The paper shall offer a vigorous debate on the opportunities and challenges of enactment of Beneficiation Law. The term beneficiation has been used largely to mean downward linkages and value addition to mineral resources for the benefit and full participation of the communities in which the mineral resources are mined. The linkages and/ or interface between beneficiation law and international investment protection will also be considered. Here, the writer will endeavour to assess how such a law impacts on protection of foreign investments. The paper shall on a balance argue that the opportunities of enactment of this law far outweighs the costs of coming up with same. In cementing this argument the paper shall draw lessons and inspirations from South Africa’s beneficiation strategy and Indonesia which has a successful story on full beneficiation law on mineral resources. The paper will finally conclude by putting forward some recommendations. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

This research paper addresses the issue whether cryptocurrencies are protected investments under  bilateral investment treaties (BITs). Through BITs a host state has a responsibility to protect the investments of the nationals of the other contracting state to the treaty. This governing relationship however may introduce several requirements for an investment to comply with, such as territorial links, the use of language under BITs compliance requirements. With this, cryptocurrencies being a new of age asset class may find several future hurdles in qualifying as an investment under BITs. Especially with the on-going confusion on an international scale in regulating and defining cryptocurrencies.  In determining the afore-mentioned requirements, this research paper first identified a cryptocurrency and a comparison was first made in regards to money. Then, the research paper proceeded in comparing a cryptocurrency with the characteristics of digital assets. Followed by a general approach to the meaning of investment and an analysis to the definition of investment through past approaches taken by arbitral tribunals. Therefore, finally leading in deciding whether cryptocurrencies will qualify as an investment under BITs.

This master´s thesis deals with analysis of investment opportunities for czech investors in Latvia. In this work is realized analysis of geopolitical, economic and business environment in Latvia and in conclusion are suggested desirable sectors and opportunities of investments for czech investors in Latvia.

Thesis (PhD (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is made up of stand-alone essays on the determinants of the investment climate in emerging market economies. Chapter One presents the purpose of this study, the significance of the research to policy makers, researchers and investors and the limitations of the research. Chapter Two investigates empirically whether business regulations, as measured by the „Doing Business‟ indicators, have an impact on investment in 29 emerging market economies in Africa, Asia, Latin America and emerging Europe. The results show that secure property rights and the level of business entry regulation influence the investment climate in these economies. In addition, efficiency of the judicial system, investor protection and the flexibility of employment regulation were found to be insignificant determinants of investment. Chapter Three explores the effect of business regulation on stock market liquidity, using data from a selection of 15 stock markets in Africa. The results from the panel data analysis show that the degree of business regulation does not influence stock liquidity. However, the results confirm that greater protection of minority share-holders' rights, as well as lender and better collateral and bankruptcy laws enhance stock market liquidity. There was anecdotal evidence to suggest that improved judicial efficiency enhances stock market liquidity. The legal origin was found to be significant in explaining the differences in the legal systems of these countries. Countries that have adopted French legal traditions were found to have less active stock markets and less investor and property rights protection compared to countries that have adopted English legal traditions. Chapter Four investigates the effect of the level of business regulation, infrastructure and political environment on investment in 29 African countries. The results provide evidence to show that lower levels of business regulation, less corruption and a stable political environment are important in enhancing investment. The final essay examines the effect of business regulation and geography on investment in a sample of 37 countries in Africa. The results show that more secure property rights and fewer import and export regulations have a significantly positive effect on private investment. In addition, being landlocked and distant from the sea has a negative effect on investment. Furthermore, the findings revealed that property rights protection in landlocked economies is not significantly different from that in coastal economies. In all the studies, the legal origin was found to be significant in explaining cross-country differences in the legal systems of the selected countries. These findings have important implications for policy makers, multi-lateral organisations and investors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif bestaan uit alleenstaande studies oor die beslissende faktore van die beleggingsklimaat in opkomende markekonomieë. In hoofstuk een word die doel van die studie; die belang van die navorsing vir beleidmakers, navorsers en beleggers; en die beperkings van die navorsing aangebied. Hoofstuk twee bevat ‟n empiriese ondersoek om te bepaal of sakeregulasies, soos deur die “Doing Business”-aanwysers gemeet, ‟n uitwerking op belegging in 29 ontluikende markekonomieë in Afrika, Asië, Latyns-Amerika en ontluikende Europa het. Die resultate toon dat veilige eiendomsregte en die vlak van regulasie vir toetrede tot besigheid die beleggingsklimaat in hierdie ekonomieë beïnvloed. Hierbenewens is die doeltreffendheid van die regstelsel, die beskerming van beleggers en die buigsaamheid van indiensnemingsregulasies gevind onbelangrike beslissende faktore vir belegging te wees. In hoofstuk drie word verslag gelewer oor die uitwerking van sakeregulasies op die likiditeit van effektemarkte op grond van data van ‟n keur van 15 effektemarkte in Afrika. Die resultate van die paneeldata-analise toon dat die graad van sakeregulasie nie die likiditeit van effekte beïnvloed nie. Die resultate het egter bevestig dat meer beskerming van die regte van minderheidsaandeelhouers asook verbeterde wetgewing ten opsigte van kredietverskaffing, aanvullende sekuriteit en insolvensie die likiditeit van effektemarkte verhoog. Anekdotiese bewyse is gevind wat aan die hand doen dat verbeterde regsdoeltreffendheid ook die likiditeit van effektemarkte verhoog. Die regsoorsprong is as beduidend gevind ter verklaring van die verskille in die regstelsels van hierdie lande. Lande wat Franse regstradisies aanvaar het, is gevind minder aktiewe effektemarkte en minder beskerming van beleggers en eiendomsregte te hê, vergeleke met lande wat Engelse regstradisies aanvaar het. In hoofstuk vier word die uitwerking van die vlak van sakeregulasie, infrastruktuur en die politieke omgewing op belegging in 29 Afrika-lande bespreek. Die resultate toon bewyse dat laer vlakke van sakeregulasie, minder korrupsie en ‟n stabiele politieke omgewing belangrike faktore is om belegging te bevorder. Die laaste studie ondersoek die uitwerking van sakeregulasies en geografie op belegging in ‟n monster van 37 Afrika-lande. Die resultate toon dat veiliger eiendomsregte en minder invoer- en uitvoerregulasies ‟n beduidende positiewe uitwerking op privaat belegging het. Hierbenewens is daar ‟n negatiewe uitwerking op belegging in lande wat deur land omring is en ver van die see af is. Die bevindings het ook aan die lig gebring dat die beskerming van eiendomsregte in ekonomieë wat deur land omring is, nie aanmerklik verskil van dié in kusekonomieë nie. In al die studies is regsoorsprong as beduidend gevind in die verklaring van verskille in die regstelsels van die gekose lande. Hierdie bevindings het belangrike implikasies vir beleidmakers, multilaterale organisasies en beleggers.

Tous les pays à ex-orientation socialiste, au Sud, à l'Est comme en Asie, qui se sont engagés dans un processus de transition à une économie de marché ont inscrit dans leur programme de transformation, soit spontanément par stratégie délibérée, soit sous l'effet de facteurs exogènes en particulier les exigences des investisseurs étrangers et les conditionnalités des institutions internationales de financement, la réforme du système comptable national.La transition à un système comptable adapté aux exigences de la globalisation, de l'ouverture économique et des transformations structurelles qui en découlent est souvent problématique dans ces pays au sens où ce type de changement induit souvent une démarche politico-législative complexe et de lourdes mesures connexes de mise en place d'un organisme de normalisation comptable, de création des professions de comptable et d'audit, de choix de l'approche de normalisation, de positionnement par rapport aux modèles dominants et de mobilisation de fonds souvent importants.Cette thèse s'intéresse particulièrement à un facteur qui fut souvent négligé mais qui se révèle être d'une importance capitale: la culture. ce travail a pour objectif d'étudier la pertinence de l'harmonisation comptable en Algérie avec le référentiel comptable international. / All countries with a socialist orientation, in the South, in the East and in Asia, which have embarked on a process of transition to a market economy have included in their transformation program, either spontaneously by deliberate strategy, or under the effect of exogenous factors especially the requirements of foreign investors and the conditionalities of international financial institutions, the reform of the national accounting system.The transition to an accounting system adapted to the requirements of globalization, economic openness and the resulting structural transformations is often problematic in these countries in the sense that this type of change often leads to a complex politico-legislative approach and heavy measures. related to the establishment of an accounting standard-setting body, the creation of accounting and auditing professions, the choice of the standardization approach, the positioning of dominant models and the mobilization of often significant funds.This thesis is particularly interested in a factor that has often been neglected but which turns out to be of paramount importance: culture. this work aims to study the relevance of accounting harmonization in Algeria with the international accounting standards.

O crescimento, a integração e as regulamentações dos mercados mundiais, bem como as mudanças nas políticas e economias internacionais têm aumentado as oportunidades de investimento nos mercados globais. Com o aquecimento econômico brasileiro, diversas empresas construtoras e incorporadoras iniciaram a atividade de abertura de capital, impulsionando a consolidação e o crescimento do mercado imobiliário brasileiro. O fluxo de capital externo no mercado brasileiro de Edifícios de Escritório para Locação (EEL) pode ser intensificado se forem oferecidas alternativas de investimento em portfolios dispersos, compreendendo um conjunto dinâmico de ativos imobiliários, sendo possível comprar e vender, para renovar ou para potencializar o desempenho do investimento. A regulamentação brasileira aderente a tal estruturação de investimento é a dos Fundos de Investimento em Participações (FIP) através da formação de um portfolio de participações em SPE (Sociedade de Propósito Exclusivo) ancoradas em Edifícios de Escritório, que possibilita a participação no processo decisório da sociedade investida com efetiva influência na definição das políticas estratégicas e na gestão. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo tomar conclusões sobre a qualidade e os riscos da diversificação do investimento estrangeiro no mercado de EEL na cidade de São Paulo através da estrutura dos FIP, utilizando como referência de atratividade os parâmetros de comportamento dos office REITs (Real Estate Investment Trust) no mercado dos Estados Unidos. A atratividade do investimento estrangeiro no portfolio de EEL foi sustentada através da comparação dos indicadores da qualidade do investimento extraídos da simulação com um protótipo de FIP com base em quatro parâmetros: diversificação do portfolio, rentabilidade descontado o Risco-País, rentabilidade dos office REITs e binômio [risco x retorno] através do índice Sharpe. / The growth, integration and regulation of world markets, and changes in international policies and economies, have resulted in increased investment opportunities in global markets. With the upturn of the Brazilian economy, several construction and development companies have gone public, further boosting the consolidation and growth of the Brazilian real estate market. The inflow of foreign capital into the Brazilian office market can be further intensified if choices are offered for investing in separate portfolios comprising dynamic sets of property assets, allowing investors to buy or sell whenever they wish to renew their investment or maximize its performance. The Brazilian regulation adherent to such investment structure is the Fundos de Investimento em Participações (FIP) which is based on a portfolio of shares of SPC (Special Purpose Company) whose assets are office buildings, and allows investors to take part in the companies decision-making process, actually influencing strategic policy formulation and management practices. The purpose of this dissertation is to draw conclusions about the advantages and risks of the diversification of foreign investments in the office market of São Paulo city through FIP using as reference for attractiveness the parameters of the US markets office Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). The attractiveness of office buildings portfolio to foreign investors was evidenced by comparing investment quality indicators obtained from a simulation with an FIP, based on four parameters: portfolio diversification, return discounted country risk, office REIT return and the risk-return analyzed through the Sharpe ratio.

Univ., Diss.--The Hague, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [261] - 275.

PhD dissertation. / Includes bibliographical references.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Teisės magistro baigiamojo darbo tema yra aktuali, nes pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje sumažėjo tiesioginių užsienio investicijų. Nemažą įtaką tam galėjo turėti 2008 metų pasaulinės ekonominės krizės padariniai, tačiau nereikia atmesti prielaidos, jog Lietuva ne viską padarė, kad taptų patrauklia užsienio investuotojams. Laisvoji ekonominė zona, kaip viena iš verslo vystymo formų, forma jau yra suradusi platų pritaikymą skirtingų savo išsivystymu, dydžiu ir tradicijomis šalių ekonomikose. Sekant įvairių išsivysčiusių pasaulio šalių patirtimi, Lietuvoje taip pat buvo pradėtas laisvųjų ekonominių zonų (LEZ) steigimas. Nuo pirmojo Lietuvos LEZ įsteigimo prabėgus eilei metų, vis dar Lietuva negali pasigirti efektyvia šių zonų veikla, nors pastoviai yra ieškoma naujų investicijų pritraukimo būdų ir strategijų. Šio darbo tema buvo pasirinkta siekiant išsiaiškinti, kodėl Lietuva, būdama panašaus dydžio ir sudėties šalimi kaip Airija, nesugeba atkartoti Airijos ekonominio išsivystymo šuolio. Darbe keliama hipotezė - LEZ Lietuvoje veikia neefektyviai. Darbo tikslas: išnagrinėti Lietuvos laisvųjų ekonominių zonų steigimosi praktiką teisiniu aspektu. Tyrimo problema: Lietuvoje nepritaikomas sėkmingas Airijos LEZ vystymosi modelis. Darbo uždaviniai: aprašyti istorinius LEZ kūrimosi aspektus; išnagrinėti įvairių šalių LEZ modelius, palyginant juos su Lietuvos LEZ modeliu; išanalizuoti LEZ veiklą reglamentuojančius teisinius aktus; išnagrinėti teisinius LEZ mokestinių lengvatų taikymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master thesis subject is relevant, because the direct foreign investments diminished in Lithuania of late years. The fair influence was made by 2008 world economic crisis, but also there could be an assumption, that Lithuania was at the pains to become fascinating for foreign investors. Free economic zone, as one form of the trade development, made the wide practice in economies of countries, different by their development, size and traditions. Tagging along the practice of developed countries, the establishment of free economic zones (FEZ) were started in Lithuania. After some years from the first FEZ establishment, Lithuania still can not brag with effective zones activity, even if there are seeking of new ways and strategies to attract investments. The subject of this paper was chosen for the detection for what reasons Lithuania can not repeat the bound of economic development in Ireland, even if Lithuania is similar to Ireland by country size and addition. The raised hypothesis: the activity of FEZ is ineffective in Lithuania. Work purpose: to research by legal aspect the establishment practice of free economic zones. Research problem: the successful model of FEZ development in Ireland is not fitted to Lithuania. Work tasks: to describe the historic aspects of FEZ creation, to research the models of different countries‘ FEZ and to compare with Lithuania‘s model, to analyse the legal documents, regulating the activity of FEZ, to explore the principles of taxing... [to full text]