and extension (RandE) during 1949-2016 and attempts to address the ad hoc model selection problem common in previous studies. Among the econometric modeling strategies in previous literature, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) and Bayesian Hierarchical Model (BHM) are two promising methods to solve the issue of model uncertainty. The rate-of-return estimates by BHM are preferable because BHM imposes fewer restrictions on lag structures and offers more reasonable lag shapes. By BHM, the internal rates of return (IRR) of Virginia's public expenditures on agricultural RandE are 26% and 42%, respectively. Nineteen percent of Virginia's agricultural productivity growth during 1949-2016 results from its RandE investments, and the contribution of research to that growth is about twice of that of extension. One extra million dollar expenditure on research in 1992 would have brought a benefit of $4.5 million, and the same expenditure in 1983 would have brought $5.4 million in additional benefits. If the extra expenditure is spent on extension, it would have brought a benefit of $6.1 million and $6.3 million if the expenditure occurs in 1992 and 1983, respectively. Besides the modeling strategy, this study is distinguished from previous studies in that distributions of rates of return instead of only point estimates are obtained, which is missing in most studies. / Doctor of Philosophy / In a world of imbalance, food production and consumption exhibit great diversity among regions and countries. While farmers of developed economies benefit from up-todate agricultural technology and produce more than they consume, households in the developing world are still facing food insecurity. This dissertation is composed of two manuscripts. Chapter 1 is about food consumption in developing countries. It analyzes household food demand behavior in the two West Africa countries Niger and Nigeria with a focus on staple foods. Food demand behavior differs for rural and urban households and households of different income. Therefore, when evaluating the effects of policies and other impacts, policymakers and researchers should treat households with different attributes separately. Chapter 2 is on how to improve agricultural production within the context of a developed economy: it evaluates the returns to public expenditures on agricultural research and extension (R&E) in Virginia. Previous studies choose statistical models arbitrarily, and this study attempts to address this issue. It finds that Virginia’s investments in agricultural R&E contribute to nineteen percent of the productivity growth in 1949-2016, and the contribution of research is about twice of that of extension.

A quantitative assessment of food-water-energy interactions is important to assess pathways and scenarios towards a holistically sustainable regional development. While a range of tools and methods exist that assess energetic demands and potentials on a regional scale, the same is not true for assessments of regional food demand and potential. This work introduces a new food simulation workflow to address local food potential and demand at the regional level, by extending an existing regional energy-water simulation platform. The goal of this work is to develop a GIS-based bottom-up approach to simulate regional food demand that can be linked to similarly GIS-based workflows assessing regional water demands and energetic demands and potentials. This allows us to study food-water-energy issues on a local scale. For this, a CityGML land use data model is extended with a feed and animal potential raster map as well as a soil type map to serve as the main inputs. The workflow simulates: (1) the vegetal and animal product food potentials by taking climate, crop type, soil type, organic farming, and food waste parameters into account; (2) the food demand of vegetal and animal products influenced by population change, body weight, age, human development index, and other indicators. The method is tested and validated in three German counties with various land use coverages. The results show that restricting land used exclusively for energy crop production is the most effective way to increase annual food production potential. Climate change by 2050 is expected to result in annual biomass yield changes between −4% and 2% depending on the region. The amount of animal product consumption is expected to rise by 16% by 2050, while 4% fewer vegetal products are excepted to be consumed.

Introdução: As vendas e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados têm crescido em paralelo aos níveis de obesidade e com mudanças na forma de distribuição de alimentos. No entanto, não há consenso na literatura sobre como o local de compra e o preço praticado influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, especialmente com a ascensão das grandes redes de supermercados. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos supermercados na aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados no Brasil. Métodos: Dados de aquisição de alimentos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009 (IBGE) em uma amostra probabilística de 55.970 domicílios. Os alimentos foram classificados em quatro grupos considerando a extensão e o propósito do processamento industrial. Os locais de aquisição foram categorizados em nove grupos, segundo características físicas e natureza dos produtos disponíveis. Estimou-se a participação calórica relativa dos diferentes locais de aquisição de alimentos para o total da dieta, segundo distribuição regional e socioeconômica, para cada um dos quatro grupos de alimentos e segundo quintos de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados. Análise fatorial exploratória foi conduzida para identificar padrão de locais de aquisição, cujo escore foi utilizado em modelo de regressão linear para associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foram calculadas as participações calóricas de grupos e subgrupos, seus respectivos preços médios (R$/1.000 kcal) e preços relativos (preço médio de ultraprocessados divido peço preço médio dos demais componentes da dieta) em supermercados e outros locais. A influência do preço de alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi analisada por modelo de regressão log-linear com estimação de coeficientes de elasticidade. Resultados: Os supermercados contribuíram com 59 por cento das calorias adquiridas e foram o principal local de compra de três grupos de alimentos. Das calorias disponíveis de alimentos ultraprocessados, 60,4 por cento provinham de supermercados. As maiores aquisições calóricas de alimentos em supermercados foram feitas nas áreas urbanas do país e por aqueles que se encontravam nos maiores quintos de renda per capita. A participação de compras em supermercados tendeu a aumentar nos domicílios com maior aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados. A maior adesão ao padrão de locais de aquisição negativo para supermercados, padarias e bares/lanchonetes/restaurantes e positivo para os demais formatos tradicionais de varejo foi relacionada com a menor participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. A importância dos alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi 25 por cento maior que em outros locais de aquisição, enquanto seu preço relativo foi 15 por cento menor em supermercados. O aumento em 1 por cento no preço de alimentos ultraprocessados leva a uma redução de 0,61 por cento nas aquisições calóricas de ultraprocessados em supermercados. A conveniência, expressa pela aquisição de diversos produtos no mesmo local, apresentou =1,83 (p<0,001), indicando que este efeito atua de forma significativa para a aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados em supermercados. Conclusão: Políticas públicas e intervenções com o objetivo de diminuir o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados devem considerar a influência da concentração das vendas em supermercados e a precificação no setor, buscando melhorar o ambiente no varejo e a democratização dos sistemas de comercialização. / Introduction: Sales and consumption of ultra-processed products have risen in parallel with the global increase in obesity and the replacement of traditional food stores by supermarkets. However, there is no consensus in the literature about how food purchasing sites influence the consumption of ultra-processed products, especially with the rise in the existence of large supermarket chains. Objective: To evaluate the influence of supermarkets on the acquisition of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Brazil. Methods: We analyzed data from the national representative 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on a probabilistic sample of 55,970 households. Foods and drinks were grouped into four groups according to a food classification based on the extent and purpose of food processing. Food purchasing sites were grouped into nine categories according to physical characteristics and nature of the main products available. We calculated the percentual contribution of each food purchasing site category to the total caloric acquisition, according to the regional and socioeconomic characteristics, to the total caloric acquisition of each food group and according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed products. Exploratory factorial analysis was conducted to identify a pattern of food purchasing sites in Brazil. Linear regression model was performed to estimate the relationship between the purchasing pattern and the caloric contribution of ultra-processed products to the diet. We obtained the mean cost of ultra-processed and of all other foods, expressed in R$/1,000 kcal, and the relative prices (by dividing the mean cost of ultra-processed products by the mean cost of the rest of the diet) in supermarkets and other sites. The influence of ultra-processed food prices on purchases made in supermarkets was studied using log-linear regression analysis, to estimate price elasticity coefficients. Results: Supermarkets contributed with 59 per cent of calories acquired and they accounted for most of the acquisition of the three food groups. Further, 60.4 per cent of the calories of ultra-processed products available for consumption in households came from supermarkets. The greatest number of ultra-processed food purchases was made in urban regions in the country and by those who were in the higher income quintile. The purchase participation of supermarkets tended to increase with increased consumption of ultra-processed products. The food purchase sites pattern that was negative for purchasing in supermarkets, bakeries and bars/cafeterias/restaurants and positive for the other traditional retail formats was associated with smaller participation of ultra-processed products in the diet. The caloric share of ultra-processed products in supermarkets was 25 per cent higher in comparison to other sites, whereas their price relative to the rest of the diet was 15 per cent lower. An 1 per cent increase in the price of ultra-processed products led to a 0.61 per cent reduction on the purchases in the supermarket. The elasticity of convenience, expressed by the acquisition of several products in the same place, showed =1.83 (p<0.001), indicating a significantly effect of this variable to the acquisition of ultra-processed products in supermarket. Conclusions: Food policies and interventions aiming to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed products should consider the influence of concentration of purchases in supermarkets, seeking to improve the retail environment and the democratization of the food supply system.

Introdução: As vendas e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados têm crescido em paralelo aos níveis de obesidade e com mudanças na forma de distribuição de alimentos. No entanto, não há consenso na literatura sobre como o local de compra e o preço praticado influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, especialmente com a ascensão das grandes redes de supermercados. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos supermercados na aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados no Brasil. Métodos: Dados de aquisição de alimentos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009 (IBGE) em uma amostra probabilística de 55.970 domicílios. Os alimentos foram classificados em quatro grupos considerando a extensão e o propósito do processamento industrial. Os locais de aquisição foram categorizados em nove grupos, segundo características físicas e natureza dos produtos disponíveis. Estimou-se a participação calórica relativa dos diferentes locais de aquisição de alimentos para o total da dieta, segundo distribuição regional e socioeconômica, para cada um dos quatro grupos de alimentos e segundo quintos de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados. Análise fatorial exploratória foi conduzida para identificar padrão de locais de aquisição, cujo escore foi utilizado em modelo de regressão linear para associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foram calculadas as participações calóricas de grupos e subgrupos, seus respectivos preços médios (R$/1.000 kcal) e preços relativos (preço médio de ultraprocessados divido peço preço médio dos demais componentes da dieta) em supermercados e outros locais. A influência do preço de alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi analisada por modelo de regressão log-linear com estimação de coeficientes de elasticidade. Resultados: Os supermercados contribuíram com 59 por cento das calorias adquiridas e foram o principal local de compra de três grupos de alimentos. Das calorias disponíveis de alimentos ultraprocessados, 60,4 por cento provinham de supermercados. As maiores aquisições calóricas de alimentos em supermercados foram feitas nas áreas urbanas do país e por aqueles que se encontravam nos maiores quintos de renda per capita. A participação de compras em supermercados tendeu a aumentar nos domicílios com maior aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados. A maior adesão ao padrão de locais de aquisição negativo para supermercados, padarias e bares/lanchonetes/restaurantes e positivo para os demais formatos tradicionais de varejo foi relacionada com a menor participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. A importância dos alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi 25 por cento maior que em outros locais de aquisição, enquanto seu preço relativo foi 15 por cento menor em supermercados. O aumento em 1 por cento no preço de alimentos ultraprocessados leva a uma redução de 0,61 por cento nas aquisições calóricas de ultraprocessados em supermercados. A conveniência, expressa pela aquisição de diversos produtos no mesmo local, apresentou =1,83 (p<0,001), indicando que este efeito atua de forma significativa para a aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados em supermercados. Conclusão: Políticas públicas e intervenções com o objetivo de diminuir o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados devem considerar a influência da concentração das vendas em supermercados e a precificação no setor, buscando melhorar o ambiente no varejo e a democratização dos sistemas de comercialização. / Introduction: Sales and consumption of ultra-processed products have risen in parallel with the global increase in obesity and the replacement of traditional food stores by supermarkets. However, there is no consensus in the literature about how food purchasing sites influence the consumption of ultra-processed products, especially with the rise in the existence of large supermarket chains. Objective: To evaluate the influence of supermarkets on the acquisition of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Brazil. Methods: We analyzed data from the national representative 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on a probabilistic sample of 55,970 households. Foods and drinks were grouped into four groups according to a food classification based on the extent and purpose of food processing. Food purchasing sites were grouped into nine categories according to physical characteristics and nature of the main products available. We calculated the percentual contribution of each food purchasing site category to the total caloric acquisition, according to the regional and socioeconomic characteristics, to the total caloric acquisition of each food group and according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed products. Exploratory factorial analysis was conducted to identify a pattern of food purchasing sites in Brazil. Linear regression model was performed to estimate the relationship between the purchasing pattern and the caloric contribution of ultra-processed products to the diet. We obtained the mean cost of ultra-processed and of all other foods, expressed in R$/1,000 kcal, and the relative prices (by dividing the mean cost of ultra-processed products by the mean cost of the rest of the diet) in supermarkets and other sites. The influence of ultra-processed food prices on purchases made in supermarkets was studied using log-linear regression analysis, to estimate price elasticity coefficients. Results: Supermarkets contributed with 59 per cent of calories acquired and they accounted for most of the acquisition of the three food groups. Further, 60.4 per cent of the calories of ultra-processed products available for consumption in households came from supermarkets. The greatest number of ultra-processed food purchases was made in urban regions in the country and by those who were in the higher income quintile. The purchase participation of supermarkets tended to increase with increased consumption of ultra-processed products. The food purchase sites pattern that was negative for purchasing in supermarkets, bakeries and bars/cafeterias/restaurants and positive for the other traditional retail formats was associated with smaller participation of ultra-processed products in the diet. The caloric share of ultra-processed products in supermarkets was 25 per cent higher in comparison to other sites, whereas their price relative to the rest of the diet was 15 per cent lower. An 1 per cent increase in the price of ultra-processed products led to a 0.61 per cent reduction on the purchases in the supermarket. The elasticity of convenience, expressed by the acquisition of several products in the same place, showed =1.83 (p<0.001), indicating a significantly effect of this variable to the acquisition of ultra-processed products in supermarket. Conclusions: Food policies and interventions aiming to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed products should consider the influence of concentration of purchases in supermarkets, seeking to improve the retail environment and the democratization of the food supply system.

Objetivo. Analisar a influência da renda e dos preços dos alimentos sobre a participação de frutas, legumes e verduras no consumo alimentar das famílias residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos. A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE), realizada entre 1998/1999 no município de São Paulo, serviu de base para este estudo. O padrão alimentar das famílias foi descrito a partir da participação relativa de 18 grupos de alimentos no total mensal de calorias adquirido pela família para consumo no domicilio. A influência da renda familiar e do preço dos alimentos sobre a participação de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) no padrão alimentar foi estudada empregando-se técnicas de análise de regressão múltipla (modelo log-log) para estimação de coeficientes de elasticidade-preço e elasticidade-renda. Resultados. Identificou-se efeito estatísticamente significante da renda familiar (efeito positivo), do preço das próprias frutas, legumes e verduras (efeito negativo) e do preço do conjunto dos demais alimentos (efeito positivo). A comparação da magnitude desses efeitos, feita pela comparação dos coeficientes de elasticidade, indica maior efeito do preço das frutas, legumes e verduras (1% de aumento no preço das FLV reduziria em 0,2% a participação desses alimentos no total calórico), efeito intermediário do preço dos demais alimentos (1% de aumento aumentaria em 0,07% a participação de FLV no total calórico) e efeito menor da renda familiar (1% de aumento na renda familiar aumentaria em 0,04% a participação de FLV no total calórico). O efeito da renda familiar e do preço das frutas, legumes e verduras sobre o consumo relativo desses alimentos foi semelhante nos vários estratos de renda enquanto o efeito dos preços dos demais alimentos tendeu a diminuir nos estratos de maior renda. Conclusão. Políticas públicas que levassem à redução do preço de frutas, legumes e verduras seriam as mais recomendadas para aumentar o consumo desses alimentos no município de São Paulo e em realidades urbanas semelhantes. / Objective. Analyze the influence of income and food prices on fruits and vegetables share of household food consumption in São Paulo city. Methods. The data obtained through Family Budget Survey (POF) from Fundacao Instituto de Pesquisas Economicas (FIPE), concerning the population of the city of Sao Paulo during the period of 1998 and 1999, was the base in this study. The household nutritional patterns were described by means of the relative participation of 18 food groups in total calories monthly acquired for home consumption. Income and food prices? influence on fruits and vegetables share was assessed through the use of multiple regression analysis techniques (Log-Log model) in order to estimate income elasticity and price elasticity coefficients. Results. Statistically significant effects of income (positive effect), fruits and vegetables prices (negative effect) and other foods prices (positive effect) were identified. Magnitude comparison among the effects observed, through comparison of elasticity coefficients, indicates a major effect from fruits and vegetables price (1% increase in prices results in a 0.2% reduction in the share of fruits and vegetables), an intermediate effect from other foods prices (1% increase in prices results in a 0.07% increase in the share of fruits and vegetables) and a smaller effect from income (1% raise in household income would achieve a 0.04% increase in the share of fruits and vegetables). The effect of household income and F&V price was similar in different income classes, while the effect of other food prices declined in higher income classes Conclusion. Public policies for reducing fruit and vegetables? prices should be the most recommended line of action in order to obtain an increase in fruit and vegetables? consumption in Sao Paulo city or any other similar urban centers.

Objetivo. Analisar a influência da renda e dos preços dos alimentos sobre a participação de frutas, legumes e verduras no consumo alimentar das famílias residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos. A Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (FIPE), realizada entre 1998/1999 no município de São Paulo, serviu de base para este estudo. O padrão alimentar das famílias foi descrito a partir da participação relativa de 18 grupos de alimentos no total mensal de calorias adquirido pela família para consumo no domicilio. A influência da renda familiar e do preço dos alimentos sobre a participação de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLV) no padrão alimentar foi estudada empregando-se técnicas de análise de regressão múltipla (modelo log-log) para estimação de coeficientes de elasticidade-preço e elasticidade-renda. Resultados. Identificou-se efeito estatísticamente significante da renda familiar (efeito positivo), do preço das próprias frutas, legumes e verduras (efeito negativo) e do preço do conjunto dos demais alimentos (efeito positivo). A comparação da magnitude desses efeitos, feita pela comparação dos coeficientes de elasticidade, indica maior efeito do preço das frutas, legumes e verduras (1% de aumento no preço das FLV reduziria em 0,2% a participação desses alimentos no total calórico), efeito intermediário do preço dos demais alimentos (1% de aumento aumentaria em 0,07% a participação de FLV no total calórico) e efeito menor da renda familiar (1% de aumento na renda familiar aumentaria em 0,04% a participação de FLV no total calórico). O efeito da renda familiar e do preço das frutas, legumes e verduras sobre o consumo relativo desses alimentos foi semelhante nos vários estratos de renda enquanto o efeito dos preços dos demais alimentos tendeu a diminuir nos estratos de maior renda. Conclusão. Políticas públicas que levassem à redução do preço de frutas, legumes e verduras seriam as mais recomendadas para aumentar o consumo desses alimentos no município de São Paulo e em realidades urbanas semelhantes. / Objective. Analyze the influence of income and food prices on fruits and vegetables share of household food consumption in São Paulo city. Methods. The data obtained through Family Budget Survey (POF) from Fundacao Instituto de Pesquisas Economicas (FIPE), concerning the population of the city of Sao Paulo during the period of 1998 and 1999, was the base in this study. The household nutritional patterns were described by means of the relative participation of 18 food groups in total calories monthly acquired for home consumption. Income and food prices? influence on fruits and vegetables share was assessed through the use of multiple regression analysis techniques (Log-Log model) in order to estimate income elasticity and price elasticity coefficients. Results. Statistically significant effects of income (positive effect), fruits and vegetables prices (negative effect) and other foods prices (positive effect) were identified. Magnitude comparison among the effects observed, through comparison of elasticity coefficients, indicates a major effect from fruits and vegetables price (1% increase in prices results in a 0.2% reduction in the share of fruits and vegetables), an intermediate effect from other foods prices (1% increase in prices results in a 0.07% increase in the share of fruits and vegetables) and a smaller effect from income (1% raise in household income would achieve a 0.04% increase in the share of fruits and vegetables). The effect of household income and F&V price was similar in different income classes, while the effect of other food prices declined in higher income classes Conclusion. Public policies for reducing fruit and vegetables? prices should be the most recommended line of action in order to obtain an increase in fruit and vegetables? consumption in Sao Paulo city or any other similar urban centers.

No description available.