Orientador: Prof. Dr. Giorgio Romano Schutte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2015. / O estudo discute a experiência do Estado de São Paulo na criação de uma agência de promoção de investimentos em âmbito regional, visando identificar seu papel e suas práticas para atração de investimentos. Com base no estudo de caso da Agência Paulista de Promoção de Investimentos e Competitividade ¿ Investe São Paulo, a pesquisa referencia-se na contextualização teórica do Estado desenvolvimentista e no resgate aos fatores que condicionam seu surgimento, como a competição por investimento direto estrangeiro em escala global, a crise financeira no país a partir da década de 1980, a guerra fiscal entre os Estados e a desindustrialização paulista. Além disso, centra-se nas principais referências bibliográficas disponíveis sobre as agências de promoção de investimentos visando confrontá-las com a realidade da agência estadual, caracterizada por meio de pesquisa documental e entrevistas qualitativas com seus gestores. Como resultado, verifica-se que a Investe São Paulo segue estrutura e práticas semelhantes a outras agências, como aponta a bibliografia. Seu principal papel é ser a porta de entrada dos empresários no âmbito governamental e o canal de comunicação junto ao governo. Embora não seja possível certificar o impacto de suas atividades na atração de investimentos para o Estado, devido aos inúmeros fatores que permeiam o investimento direto estrangeiro, a agência contribui para a promoção de um clima propício ao investimento e para o debate quanto aos rumos do desenvolvimento regional, sendo uma importante referência para outros Estados. / The study discusses the State of São Paulo's experience in creating an investment of a regional promotion agency, to identify their function and practices for attracting investments. Based on the case study of the Investe São Paulo ¿ Investment Promotion Agency, this research references in the theoretical context of the developmental state and redeeming the factors that affect its appearance, as the competition for foreign direct investment on a global scale, the financial crisis in the country since the 1980s, tax competition between states and the São Paulo de-industrialization. In addition, focuses on primary references available on the investment promotion agencies in order to confront them with the reality of state agency, documentary research object and qualitative interviews with their managers. As a result, it appears that the Invest Sao Paulo follows the structure of models and similar practices to other agencies, as reported in the literature. Its main role is to be the gateway of entrepreneurs throughout the government and its communication channel with the government. Although you can not determine the impact of their activities on attracting investments to the state due to the numerous factors involved in foreign direct investment, the agency contributes to the promotion of a climate conducive to investment and to the debate about the path of development regional, and an important reference for other states.

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / Most developed countries that enjoy the lion's share of foreign investment do not have domestic legal frameworks on foreign direct investment. This is because investors are attracted by a holistic picture of these countries. Such countries have strong institutions of governance, enjoy political and economic stability, embrace democracy, have respect for rights, and have high levels of development - factors which attract investors. In terms of regulation, many of these countries are heavily reliant on bilateral investment treaties. However, this is not the case in developing countries such as Zimbabwe. The existence of an effective and efficient legal framework on the governance of foreign direct investment is an important consideration for investors. This emanates from the fact that developing countries often have weak legal systems, shaky economies and uncertain political environments.

O presente trabalho trata do sistema internacional de proteção ao investimento estrangeiro direto e do atual papel desempenhado pelos países emergentes em sua sistematização. Para tanto, faz uma abordagem histórica do tema da proteção ao investimento estrangeiro desde a década de quarenta até os dias atuais. Ressaltam-se as divergências históricas de entendimento mantidas entre países desenvolvidos (usualmente exportadores de capital) e países em desenvolvimento (historicamente importadores de capital) no que pertine ao nível de proteção que deve ser garantido ao investidor estrangeiro. Após, faz uma análise dos instrumentos internacionais de proteção ao investimento estrangeiro construídos especialmente durante as décadas de setenta e noventa e demonstra que o conteúdo desses instrumentos baseou-se na supremacia do entendimento dos países desenvolvidos. Em momento posterior, analisa o surgimento dos países emergentes como nações exportadoras de capital a partir da década de noventa e como esses países estão conciliando, por meio da assinatura de tratados bilaterais de investimento, a intenção de manter a soberania sobre seus assuntos internos e o interesse de proteger seus investidores no exterior. Por fim, retrata a tradicional posição brasileira com relação ao investimento estrangeiro direto e apresenta alguns contributos para futuras reflexões, baseados especialmente na atual postura adotada por outros países emergentes no que diz respeito à assinatura de tratados bilaterais de investimento. / This paper deals with the international law on foreign direct investment and the current role played by emerging market countries on this matter. In this sense, it presents a historical approach on the protection of foreign investment from the 1940’s onwards. It focuses on the historical disagreements between developed countries (usually capital-exporting countries) and developing countries (historically capitalimporting countries) in what regards the level of protection that must be accorded to a foreign investor. Moreover, it discusses the international instruments for the protection of foreign investment designed between the 1970s and the 1990s and demonstrates that the content of such instruments is based primarily on the developed countries’ understanding of the issue. Furthermore, it analyses the rise of emerging market countries as capital exporting countries since the 1990s and how they are reconciling the will to keep their sovereignty over internal affairs and the willingness to protect their investors abroad through bilateral investment treaties. Finally, it discusses the traditional view held by Brazil on the protection of foreign direct investment and presents some contributions for further research on this issue, with an emphasis on other emerging market countries current attitude towards the signing of bilateral investment treaties.

Les firmes transnationales, acteurs majeurs de la mondialisation contemporaine de l'économie, intègrent et excluent des territoires à diverses échelles par leurs stratégies de localisation. La connaissance de cette intégration diverse, si elle est bien cernée à l'échelle internationale, reste pourtant très limitée à des échelons urbains, alors que les villes voire les métropoles mondiales sont présentées comme des nœuds majeurs des réseaux mondialisés. La France et les pays de l’OCDE apparaissent certes en position très centrale dans les réseaux que tissent les firmes, mais la connaissance de la place des villes dans les réseaux d'investissement des firmes étrangères demeure très partielle. Cette thèse propose ainsi d'approcher les données conventionnelles d’Investissement Direct Étranger dans le cas français par la mobilisation de données d'entreprises. Une décomposition fine des réseaux de filiation des firmes transnationales a ainsi pu être menée jusqu'à l'échelon des établissements, briques économiques et géographiques de base de ces réseaux transnationaux. La construction d'une base inédite des stocks d'IDE localisés a permis d'apprécier la présence étrangère dans les économies locales de l'ensemble des 355 aires urbaines du système de villes. Ces données révèlent alors, de manière large et systématique, l'intégration différenciée des territoires, entre dépendance et attractivité vis-à-vis des investisseurs étrangers. La mobilisation des lois d'échelle, outil d'analyse majeur dans cette thèse, a conduit à l'identification des facteurs explicatifs majeurs de la diversité d'intégration des villes, qui se traduit à la fois par des inégalités hiérarchiques et régionales. / Transnational corporations, which are amongst the major players in the contemporary global economy, integrate and exclude territories at various scales, due to their specific location strategies. These inequalities are well known at an international scale, yet the knowledge of this diverse integration is much more limited regarding urban levels, although cities and metropolises are considered as being the major nodes of the globalized networks. France and the OECD countries certainly appear in central positions in the networks that characterize these corporations, but observations made at the urban level remain very partial due to the lack of localized data. This thesis suggests to both approach and localize conventional data about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the French case by mobilizing data about financial links connecting economic units. The detailed breakdown of transnational corporations affiliation networks has been conducted up to the level of the establishments, which are the real individual economic and geographic cells of these transnational networks. An original database about localized inward FDI stocks has been built and explored to appreciate how far foreign transnational corporations integrate the 355 main cities into the French urban system. These data revealed the diverse integration of French cities, between dependence and attractiveness for the investors. The mobilization of scaling laws, which constituted a major analytical tool in this work, allowed us to identify the major factors explaining the diverse integration of French cities into the whole system of cities, reflected both by inequalities of hierarchical and regional order.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 colantuono_af_me_arafcf.pdf: 789439 bytes, checksum: f0c0a0bfd7d5c22779ddf5b89901b9d6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A partir dos anos 1980, as empresas transnacionais elevaram o envolvimento em atividades produtivas no exterior, em resposta ao acirramento da concorrência provocado pela globalização. A internacionalização produtiva não se limitou somente a empresas de nações desenvolvidas, já que algumas empresas de países em desenvolvimento também procuraram a expansão de suas atividades internacionais. Esta dissertação examina a internacionalização produtiva de empresas produtoras de insumos básicos (aço e cimento) provenientes de alguns países em desenvolvimento e, assim, procura identificar as estratégias adotadas pelas empresas selecionadas: Gerdau, Tata Steel, Techint, Cemex e Votorantim. Além do exame de artigos teóricos sobre internacionalização de empresas, foram caracterizadas as estruturas de mercado e a dinâmica competitiva das indústrias do aço e do cimento, procedimento importante para a compreensão do ambiente competitivo em que são definidas e operacionalizadas as estratégias de internacionalização das empresas. Com informações relevantes em artigos, relatórios anuais e em sítios das empresas, reconstruíram-se as trajetórias de crescimento delas, tanto no mercado doméstico como em outros países. Adicionalmente, elaborou-se um indicador de internacionalização produtiva (IP), o qual se demonstrou consistente na comparação entre o grau de internacionalização de cada empresa. Concluiu-se que as firmas de países em desenvolvimento encaminharam suas atividades ao exterior por diversas razões, como a busca de novos mercados, a procura de ganhos de eficiência, a busca por recursos naturais, ou mesmo, para a aquisição de conhecimentos técnicos. A busca de mercados foi a principal motivação, estratégia fortalecida com o controle de canais de distribuição. As empresas apresentaram trajetórias de internacionalização consistentes... / Since the 1980s, transnational companies have increased their involvement in productive activities abroad, in response to a worsening of the competition caused by globalization. The internationalization of the production system was not limited only to companies from developed nations, but also to companies in developing countries. This dissertation examines the internationalization of the production system in basic materials (steel and cement) companies from some developing countries and therefore seeks to identify the strategies adopted by the selected corporations (Gerdau, Tata Steel, Techint, Cemex and Votorantim). To achieve the proposed objectives, in addition to analysis from texts on internationalization, were also characterized the structures of the market and competitive dynamics of the industries of steel and cement, an important procedure for the understanding of the competitive environment in which are stablished strategies for internationalization of enterprises. With relevant information in articles, annual reports and websites, it was possible to reconstruct the trajectories of growth in both the domestic market and in other countries. Additionally, an indicator for international production (IP), which appeared very consistent, was developed to compare the level of internationalization of each company. It was noticed that firms from developing countries sent their activities abroad for a variety of reasons, starting from the search for new markets, the highly demand for gains in efficiency, the search for natural resources or even the acquisition of expertise. However, the attempt for market seeking figures as the main motivation, as well as the controlling of distribution channels in order to strengthen the strategy. Companies displayed consistent internationalization trajectories as well as coherent histories of their locations, capabilities and economic potential... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Mexico, one of the world’s largest economies and an increasingly relevant actor in international affairs, is at a crucial point in defining its future policy course. Given the uncertainty surrounding the global economy, as well as the political situation in Mexico, it is important to have a clear vision for policy going forward. This thesis offers a foundation for a national economic strategy with a long-term vision, upon which future administrations can build as appropriate to maximize on the country’s economic potential. The task is undertaken through a three-part approach. First, a thorough and analytical overview of the country’s economic history provides context and lessons from which to learn. Second, key economic issues to be addressed are identified through an evaluation of the current context and economic outlook. Finally, an evaluation of successful policy implementation, domestically and abroad, provides a basis that can be adapted to address the issues identified as they affect Mexico. The result is a series of six policy recommendations along two axes aimed at tackling the aforementioned key issues. These recommendations are by no means exhaustive, nor are they meant to be. The expectation is that they may serve to align national policy to global economic trends, underlying a plausible strategy to realize Mexico’s productive potential.

Orientador: Marcelo Silva Pinho / Banca: Célio Hiratuka / Banca: Rogério Gomes / Resumo: A partir dos anos 1980, as empresas transnacionais elevaram o envolvimento em atividades produtivas no exterior, em resposta ao acirramento da concorrência provocado pela globalização. A internacionalização produtiva não se limitou somente a empresas de nações desenvolvidas, já que algumas empresas de países em desenvolvimento também procuraram a expansão de suas atividades internacionais. Esta dissertação examina a internacionalização produtiva de empresas produtoras de insumos básicos (aço e cimento) provenientes de alguns países em desenvolvimento e, assim, procura identificar as estratégias adotadas pelas empresas selecionadas: Gerdau, Tata Steel, Techint, Cemex e Votorantim. Além do exame de artigos teóricos sobre internacionalização de empresas, foram caracterizadas as estruturas de mercado e a dinâmica competitiva das indústrias do aço e do cimento, procedimento importante para a compreensão do ambiente competitivo em que são definidas e operacionalizadas as estratégias de internacionalização das empresas. Com informações relevantes em artigos, relatórios anuais e em sítios das empresas, reconstruíram-se as trajetórias de crescimento delas, tanto no mercado doméstico como em outros países. Adicionalmente, elaborou-se um indicador de internacionalização produtiva (IP), o qual se demonstrou consistente na comparação entre o grau de internacionalização de cada empresa. Concluiu-se que as firmas de países em desenvolvimento encaminharam suas atividades ao exterior por diversas razões, como a busca de novos mercados, a procura de ganhos de eficiência, a busca por recursos naturais, ou mesmo, para a aquisição de conhecimentos técnicos. A busca de mercados foi a principal motivação, estratégia fortalecida com o controle de canais de distribuição. As empresas apresentaram trajetórias de internacionalização consistentes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Since the 1980s, transnational companies have increased their involvement in productive activities abroad, in response to a worsening of the competition caused by globalization. The internationalization of the production system was not limited only to companies from developed nations, but also to companies in developing countries. This dissertation examines the internationalization of the production system in basic materials (steel and cement) companies from some developing countries and therefore seeks to identify the strategies adopted by the selected corporations (Gerdau, Tata Steel, Techint, Cemex and Votorantim). To achieve the proposed objectives, in addition to analysis from texts on internationalization, were also characterized the structures of the market and competitive dynamics of the industries of steel and cement, an important procedure for the understanding of the competitive environment in which are stablished strategies for internationalization of enterprises. With relevant information in articles, annual reports and websites, it was possible to reconstruct the trajectories of growth in both the domestic market and in other countries. Additionally, an indicator for international production (IP), which appeared very consistent, was developed to compare the level of internationalization of each company. It was noticed that firms from developing countries sent their activities abroad for a variety of reasons, starting from the search for new markets, the highly demand for gains in efficiency, the search for natural resources or even the acquisition of expertise. However, the attempt for market seeking figures as the main motivation, as well as the controlling of distribution channels in order to strengthen the strategy. Companies displayed consistent internationalization trajectories as well as coherent histories of their locations, capabilities and economic potential... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Cette étude porte sur l’investissement direct étranger et le tourisme international. Il s’agit d’une étude simultanée sur la demande touristique internationale à la fois en termes d’arrivées et de recettes ; ces éléments n’ont fait l’objet que de peu de travaux antérieurs, en raison de la spécificité du tourisme et les lacunes des données statistiques. Ce travail comporte deux parties. La première partie est divisée en deux chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente une analyse économique des IDE, y compris le secteur du tourisme et du tourisme international. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les principaux déterminants de l’IDE et du secteur touristique sont étudiés. La deuxième partie concerne les applications économétriques et le classement typologique des déterminants des IDE ; elle comporte deux chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, les données statistiques, la méthodologie concernant les statistiques descriptives, et les modèles économétriques sont étudiés afin de démontrer le lien d’interdépendance et d’interaction. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’analyse des tests des pays concernés. L’association des résultats des tests économétriques avec une étude de la monographie de chaque pays, permet d’établir un classement des déterminants d’IDE à destination touristique. / This work focuses on foreign direct investment and international tourism. It is a simultaneous study in tourism demand international both in terms of arrivals and revenue; These elements have been little the subject of earlier work, due to the specificity of tourism and the shortcomings of statistical data. This work consists of two parts. The first is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter, it comes to the economic analysis of the IDE, including the sector of tourism and international tourism. In the second chapter, the main determinants of FDI and tourism are studied. The second part concerns the econometric applications and the classification of the typology of the determinants of FDI; it includes two chapters. In the first chapter, statistical data, the methodology for descriptive statistics and econometric models are studied in order to demonstrate the link of interdependence and the relationship of interaction. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of tests of the countries concerned. By combining the results of econometric tests, a study of the product monograph of each country, it is permitted to establish a ranking of the determinants of FDI to tourist destination.

O investimento direto externo (IDE) tem se tornado cada vez mais relevante para a economia brasileira. A razão do fluxo de IDE sobre o PIB do país subiu de uma média de 0,6% na década de 1980 para 2,5% de 2001 a 2009 segundo dados da UNCTAD. Observa-se, também, uma grande iniquidade na distribuição deste investimento entre as Unidades Federativas brasileiras. O presente trabalho faz uma investigação sobre os fatores determinantes da localização do investimento direto externo entre estados brasileiros através de um estudo econométrico de dados em painel para os anos de 1995, 2000 e 2005. Os resultados apontam evidências de que os investimentos respondem positivamente ao tamanho do mercado consumidor, à qualidade da força de trabalho, à infraestrutura de transporte e negativamente ao custo de mão de obra e a alta carga tributária. / Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become increasingly relevant for the Brazilian economy. The flow of FDI on the country\'s GDP ratio presented an average of 0.6% in the 1980s and rose to 2.5% within the period of 2001 to 2009, according to data from UNCTAD. There is also a great inequity in the distribution of investment between Brazilian states. This paper makes a research on the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment among Brazilian states through a panel data econometric study for the years 1995, 2000 and 2005. The results show that investments respond positively to the size of the consumer market, the quality of the workforce, the transport infrastructure and negatively to the cost of labor and high taxes.

O presente trabalho trata do sistema internacional de proteção ao investimento estrangeiro direto e do atual papel desempenhado pelos países emergentes em sua sistematização. Para tanto, faz uma abordagem histórica do tema da proteção ao investimento estrangeiro desde a década de quarenta até os dias atuais. Ressaltam-se as divergências históricas de entendimento mantidas entre países desenvolvidos (usualmente exportadores de capital) e países em desenvolvimento (historicamente importadores de capital) no que pertine ao nível de proteção que deve ser garantido ao investidor estrangeiro. Após, faz uma análise dos instrumentos internacionais de proteção ao investimento estrangeiro construídos especialmente durante as décadas de setenta e noventa e demonstra que o conteúdo desses instrumentos baseou-se na supremacia do entendimento dos países desenvolvidos. Em momento posterior, analisa o surgimento dos países emergentes como nações exportadoras de capital a partir da década de noventa e como esses países estão conciliando, por meio da assinatura de tratados bilaterais de investimento, a intenção de manter a soberania sobre seus assuntos internos e o interesse de proteger seus investidores no exterior. Por fim, retrata a tradicional posição brasileira com relação ao investimento estrangeiro direto e apresenta alguns contributos para futuras reflexões, baseados especialmente na atual postura adotada por outros países emergentes no que diz respeito à assinatura de tratados bilaterais de investimento. / This paper deals with the international law on foreign direct investment and the current role played by emerging market countries on this matter. In this sense, it presents a historical approach on the protection of foreign investment from the 1940’s onwards. It focuses on the historical disagreements between developed countries (usually capital-exporting countries) and developing countries (historically capitalimporting countries) in what regards the level of protection that must be accorded to a foreign investor. Moreover, it discusses the international instruments for the protection of foreign investment designed between the 1970s and the 1990s and demonstrates that the content of such instruments is based primarily on the developed countries’ understanding of the issue. Furthermore, it analyses the rise of emerging market countries as capital exporting countries since the 1990s and how they are reconciling the will to keep their sovereignty over internal affairs and the willingness to protect their investors abroad through bilateral investment treaties. Finally, it discusses the traditional view held by Brazil on the protection of foreign direct investment and presents some contributions for further research on this issue, with an emphasis on other emerging market countries current attitude towards the signing of bilateral investment treaties.