This Thesis presents a design innovation in arthroscopic forceps. Based on surveying the subject-matter literature on arthroscopic surgery of the knee, design changes are proposed to alter the cutting geometry of the functional end of the instrument to improve its utility. The proposed changes are imple-mented in a prototype, which is then compared with the current design. The comparison is made by testing the functioning of the instrument and the force required to shear the test material.

Background: Chronic gastroenteropathies, including gluten sensitivity and marmoset wasting syndrome, frequently occur in captive colonies of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Early identification and diagnosis of affected animals are desirable. Endoscopic examination of the colon in marmosets is described, but the small intestine can harbor significant mucosal lesions not representing those in the colon. Evaluating the small intestine currently requires invasive surgical biopsies due to the small patient size, carrying a risk of severe complications. Methods: Endoscopic intubation and multisite biopsy of the duodenum/proximal jejunum are demonstrated in 10 marmosets under general anesthesia. Results: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with colonoscopy efficiently aid in examining the gastrointestinal tract and obtaining an antemortem histologic diagnosis in marmosets with chronic gastrointestinal signs. Conclusions: This minimally invasive technique is feasible in marmosets. Future investigations into the pathogenesis of chronic gastroenteropathies will benefit from these data, leading to improved animal welfare and better individual and colony health management.

Background: Chronic gastroenteropathies, including gluten sensitivity and marmoset wasting syndrome, frequently occur in captive colonies of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Early identification and diagnosis of affected animals are desirable. Endoscopic examination of the colon in marmosets is described, but the small intestine can harbor significant mucosal lesions not representing those in the colon. Evaluating the small intestine currently requires invasive surgical biopsies due to the small patient size, carrying a risk of severe complications. Methods: Endoscopic intubation and multisite biopsy of the duodenum/proximal jejunum are demonstrated in 10 marmosets under general anesthesia. Results: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy with colonoscopy efficiently aid in examining the gastrointestinal tract and obtaining an antemortem histologic diagnosis in marmosets with chronic gastrointestinal signs. Conclusions: This minimally invasive technique is feasible in marmosets. Future investigations into the pathogenesis of chronic gastroenteropathies will benefit from these data, leading to improved animal welfare and better individual and colony health management

No description available.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido o projeto e fabricação de quatro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia (concha, garfo, oito e haste), através da micromoldagem de pós metálicos por injeção. A matéria prima utilizada neste trabalho é conhecida comercialmente como CATAMOLD® 316L A. Corpos de prova foram obtidos através da injeção em uma injetora de baixa pressão para determinação da quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável 316L e sistema aglutinante contida na matéria prima. Ensaios de injetabilidade foram realizados para análise do comportamento da matéria prima no processo de injeção. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de injeção (temperatura de injeção, temperatura do molde e velocidade de injeção) e as variáveis de saída (pressão de injeção, massa, segregação entre pó e sistema aglutinante e densidade). A influência dos parâmetros de injeção sobre as variáveis de injeção foi analisada através do delineamento estatístico via Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), com a utilização do programa Statgraphics® Centurion XV. Os corpos de prova obtidos na injetora de baixa pressão apresentaram alta quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável (92,2% em massa). Devido a esta alta concentração de pó, os ensaios de injetabilidade realizados na injetora de alta pressão apresentaram valores elevados para as pressões de injeção, variando de 1641 a 2115 bars para que houvesse o preenchimento total das cavidades. O molde microusinado para os componentes da pinça se mostrou eficiente na fabricação dos componentes, porém apresentou dificuldades na extração das peças. Mesmo com a obtenção de todos os componentes a montagem da pinça não foi realizada, visto que as furações de montagem foram retiradas no projeto, consequentemente não foram usinados. Depois de microinjetados, os componentes da pinça foram sinterizados e apresentaram variação dimensional de 0,01 a 0,29 mm em relação às dimensões de projeto e variação na contração de 7,05 a 13,33%, diferentes dos 14,30% citados no catálogo do CATAMOLD® 316L A. / In this work the design and manufacture of four components of the biopsy forceps (ladle, fork, eight and rod), by metal powder injection molding was developed. The feedstock used in this work is known commercially as CATAMOLD® 316L A. Specimens were obtained by injection into a low-pressure injection molding machine for determining the amount of 316L stainless steel powder and binder system contained in the feedstock. Mouldability tests were performed to analyze the behavior of the feedstock in the injection process. The injection parameters (injection temperature, mold temperature and injection speed) and output variables (injection pressure, mass segregation between powder and binder system and density) were evaluated. The influence of injection parameters on the variables of injection was analyzed using the statistical design via Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), using the software Statgraphics® Centurion XV. The specimens obtained at low pressure injection showed high amount of stainless steel powder (92.2 wt%). Due to this high concentration of power, mouldability tests were performed in high-pressure injection showed high values for injection pressures ranging from 1641 to 2115 bars so that there was the complete filling of cavities. The micromachined mold for the components of the forceps proved efficient in the manufacture of components, but presented difficulties in the extraction of parts. Even with the obtaining of the all the components the biopsy forceps was not assembled, since the mounting holes were taken in the project, and therefore were not machined. After injected , the components of the forceps were sintered and showed dimensional variation from 0.01 to 0.29 mm in relation to project dimensions and variation in contraction from 7.05 to 13.33% , different from those 14.30% cited in the catalog of CATAMOLD® 316L A

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido o projeto e fabricação de quatro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia (concha, garfo, oito e haste), através da micromoldagem de pós metálicos por injeção. A matéria prima utilizada neste trabalho é conhecida comercialmente como CATAMOLD® 316L A. Corpos de prova foram obtidos através da injeção em uma injetora de baixa pressão para determinação da quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável 316L e sistema aglutinante contida na matéria prima. Ensaios de injetabilidade foram realizados para análise do comportamento da matéria prima no processo de injeção. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de injeção (temperatura de injeção, temperatura do molde e velocidade de injeção) e as variáveis de saída (pressão de injeção, massa, segregação entre pó e sistema aglutinante e densidade). A influência dos parâmetros de injeção sobre as variáveis de injeção foi analisada através do delineamento estatístico via Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), com a utilização do programa Statgraphics® Centurion XV. Os corpos de prova obtidos na injetora de baixa pressão apresentaram alta quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável (92,2% em massa). Devido a esta alta concentração de pó, os ensaios de injetabilidade realizados na injetora de alta pressão apresentaram valores elevados para as pressões de injeção, variando de 1641 a 2115 bars para que houvesse o preenchimento total das cavidades. O molde microusinado para os componentes da pinça se mostrou eficiente na fabricação dos componentes, porém apresentou dificuldades na extração das peças. Mesmo com a obtenção de todos os componentes a montagem da pinça não foi realizada, visto que as furações de montagem foram retiradas no projeto, consequentemente não foram usinados. Depois de microinjetados, os componentes da pinça foram sinterizados e apresentaram variação dimensional de 0,01 a 0,29 mm em relação às dimensões de projeto e variação na contração de 7,05 a 13,33%, diferentes dos 14,30% citados no catálogo do CATAMOLD® 316L A. / In this work the design and manufacture of four components of the biopsy forceps (ladle, fork, eight and rod), by metal powder injection molding was developed. The feedstock used in this work is known commercially as CATAMOLD® 316L A. Specimens were obtained by injection into a low-pressure injection molding machine for determining the amount of 316L stainless steel powder and binder system contained in the feedstock. Mouldability tests were performed to analyze the behavior of the feedstock in the injection process. The injection parameters (injection temperature, mold temperature and injection speed) and output variables (injection pressure, mass segregation between powder and binder system and density) were evaluated. The influence of injection parameters on the variables of injection was analyzed using the statistical design via Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), using the software Statgraphics® Centurion XV. The specimens obtained at low pressure injection showed high amount of stainless steel powder (92.2 wt%). Due to this high concentration of power, mouldability tests were performed in high-pressure injection showed high values for injection pressures ranging from 1641 to 2115 bars so that there was the complete filling of cavities. The micromachined mold for the components of the forceps proved efficient in the manufacture of components, but presented difficulties in the extraction of parts. Even with the obtaining of the all the components the biopsy forceps was not assembled, since the mounting holes were taken in the project, and therefore were not machined. After injected , the components of the forceps were sintered and showed dimensional variation from 0.01 to 0.29 mm in relation to project dimensions and variation in contraction from 7.05 to 13.33% , different from those 14.30% cited in the catalog of CATAMOLD® 316L A

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido o projeto e fabricação de quatro componentes de uma pinça de biópsia (concha, garfo, oito e haste), através da micromoldagem de pós metálicos por injeção. A matéria prima utilizada neste trabalho é conhecida comercialmente como CATAMOLD® 316L A. Corpos de prova foram obtidos através da injeção em uma injetora de baixa pressão para determinação da quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável 316L e sistema aglutinante contida na matéria prima. Ensaios de injetabilidade foram realizados para análise do comportamento da matéria prima no processo de injeção. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de injeção (temperatura de injeção, temperatura do molde e velocidade de injeção) e as variáveis de saída (pressão de injeção, massa, segregação entre pó e sistema aglutinante e densidade). A influência dos parâmetros de injeção sobre as variáveis de injeção foi analisada através do delineamento estatístico via Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA), com a utilização do programa Statgraphics® Centurion XV. Os corpos de prova obtidos na injetora de baixa pressão apresentaram alta quantidade de pó de aço inoxidável (92,2% em massa). Devido a esta alta concentração de pó, os ensaios de injetabilidade realizados na injetora de alta pressão apresentaram valores elevados para as pressões de injeção, variando de 1641 a 2115 bars para que houvesse o preenchimento total das cavidades. O molde microusinado para os componentes da pinça se mostrou eficiente na fabricação dos componentes, porém apresentou dificuldades na extração das peças. Mesmo com a obtenção de todos os componentes a montagem da pinça não foi realizada, visto que as furações de montagem foram retiradas no projeto, consequentemente não foram usinados. Depois de microinjetados, os componentes da pinça foram sinterizados e apresentaram variação dimensional de 0,01 a 0,29 mm em relação às dimensões de projeto e variação na contração de 7,05 a 13,33%, diferentes dos 14,30% citados no catálogo do CATAMOLD® 316L A. / In this work the design and manufacture of four components of the biopsy forceps (ladle, fork, eight and rod), by metal powder injection molding was developed. The feedstock used in this work is known commercially as CATAMOLD® 316L A. Specimens were obtained by injection into a low-pressure injection molding machine for determining the amount of 316L stainless steel powder and binder system contained in the feedstock. Mouldability tests were performed to analyze the behavior of the feedstock in the injection process. The injection parameters (injection temperature, mold temperature and injection speed) and output variables (injection pressure, mass segregation between powder and binder system and density) were evaluated. The influence of injection parameters on the variables of injection was analyzed using the statistical design via Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), using the software Statgraphics® Centurion XV. The specimens obtained at low pressure injection showed high amount of stainless steel powder (92.2 wt%). Due to this high concentration of power, mouldability tests were performed in high-pressure injection showed high values for injection pressures ranging from 1641 to 2115 bars so that there was the complete filling of cavities. The micromachined mold for the components of the forceps proved efficient in the manufacture of components, but presented difficulties in the extraction of parts. Even with the obtaining of the all the components the biopsy forceps was not assembled, since the mounting holes were taken in the project, and therefore were not machined. After injected , the components of the forceps were sintered and showed dimensional variation from 0.01 to 0.29 mm in relation to project dimensions and variation in contraction from 7.05 to 13.33% , different from those 14.30% cited in the catalog of CATAMOLD® 316L A

Many babies are delivered by using the standard lithotomy birthing position. However, evidence shows several benefits to an upright birthing position. The purpose of this study is to discover birthing positions that lead to more positive outcomes in laboring women delivering in hospitals. This research was conducted by examining previous studies conducted on a similar topic. However, the studies found mainly focused on the benefits of squatting positions and the implementation of devices that helps achieve an upright position. All findings support an upright birthing position provides a more optimal position for birthing a child due to the force of a more natural pelvic expansion and gravity. One of the barriers of this area of study includes the lack of pregnant mothers willing to participate in a study skewing the reliability of many studies. In conclusion, the articles analyzed provide pertinent information that supports the intervention of nurses and midwives providing patient education to explore birthing options outside of standard practice that could lead to more positive outcomes.

In the diploma thesis, objectives were set that were intended to find out medical, mental and social problems of women after complicated childbirth and to compare the problems with those of women after physiological childbirth. The other objective was to find out what kinds of complicated deliveries occur in Nemocnice Písek, a.s. /Písek Hospital/ the most. Hypotheses were set for the objectives. The first hypothesis was to confirm that birth injuries after complicated childbirth are healed per secundam. The second hypothesis was to confirm that women after complicated childbirth feel that they will not manage care for their family. The third hypothesis was to confirm problems with economic support of a family in the cases of single mothers after complicated childbirth. The fourth hypothesis was to confirm that women after complicated childbirth do not have enough information about social security. The fifth hypothesis was to confirm that in Písek Hospital, the most frequent complicated deliveries include Cesarean sections.