O Brasil é um dos principais exportadores de carne bovina. A maioria do gado é criada a pasto, porém uma parte já é confinada, como na criação de Novilhos Superprecoces. Este confinamento pode favorecer a contaminação por L. monocytogenes (Lm) do rebanho, bactéria responsável pela listeriose, doença que provoca aborto, neuropatias e gastrenterites. Com isto, pesquisou-se a presença e características sorotípicas e moleculares de Lm durante o confinamento de cinco raças de novilhos e em suas carcaças no frigorífico A, assim como amostras de carcaças, utensílios, equipamentos e ambiente em outro frigorífico (B). Foram utilizadas para tipar as cepas técnicas de sorotipagem por multiplex PCR, soroaglutinação e PFGE. Nenhuma Lm foi isolada nas 645 amostras do confinamento, sendo 13/48 carcaças dos novilhos, assim como amostras de piso e parede da câmara fria positivas para Lm no frigorífico A. Das 516 amostras do frigorífico B, 27 continham Lm, sendo a maioria proveniente da área limpa. Verificou-se que os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram os mais freqüentes no frigorífico A e o 1/2b e 1/2c no frigorífico B. A análise por PFGE forneceu 15 perfis Ascl, 13 Apal e 21 perfis compostos, caracterizando sete grupos clonais. Nesta cadeia produtiva de carne o principal ponto crítico para Lm está na área limpa do frigorífico e que cepas de mesmos grupos clonais puderam ser encontrados em ambos frigoríficos, assim como em áreas distintas do frigorífico B, demonstrando o alto poder de disseminação destas cepas. Portanto, estes resultados podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de boas práticas e HACCP para prevenir ou eliminar a contaminação por este patógeno. / Brazil is one of the most important beef producer/exporter country worldwide. The majority of the cattle is raised extensively, but some of them are feedloted. Confinement conditions can stress the animals and favor the contamination and proliferation for Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), agent of listeriosis which causes abortion, stillbirths, nervous dysfunctions and gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of this microorganism and its molecular and serotype characteristics. Two groups of samples were analyzed: first, during the confinement of five different breeds of steers and on their carcasses (abattoir A). Second, at the slaughter and processing of other groups of beef cattle (abattoir B). The Lm strains were serotyped with commercial antisera and by multiplex PCR, and subtyped by PFGE. No Lm was found among the 645 samples of feces, environment, feed and water during the confinement, but 13/48 of the refrigerated carcasses were contaminated, as well as the floor and the wall of the cold room at the abattoir A. Amongst the 516 samples of slaughter and processing environments, carcasses, utensils and equipment collected from abattoir B, 27 harbored Lm, being the majority from the c1ean area. Serotype 1/2b and 4b were the most frequent Lm serotypes in the carcasses of the steers in abattoir 1, and 1/2b and 1/2c in the abattoir B. The molecular typing by PFGE resulted in 15 Ascl and 13 Apal profiles, and 21 composite profiles, resulting in seven clonal groups. In these beef production chains the most important critical point for Lm contamination is the c1ean area of meat processing. Same clonal groups could be isolated in both abattoirs and in different areas on abattoir B, demonstrating high dissemination capability of these strains. Therefore, these results could aid the development of good manufacturing practices and HACCP, to prevent or eliminate the contamination for this pathogen.

Kung, Wing Yee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-115). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.vii / Table of contents --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Food allergy and its prevalence --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mechanism and clinical symptoms of food allergy --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Tropomyosin as the major allergen in shellfish --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cross reactivity and epitope mapping of tropomyosin --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Novel approaches for the treatment of food allergy --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Expression of shrimp recombinant tropomyosin and sensitization of mice --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Recovery of E, coli with tropomyosin-carrying plasmid" --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of tropomyosin-carrying plasmid --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Confirmation of DNA sequence of the tropomyosin --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Identification of the recombinant protein --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Purification of the recombinant protein --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Sodium dedecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Concentration measurement of the recombinant tropomyosin --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Mice --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Mice sensitization and challenging --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Tropomyosin-specific IgE level in blood --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.11 --- Statistical analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- DNA sequence of the cloned tropomyosin --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Expression and purification of tropomyosin --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Hypersensitivity symptoms after challenge --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Blood tropomyosin-specific IgE level --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Identification of T cell epitopes --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Soluble epitope peptide synthesis --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Isolation of spleen cells from mice --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- T cell proliferation assay --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Splenocyte proliferation to synthetic peptide --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Splenocyte proliferation to synthetic peptides pool --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter5 --- General conclusion --- p.89 / References --- p.92

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. / "A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, September, 1998" Bibliography: leaves 193 - 219.

A presença de compostos de uso veterinário em produtos de origem animal é uma grande preocupação em termos de saúde pública. A utilização descontrolada de antibióticos como medicamentos veterinários pode levar ao desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana, podendo prejudicar a eficácia destas drogas no uso em humanos. Os aminoglicosídeos são antibióticos extensivamente utilizados na criação de animais para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas ou para a promoção do crescimento. A União Europeia estabeleceu níveis máximos de resíduos permitidos (LMRs) para os aminoglicosídeos em vários alimentos de origem animal. O governo brasileiro implementou um plano de controle que avalia os resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos método quantitativo por cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas triplo quadrupolo em modo tandem (LC-MS/MS) e método de screening utilizando cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas com analisador por tempo-de-voo (LC-qTOF-MS) para a determinação simultânea dos aminoglicosídeos espectinomicina, tobramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, higromicina, apramicina, estreptomicina, diidroestreptomicina, amicacina e neomicina em leite e em músculo bovino, de aves e suíno. Como método de extração utilizou-se procedimento com ácido tricloroacético e clean up por precipitação a baixa temperatura e C18 a granel. Os métodos por LC-MS/MS e LC-qTOF-MS foram validados de acordo com a Diretiva da Comissão Europeia 2002/657/CE. Os resultados obtidos no método quantitativo para recuperação, precisão, linearidade, especificidade, limites de decisão (CCα) e capacidades de detecção (CCβ) nestas matrizes foram considerados satisfatórios. Os dados de limite de detecção (LOD) e limite de quantificação (LOQ) foram estabelecidos a partir dos LMRs, variando de 5 a 100 ng g-1 para LOD e 12,5 a 250 ng g-1 para LOQ. As recuperações variaram de 36,8 a 98%, e os coeficientes de variação ficaram entre 0,9 e 20,2%, observando-se que todas as curvas foram feitas com nas próprias matrizes a fim de minimizar os efeitos de matriz que são intrínsecos para os casos estudados neste trabalho. Os valores de CCβ obtidos no método qualitativo foram entre 25 e 250 ng g-1, considerados satisfatórios para os analitos nessas matrizes. O método proposto mostrou-se simples, fácil e adequado para a análise de um grande número de amostras por dia a um baixo custo. / The presence of several substances in animal products has been a major public concern. The use of antibiotics drugs as veterinary medicines might lead to the development of bacterial resistance, which might undermine the efficacy of these drugs in human use. The aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have been extensively employed in animal husbandry for the treatment of bacterial infections, but also as growth promotion. The European Union has issued strict maximum residue levels (MRLs) for aminoglycosides in several animal origin products. The Brazilian government implemented a control plan that assesses the residues of veterinary medicines in animal products. A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and a screening method by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with time-of-flight system (LC-qTOF-MS) has been developed for simultaneous determination of the aminoglycosides spectonomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, hygromycin, apramycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin and neomycin in milk and in bovine, poultry and swine muscles. A simple extraction method was developed using trichloroacetic acid and clean up with low temperature precipitation and C18 bulk. The LC–MS/MS and LC-qTOF-MS methods were validated according to the European Union Commission Directive 2002/657/EC. Adequate performance characteristics were obtained for recovery, precision, calibration curve, specificity, decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) in all matrices tested. The detection limit (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) was established from MRL ranging from 5 to 100 ng g-1 for LOD and 12.5 to 250 ng g-1 to LOQ. Recoveries ranged from 36.8 to 98.0% and the coefficient of variation from 0.9 to 20.2%, noting that all curves have been made into their own matrices in order to minimize the matrix effects which are intrinsic to the cases studied in this work. The CCβ values obtained in qualitative method were between 25 and 250 ng g-1, considered satisfactory for the analytes in those matrices. The proposed method proved to be simple, easy, and adequate for high-throughput analysis of a large number of samples per day at low cost.

Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Luciano dos Santos Bersot / Banca: Luís Augusto Nero / Banca: Maria Teresa Destro / Banca: Vera Lúcia Mores Rall / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do uso de aspersão de água como forma de higiene operacional em esteiras sanitárias condutoras de cortes de frango em quatro linhas de processamento. Em cada linha de processamento, foram coletadas amostras de dois tipos de esteiras (modular e lisa) higienizadas com água e não higienizadas, em quatro tempos distintos (T0, T1, T2 e T3). As amostras foram submetidas à contagem de mesófilos, enterobactérias e pesquisa de L. monocytogenes. Culturas de L. monocytogenes foram submetidas à sorotipagem e a PFGE. Foram realizadas dez repetições do experimento em cada linha de processamento. Com base nos resultados foi possível observar que o efeito da utilização da aspersão com água foi dependente de diversos fatores, tais como a linha de processamento, tipo de corte, design do equipamento e o tipo de esteira. A higienização por aspersão não foi o fator primordial para garantir a eliminação de L. monocytogenes, uma vez que o patógeno foi isolado independente da linha de processamento e tipo de esteira, além disso, os pulsotipos encontrados evidenciaram a disseminação do patógeno nas linhas de processamento avaliadas. Deste modo, a decisão de retirar a água do processo de higienização de esteiras condutoras deve ser precedida de um estudo criterioso para garantir que a sua ausência não venha influenciar na inocuidade dos produtos de origem animal / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the use of water spray on cleaning of conveyor belts in four broiler lines processing in Brazilian slaughterhouses. Surface samples were collected of two types of conveyor belt (modular and smooth) which passed through two processes (with and without water spray), in four times (T0, T1, T2 and T3). The samples were subjected to mesophilic and enterobacteria count, and research of L. monocytogenes. Cultures of L. monocytogenes were serotyped and submitted to PFGE. Ten replicates of the experiment were performed on each processing line. The results demonstrated that the effect of the use of spraying with water was dependent on several factors, such as the processing line, product type, equipment design and the type of conveyor belt. The cleaning spray is not the primary factor in ensuring the elimination of L. monocytogenes, because the pathogen was isolated independent of the type of conveyor belt and processing line, moreover, PFGE demonstrated the dissemination in the processing lines. Thus, the decision to remove the water from the cleaning of conveyor belts must be preceded by a study to ensure that the absence of this procedure does not influence the safety of products of animal origin / Doutor

A presença de compostos de uso veterinário em produtos de origem animal é uma grande preocupação em termos de saúde pública. A utilização descontrolada de antibióticos como medicamentos veterinários pode levar ao desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana, podendo prejudicar a eficácia destas drogas no uso em humanos. Os aminoglicosídeos são antibióticos extensivamente utilizados na criação de animais para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas ou para a promoção do crescimento. A União Europeia estabeleceu níveis máximos de resíduos permitidos (LMRs) para os aminoglicosídeos em vários alimentos de origem animal. O governo brasileiro implementou um plano de controle que avalia os resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos método quantitativo por cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas triplo quadrupolo em modo tandem (LC-MS/MS) e método de screening utilizando cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas com analisador por tempo-de-voo (LC-qTOF-MS) para a determinação simultânea dos aminoglicosídeos espectinomicina, tobramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, higromicina, apramicina, estreptomicina, diidroestreptomicina, amicacina e neomicina em leite e em músculo bovino, de aves e suíno. Como método de extração utilizou-se procedimento com ácido tricloroacético e clean up por precipitação a baixa temperatura e C18 a granel. Os métodos por LC-MS/MS e LC-qTOF-MS foram validados de acordo com a Diretiva da Comissão Europeia 2002/657/CE. Os resultados obtidos no método quantitativo para recuperação, precisão, linearidade, especificidade, limites de decisão (CCα) e capacidades de detecção (CCβ) nestas matrizes foram considerados satisfatórios. Os dados de limite de detecção (LOD) e limite de quantificação (LOQ) foram estabelecidos a partir dos LMRs, variando de 5 a 100 ng g-1 para LOD e 12,5 a 250 ng g-1 para LOQ. As recuperações variaram de 36,8 a 98%, e os coeficientes de variação ficaram entre 0,9 e 20,2%, observando-se que todas as curvas foram feitas com nas próprias matrizes a fim de minimizar os efeitos de matriz que são intrínsecos para os casos estudados neste trabalho. Os valores de CCβ obtidos no método qualitativo foram entre 25 e 250 ng g-1, considerados satisfatórios para os analitos nessas matrizes. O método proposto mostrou-se simples, fácil e adequado para a análise de um grande número de amostras por dia a um baixo custo. / The presence of several substances in animal products has been a major public concern. The use of antibiotics drugs as veterinary medicines might lead to the development of bacterial resistance, which might undermine the efficacy of these drugs in human use. The aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have been extensively employed in animal husbandry for the treatment of bacterial infections, but also as growth promotion. The European Union has issued strict maximum residue levels (MRLs) for aminoglycosides in several animal origin products. The Brazilian government implemented a control plan that assesses the residues of veterinary medicines in animal products. A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and a screening method by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with time-of-flight system (LC-qTOF-MS) has been developed for simultaneous determination of the aminoglycosides spectonomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, hygromycin, apramycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin and neomycin in milk and in bovine, poultry and swine muscles. A simple extraction method was developed using trichloroacetic acid and clean up with low temperature precipitation and C18 bulk. The LC–MS/MS and LC-qTOF-MS methods were validated according to the European Union Commission Directive 2002/657/EC. Adequate performance characteristics were obtained for recovery, precision, calibration curve, specificity, decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) in all matrices tested. The detection limit (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) was established from MRL ranging from 5 to 100 ng g-1 for LOD and 12.5 to 250 ng g-1 to LOQ. Recoveries ranged from 36.8 to 98.0% and the coefficient of variation from 0.9 to 20.2%, noting that all curves have been made into their own matrices in order to minimize the matrix effects which are intrinsic to the cases studied in this work. The CCβ values obtained in qualitative method were between 25 and 250 ng g-1, considered satisfactory for the analytes in those matrices. The proposed method proved to be simple, easy, and adequate for high-throughput analysis of a large number of samples per day at low cost.

A presença de compostos de uso veterinário em produtos de origem animal é uma grande preocupação em termos de saúde pública. A utilização descontrolada de antibióticos como medicamentos veterinários pode levar ao desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana, podendo prejudicar a eficácia destas drogas no uso em humanos. Os aminoglicosídeos são antibióticos extensivamente utilizados na criação de animais para o tratamento de infecções bacterianas ou para a promoção do crescimento. A União Europeia estabeleceu níveis máximos de resíduos permitidos (LMRs) para os aminoglicosídeos em vários alimentos de origem animal. O governo brasileiro implementou um plano de controle que avalia os resíduos de medicamentos veterinários em produtos de origem animal. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos método quantitativo por cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas triplo quadrupolo em modo tandem (LC-MS/MS) e método de screening utilizando cromatografia a líquido acoplada a espectrometria de massas com analisador por tempo-de-voo (LC-qTOF-MS) para a determinação simultânea dos aminoglicosídeos espectinomicina, tobramicina, gentamicina, kanamicina, higromicina, apramicina, estreptomicina, diidroestreptomicina, amicacina e neomicina em leite e em músculo bovino, de aves e suíno. Como método de extração utilizou-se procedimento com ácido tricloroacético e clean up por precipitação a baixa temperatura e C18 a granel. Os métodos por LC-MS/MS e LC-qTOF-MS foram validados de acordo com a Diretiva da Comissão Europeia 2002/657/CE. Os resultados obtidos no método quantitativo para recuperação, precisão, linearidade, especificidade, limites de decisão (CCα) e capacidades de detecção (CCβ) nestas matrizes foram considerados satisfatórios. Os dados de limite de detecção (LOD) e limite de quantificação (LOQ) foram estabelecidos a partir dos LMRs, variando de 5 a 100 ng g-1 para LOD e 12,5 a 250 ng g-1 para LOQ. As recuperações variaram de 36,8 a 98%, e os coeficientes de variação ficaram entre 0,9 e 20,2%, observando-se que todas as curvas foram feitas com nas próprias matrizes a fim de minimizar os efeitos de matriz que são intrínsecos para os casos estudados neste trabalho. Os valores de CCβ obtidos no método qualitativo foram entre 25 e 250 ng g-1, considerados satisfatórios para os analitos nessas matrizes. O método proposto mostrou-se simples, fácil e adequado para a análise de um grande número de amostras por dia a um baixo custo. / The presence of several substances in animal products has been a major public concern. The use of antibiotics drugs as veterinary medicines might lead to the development of bacterial resistance, which might undermine the efficacy of these drugs in human use. The aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have been extensively employed in animal husbandry for the treatment of bacterial infections, but also as growth promotion. The European Union has issued strict maximum residue levels (MRLs) for aminoglycosides in several animal origin products. The Brazilian government implemented a control plan that assesses the residues of veterinary medicines in animal products. A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and a screening method by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with time-of-flight system (LC-qTOF-MS) has been developed for simultaneous determination of the aminoglycosides spectonomycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, hygromycin, apramycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin and neomycin in milk and in bovine, poultry and swine muscles. A simple extraction method was developed using trichloroacetic acid and clean up with low temperature precipitation and C18 bulk. The LC–MS/MS and LC-qTOF-MS methods were validated according to the European Union Commission Directive 2002/657/EC. Adequate performance characteristics were obtained for recovery, precision, calibration curve, specificity, decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) in all matrices tested. The detection limit (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) was established from MRL ranging from 5 to 100 ng g-1 for LOD and 12.5 to 250 ng g-1 to LOQ. Recoveries ranged from 36.8 to 98.0% and the coefficient of variation from 0.9 to 20.2%, noting that all curves have been made into their own matrices in order to minimize the matrix effects which are intrinsic to the cases studied in this work. The CCβ values obtained in qualitative method were between 25 and 250 ng g-1, considered satisfactory for the analytes in those matrices. The proposed method proved to be simple, easy, and adequate for high-throughput analysis of a large number of samples per day at low cost.

The objectives of this research were (1) to study the relative ability of genetically different types of domestic chickens to digest and absorb fat of different types, and (2) to relate fat absorbability coefficients to dietary apparent M. E. values obtained with genetically different types of chickens feeding on diets containing the different types of fat, (3) to search for a possible cause of poultry genetic difference in fat absorbability by examining some of the factors most likely to influence fat digestion and absorption in the genetically different types of chickens. Using New Hampshire, White Leghorn and broiler-type birds, it was found that until 6 weeks of age the New Hampshires were significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the others in their ability to utilize animal tallow. Differences among birds in the absorbability of corn oil were small. Differences in dietary M.E. estimates were closely associated with differences in fat absorbability values and on a 12% tallow diet, the R² values computed on a within age between breeds basis, were 0.67, 0.36 and 0.022 at 3, 5, and 9 weeks of age respectively. This general decline in R² values was a reflection of the narrowing of the range of fat absorbability differences among different types of birds as they grew older. The overall conclusion based on these results, is that breed and/or age differences in M.E. estimates are to a large extent attributable to breed and/or age differences in the absorbability of dietary lipid materials. The search for potential causes of the observed breed differences in fat absorbability was therefore the main theme of the subsequent experiments. A study of the feed passage time in birds of different genetic backgrounds failed to provide any conclusive evidence on whether or not breed differences in ingesta transit time are in measureable terms responsible for fat absorbability differences. It was found, however, that with diets containing 12% of animal tallow or corn oil, feed passage time was significantly longer regardless of the type of birds. On the basis of the results of an experiment in which in vitro pancreatic lipase activity was measured, the New Hampshires ranked first followed by Broilers and White Leghorns in that order. However, the magnitude of differences among them was small. Supplementation of the 12% tallow diet with the bile salt, sodium taurocholate, improved fat utilization significantly by the broiler-type and White Leghorn chicks to the extent of 8.6% and 7.2% respectively. The improvement in fat absorbability was associated with a significant reduction in the amount of fecal soap fatty cacids. The effect of the sodium taurocholate suggested that in the Broilers and White Leghorn chicks, the supply of bile salts was below the critical micellar concentration required for efficient tallow fat absorption. Results from a general study on intestinal fatty acid binding protein (FABP) revealed that a fatty acid binding protein in the same molecular weight range as that one demonstrated in the rat, exists in the intestinal mucosa of the adult chickens and in the mesenteric intestine of day-old chicks prior to the ingestion of any feed. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A geléia real é um dos principais produtos da colméia que serve como alimento para as larvas em desenvolvimento, assim como para a abelha rainha por toda a sua vida. Tem sido utilizada pelas pessoas como um complemento alimentar devido às suas propriedades revitalizantes. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer as análises físico-químicas e químicas que poderão ser usadas para a caracterização da geléia real e detecção de sua autenticidade ou adulteração, enfatizando-se a determinação do ácido 10-hidroxi-trans-2-decenóico (10-HDA). A proposta do trabalho está justificada pela falta de legislação com relação a padrões de identidade e qualidade da geléia real e derivados. Foram determinados emalostras puras e adulteradas (com clara de ovo, água potável, iogurte natural, pasta de amido e uma mistura de leite condensado com própolis) os teores de umidade, cinzas, Iípides, proteínas, carboidratos, 10-HDA, pH, acidez titulável, reação com lugol e teste de solubilidade em meio alcalino. Como análises complementares foram determinados os teores das vitaminas B6 , A, pró-vitamina A (β-caroteno) e vitamina E nas amostras puras. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos preconizou-se as determinações de umidade, cinzas, lípides, proteínas, carboidratos, 10-HDA e teste de solubilidade em meio alcalino como os principais itens a serem observados. / Royal jelly is one of the most important products from beehive, which is used by growing up larves like food, and also for the queen bee for her entire life. It has being used by people as a complement because of the revitalizing properties. The main objective of this work was to establish the physicalchemical and chemical analysis, which could be used for characterization of the adulteration of royal jelly, mainly the 10-hidroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA). The purpose of this study is justified by the lack of legislation concerning the quality and identity standards of royal jelly and derivatives. There were determined in pure and adulterated samples (with condensed milk, water, yogurt, starch, egg white) the analysis of moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, 10-HDA, pH, titrate acidity, iodine reaction, solubilíty test in alkaline solution. For complementary tests It was determined the values of vitamin B6 , A, provitamin A, and E in pure samples. Considering the obtained results it was suggested the use of moisture content, ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, 10-HDA and solubility in alkaline solution, as the main items to be observed.

O Brasil é um dos principais exportadores de carne bovina. A maioria do gado é criada a pasto, porém uma parte já é confinada, como na criação de Novilhos Superprecoces. Este confinamento pode favorecer a contaminação por L. monocytogenes (Lm) do rebanho, bactéria responsável pela listeriose, doença que provoca aborto, neuropatias e gastrenterites. Com isto, pesquisou-se a presença e características sorotípicas e moleculares de Lm durante o confinamento de cinco raças de novilhos e em suas carcaças no frigorífico A, assim como amostras de carcaças, utensílios, equipamentos e ambiente em outro frigorífico (B). Foram utilizadas para tipar as cepas técnicas de sorotipagem por multiplex PCR, soroaglutinação e PFGE. Nenhuma Lm foi isolada nas 645 amostras do confinamento, sendo 13/48 carcaças dos novilhos, assim como amostras de piso e parede da câmara fria positivas para Lm no frigorífico A. Das 516 amostras do frigorífico B, 27 continham Lm, sendo a maioria proveniente da área limpa. Verificou-se que os sorotipos 1/2c e 4b foram os mais freqüentes no frigorífico A e o 1/2b e 1/2c no frigorífico B. A análise por PFGE forneceu 15 perfis Ascl, 13 Apal e 21 perfis compostos, caracterizando sete grupos clonais. Nesta cadeia produtiva de carne o principal ponto crítico para Lm está na área limpa do frigorífico e que cepas de mesmos grupos clonais puderam ser encontrados em ambos frigoríficos, assim como em áreas distintas do frigorífico B, demonstrando o alto poder de disseminação destas cepas. Portanto, estes resultados podem auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de boas práticas e HACCP para prevenir ou eliminar a contaminação por este patógeno. / Brazil is one of the most important beef producer/exporter country worldwide. The majority of the cattle is raised extensively, but some of them are feedloted. Confinement conditions can stress the animals and favor the contamination and proliferation for Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), agent of listeriosis which causes abortion, stillbirths, nervous dysfunctions and gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of this microorganism and its molecular and serotype characteristics. Two groups of samples were analyzed: first, during the confinement of five different breeds of steers and on their carcasses (abattoir A). Second, at the slaughter and processing of other groups of beef cattle (abattoir B). The Lm strains were serotyped with commercial antisera and by multiplex PCR, and subtyped by PFGE. No Lm was found among the 645 samples of feces, environment, feed and water during the confinement, but 13/48 of the refrigerated carcasses were contaminated, as well as the floor and the wall of the cold room at the abattoir A. Amongst the 516 samples of slaughter and processing environments, carcasses, utensils and equipment collected from abattoir B, 27 harbored Lm, being the majority from the c1ean area. Serotype 1/2b and 4b were the most frequent Lm serotypes in the carcasses of the steers in abattoir 1, and 1/2b and 1/2c in the abattoir B. The molecular typing by PFGE resulted in 15 Ascl and 13 Apal profiles, and 21 composite profiles, resulting in seven clonal groups. In these beef production chains the most important critical point for Lm contamination is the c1ean area of meat processing. Same clonal groups could be isolated in both abattoirs and in different areas on abattoir B, demonstrating high dissemination capability of these strains. Therefore, these results could aid the development of good manufacturing practices and HACCP, to prevent or eliminate the contamination for this pathogen.