O nariz, ocupando o terço médio da face, tem marcada influência cognitiva sobre a imagem facial. Constitui-se em grande parte por tecido cartilaginoso, músculos, pele e gordura, perdendo sua forma durante a decomposição cadavérica. A técnica de Reconstrução Facial no restabelecimento da aparência nasal pode influenciar o reconhecimento de um crânio sem identidade atribuível e tem sido alvo de numerosas críticas. Os métodos conhecidos para estimar essa projeção nasal a partir de elementos do crânio carecem de praticidade e reprodutibilidade. Neste estudo, buscou-se relacionar os pontos prosopométricos Rinio ( Rhi - ósseo), Pronasal ( Pn -no tecido mole) e Próstio (Pr ósseo) estudando o ângulo formado pelas retas que os unem, observando-se a possibilidade de sua utilização na determinação do comprimento nasal. Dois examinadores independentes e calibrados mensuraram esse ângulo com o auxílio do programa de análise e processamento de imagens Image J, versão 1.43; diretamente em radiografias cefalométricas selecionadas a partir do acervo de documentações em arquivos digitais de quatro Institutos de Radiologia Odontológica situados na cidade de São Paulo Brasil. Medidas lineares foram tomadas considerando a diferença do valor encontrado para o ângulo proposto e o valor hipotético de 90.00 graus. A amostra foi constituída por 600 radiografias laterais da cabeça (300 de indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade entre 24 e 77 anos e 300 do sexo feminino, com idade de 24 a 69 anos). Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa Microsoft Office Excel 10.0. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os valores referentes às mensurações de ambos examinadores foram muito próximos a uma relação linear perfeita (r=0.99). Ambos os sexos apresentaram a mesma distribuição de idades nas amostras. O ângulo proposto Rinio-Pronasal-Próstio apresentou valores entre 80.00° e 100.00° em ambos os sexos e para todas as idades. No sexo masculino, a distribuição da variável ângulo foi mais simétrica, centrada em 90.88 graus, enquanto no sexo feminino existiu uma maior freqüência de valores maiores ou iguais a 90.00 graus, com média de 92.89°. Para as medidas lineares a maior freqüência relativa na amostra feminina foi de 0.31 mm e na masculina 0.32 mm, ou seja, cada grau de diferença entre o ângulo real mensurado e o ângulo sugerido de 90.00° correspondeu em medida linear a aproximadamente 0.31 mm. Sendo os pontos prosopométricos Rinio e Próstio de fácil localização no crânio, o cruzamento das retas que passam por esses pontos determinam o ponto Pronasal como vértice desse ângulo. Diante dos resultados obtidos, considerou-se possível a utilização do valor de 90.00° para o ângulo Rhi-Pn-Pr na determinação da projeção nasal em brasileiros adultos. / The nose, occupying the middle third of the face, has a marked cognitive influence on facial image. It consists largely of cartilage tissue, muscles, skin and fat, and loses its shape during cadaveric decomposition. The technique of facial reconstruction to restore nasal appearance can influence the recognition of a skull that has no assignable identity and has been the subject of much criticism. The known methods of estimating nasal projection using elements of the skull are lacking in practicality and reproducibility. In this study, we attempted to relate the prosopometric points Rhinion (Rhi, bone), Pronasale (Pn, soft tissue) and Prosthion (Pr, bone) by studying the angle formed by straight lines that connect them, noting the possibility of its use in determining the length of the nose. Two independent and calibrated examiners measured this angle with the help of analysis and image processing software, Image J, version 1.43, directly from cephalometric radiographs, which had been selected from a collection of documentation from the digital archives of four Dental Radiology institutes, located in São Paulo Brazil. Linear measurements were taken by taking into consideration the difference of the value found for the proposed angle and the hypothetical value of 90.00 degrees. The sample consisted of 600 lateral radiographs of the head (of 300 males aged between 24 and 77 years and 300 females, aged 24 to 69 years). The data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 10.0. The results showed that the values for the measurements of both investigators were very close to a perfect linear relationship (r = 0.99).Both gender had the same age distribution. The proposed Rhinion-Pronasale-Prosthion angle varied from 80.00° to 100.00° in both genders and all ages. In males, the distribution of the angle was more symmetrical, centered at 90.88 degrees, while in females there was a higher frequency of values greater than or equal to 90.00 degrees, with a mean of 92.89°. For the linear measurements, the highest relative frequency of the female sample was 0.31 mm and for the male sample it was 0.32 mm that is, each degree of difference between the actual measured angle and suggested one of 90.00° corresponded to the linear measure of about 0.31 mm. Because the Rhinion and Prosthion prosopometric points are easy to find in the skull, the crossing of lines that pass through these points determine the Pronasale point as the apex of the angle. Considering the results obtained, it was possible to use the value of 90.00° for the angle Rhi-Pn-Pr in order to determine nasal projection in Brazilian adults.

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T00:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benedicto_EduardodeNovaes_M.pdf: 742104 bytes, checksum: 688ab07ea41c624dc0fb3c07c825128a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Odontologia Legal e Deontologia / Mestre em Odontologia Legal e Deontologia

Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delwing_Fabio_M.pdf: 1987964 bytes, checksum: 4ad3cc80c3766bfb9a12434aea4d168c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A determinação sexual é fundamental para se estabelecer a identificação de pessoas através de restos ósseos, e juntamente com a estatura, a idade e a ancestralidade, fornecem os parâmetros do perfil biológico dos indivíduos. A pelve, o crânio, e os ossos longos são os locais em que os dimorfismos mais se fazem presentes. Desta maneira, a necessidade de métodos confiáveis para se distinguir homens e mulheres baseados nesses conjuntos de ossos torna-se evidente. Objetivo: O presente estudo propôs uma análise antropológica de crânios brasileiros, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, através de mensurações de pontos craniométricos na busca de determinismo sexual e seu valor pericial como critério adicional na identificação humana. Metodologia: Foram analisados 216 crânios humanos (113 masculinos e 103 femininos), com idade superior a 22 anos à data da morte, íntegros, sem sinais de traumatismos ou anomalias notórias. Foram realizadas um total de onze medidas lineares em cada crânio e foram submetidas a tratamento estatístico para avaliação de dimorfismo sexual. Resultados: Com a exceção das medidas largura nasal e násio-bregma, todas as demais mostraram diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os sexos. Dentre elas, a que se apresentou mais dimórfica foi a distância bizigomática. Foram propostas quatro funções discriminantes neste trabalho, alcançando uma probabilidade de acerto quanto ao sexo de 90% quando foram utilizadas as seguintes medidas: nasio-espinha nasal anterior, bizigomática e násio-ponto E. Conclusão: Através das medidas testadas e das funções propostas foi possível determinar o sexo dos indivíduos com um alto grau de confiabilidade / Abstract: The discrimination of sex is central to the process of establishing a personal identification from human skeletal remains and in conjunction with stature, age and ancestry provides parameters of biological profile of the deceased. The pelvis, skull, and assorted long bones, generally provide the most accurate sex allocations. The need for reliable methods distinguishing males from females based upon these skeletal elements is evident. Objective: The present study was an anthropological analysis of brazilians skulls, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, through measurements of craniometric points in search of sexual determinism and its value as an additional criterion in forensic human identification. Methodology: A total of 216 human skulls (113 male and 103 female), older than 22 years old at the time of death, undamaged and out of signs of trauma or noticeable abnormalities, were used in this study. A total of eleven linear variables were taken from the skulls and they were submitted to statistical tests to evaluate sexual dimorphism. Results: Except for the nasal width and nasion to bregma distance, all other measurements showed significant statistical differences between male and female. The best single parameter discrimination was the bizygomatic width. From these measures, were proposed four discriminant functions analysis. The best discrimination was achieved with the combination of three measurements: nasion to anterior nasal spine, bizygomatic width and nasion to point L, reaching an accuracy of 90% to determine sex of the sample. Conclusion: Using these measures and proposed functions was possible to determine sex of individuals with high degree of reliability / Mestrado / Odontologia Legal e Deontologia / Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Correct race and sex determination of unknown skeletal material is an important aspect of forensic anthropology. Numerous studies have focused on the differences, both osteometric and morphological, between the sexes of a particular racial phenotype, between race groups, and populations. From previous work by a variety of researchers, the necessity of population specific standards for identification has been demonstrated. The purpose of this research was to examine the metric and morphological differences in the pelvis between the sexes and races of South African whites and blacks. Results will be used in developing standards of identification tailored to this population. A sample of 400 known sex/race os coxae were examined. Skeletal material was obtained from the Pretoria collection housed at the University of Pretoria, Department of Anatomy and the Dart collection located at the University of Witwatersrand, Department of Anatomical Sciences. A series of thirteen measurements and five morphological characteristics were examined. Indices were calculated from data obtained from the metric analysis. Left and right sides were examined and those bones visibly pathologically deformed were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS stepwise and direct discriminant analysis. Results showed ischial length as the most sexually dimorphic characteristic in whites, while acetabulum diameter was best in blacks. Four functions (using pelvic dimensions) were developed for determining sex. Highest accuracies were achieved from function 1 (including all dimensions) which correctly classified 92-96% of individuals. Race differences were also investigated. Pubic length was chosen as best for discriminating between races for males and iliac breadth as best in females. Accuracies were 86-89% for males and 82-88% for females. Accuracies for sex discrimination were consistent with earlier studies. Morphological results yielded >80% accuracy for all traits in white males except greater sciatic notch shape where only 33% were correctly classified. A population specific variation in sciatic notch shape was observed where >50% of the white males had a wide sciatic notch previously thought to be a female expression. Black males recorded 81 % correct classification for pubic shape and >90% for the remaining characteristics. Greater sciatic notch and pubic bone shape achieved highest accuracies with 96% for both traits in white females, and 84% and 88% in black females respectively. In conclusion, this study conclusively demonstrates that race and population differences affect the expression of sexual dimorphism and must be accounted for to develop the most effective methods of analysis. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Anatomy / unrestricted

This study examined the differences in decomposition rates and the resulting postmortem submergence interval (PMSI) of stillborn pigs and decapitated adult pig heads enclosed in plastic trash bags. Sixteen neonate pigs were divided into two variable categories: exposed and submerged in water, enclosed in a plastic trash bag and submerged in water. Upon recovery, each sample was assigned a Total Body Score. Eighteen decapitated adult pig heads were divided into two variable categories: nine heads were enclosed in plastic trash bags, and nine heads left exposed in the water. Twelve decapitated pig heads were divided into two terrestrial variable categories: six heads were enclosed in plastic trash bags and allowed to decompose on land, and six heads were left exposed on land. Accumulated degree-days (ADD) were calculated following the scoring guides provided in Moffatt et al. (2016), Megyesi et al. (2005) and Heaton et al. (2010). These guides were used to create a baseline decomposition rate established from the control groups decay rate. This baseline in the decomposition rate was then used to establish a measurable difference between exposed and enclosed samples. It was hypothesized that head samples submerged (enclosed/exposed) would decompose slower than the terrestrial samples (enclosed/exposed). It was further hypothesized that all enclosed/submerged samples would decompose slower than the exposed/terrestrial remains. A univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) test found no statistically significant interactions between submerged, enclosed or exposed remains, indicating that the enclosure of remains in a plastic trash bag, and subsequent submergence or not did not affect the decomposition rate of either sample. An additional ANOVA found statistically significant differences between the rate of neonate sample decomposition and adult head sample decomposition. Paired sample t-tests produced statistically significant results that indicate the inaccuracy of the ADD calculation methods developed by Megyesi et al. (2005) and Heaton et al. (2010) to neonate-sized remains, decapitated heads, submerged enclosed/exposed samples or terrestrial enclosed/exposed samples.

Orientador: Horácio Faig Leite / Banca: Michelle Cardoso de Sousa / Banca: Luiz Eduardo Blumer Rosa / Resumo: Sabe-se que o processo mastoide (PM) tem sido utilizado como uma característica diferencial entre crânios de espécies diferentes e mesmo entre os sexos. Muitos são os métodos utilizados para se diferenciar os processos mastoides masculinos dos femininos. Tal diferenciação é muito importante na antropologia física e na forense. Neste trabalho foi utilizada a metodologia empregada por Hoshi (1962) na qual classifica os PM segundo a sua curvatura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade desta metodologia. Foram utilizados 305 crânios humanos identificados segundo o sexo, grupo étnico e idade, pertencentes ao Museu de Crânios da Disciplina de Anatomia Descriptiva e Topográfica da Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (análise descritiva e teste quiquadrado) e constatou-se que as inclinações do tipo M (70,87%) são estatisticamente típicas do sexo masculino, enquanto as inclinações do tipo N (47,47%) e F (36,36%) são encontradas nos crânios femininos, sendo suas incidências estatisticamente significativas, demonstrando que as inclinações dos tipos N e F caracterizam, na amostra em questão, os crânios femininos. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram que o método desenvolvido por Hoshi é aplicável e de fácil execução / Abstract: It is known that the mastoid process (PM) has been used as a differential feature among skulls of different species and even between the sexes. Many are the methods used to differentiate the male mastoids from the female ones. Such a difference is very important in physical anthropology and forensics. In this work we use the methodology used by Hoshi (1962) in which it classifies PM according to its curvature. The objective of this work was to verify the applicability of this methodology. 305 skulls were used, identified by sex, ethnic group and age, belonging to the Museum of Skulls of the Discipline of Anatomy at the Paulista School of Medicine - UNIFESP. The results obtained were submitted to statistical analysis (descriptive analysis and chi-square test) and it was verified that the M-type inclinations (70.87%) are statistically typical of the male sex, while the N-type inclinations (47.47%) and F (36.36% ) are found in female skulls, and their incidence is statistically significant, demonstrating that the N and F inclinations characterize female skulls in the sample. The results showed that the method developed by Hoshi is applicable and easy to implement / Mestre

Sex and ancestry are most commonly estimated by anthropologists using the skull. Typically, measurements and observations are taken on the skull itself, but for the purpose of convenience, computed tomography (CT) scans are increasingly used in place of skulls in research and forensic casework. Researchers work under the assumption that the dry skull-to-CT scan ratio is one-to-one; however, research on the accuracy of CT scans is sparse. In this study, eight skulls from the Boston University Donated Skeletal Collection were scored for sex and ancestral morphological traits following Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994) and Hefner and Ousley (2014), and measured using standard cranial measurements according to Langley et al. (2016). CT scans were then taken of the eight skulls and the same morphological observations and measurements were taken using the RadiAnt 5.5.1 CT viewer. Additionally, the measurements of each skull and scan were entered into FORDISC 3.1, a software program that provides discriminant functions for the processes of sex and ancestry estimation. The measurements for each dry skull-CT scan pairing were then analyzed for variance and mean differences. The results of the morphological and metric analyses indicate that the majority of the data gathered from dry skulls did not vary significantly from the measurements taken on the CT scans. The morphological sex estimation resulted in the same estimation for each skull-to-CT scan pairing; however, the morphological ancestry estimation results indicated that skeletal information lost in CT scans can make full visualization and therefore assessment of the facial region difficult. The FORDISC 3.1 results generally support the indication that there is not a significant difference between skull and CT scan measurements, with consistent sex estimation results for each dry skull-to-CT scan pairing and consistent ancestry estimation results for the majority of the pairings. However, the sex and ancestry estimations were not always accurate considering the true ancestral backgrounds of the individuals. Based on these outcomes, it is evident that CT scans can be used to obtain reliable morphological assessments and measurements of a skull, which can then be used to estimate sex using FORDISC 3.1. However, to ensure accuracy of the sex and ancestry estimations, other methods should be used in conjunction with FORDISC 3.1.

This study tests whether musculoskeletal markers are attributable to occupational categories. It is hypothesized that individuals over the age of 30 years with a lifetime occupation as a laborer will demonstrate a significantly different pattern of activity markers from individuals in the white collar classifications. A sample of n=69 from the Maxwell Museum's Documented Skeletal Collection are investigated. Upper and lower extremities were scored for MSM type (robusticity, stress lesions, and ossification exostoses) and severity (grades 0 - 3) following Hawkey and Merbs (1995) visual reference system. To evaluate methodological approaches to MSM scoring, ossification exostoses and stress lesions were also scored using the Mariotti et al. (2004) proposed methods. Upper limb muscle insertion sites on the humerus, radius, and ulna and lower limb insertion sites on the femur, fibula, patella, calcaneus, and tibia were studied. The Kruskal Wallis test was used to predict occupational class according to an individual's aggregate MSM z-score. The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison of aggregate MSM z-scores between the two occupational categories and for comparison of aggregate MSM z-scores between males and females. The Spearman correlation was used for non-parametric correlation analysis of aggregate MSM z-scores and the occupational categories of white collar and labor. The data were analyzed using the statistical software program SPSS (version 17.0). Results of this study show that musculoskeletal markers cannot statistically predict, nor can they be used to distinguish between, occupational categories of white collar and labor. Comparison of MSM shows no significant difference in the overall patterns of enthesopathies between individuals who report an occupation of white collar or those who report an occupation of laborer as defined by the U.S. Office of Personnel. Comparison of MSM in this population shows no significant difference between males and females, regardless of occupational category, a finding which runs counter to many earlier studies. Using dichotomous data it is revealed that laborers develop MSM symmetrically, evidence of whole-body activity. Further, white collar MSM can be associated with sitting and elevating the arm. Laborer's MSM are associated with lifting, twisting, pushing, squatting, walking, running and standing. Recommendations on methodology are provided.

The use of the Daubert Standard in court proceedings has highlighted the need to substantiate scientific findings or claims beyond simply accepting the word of a respected expert. The concept of postmenopausal masculinization of the skull in female crania falls into this category. Dr. Walker references this concept in several articles but there is no research to support this hypothesis. This project examines the theory of postmenopausal masculinization of female crania from several perspectives, using the visual sex estimation method set forth in Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains edited by Jane E. Buikstra and Douglas H Ubelaker, photographic seriation of these sex estimation traits, and metric measurements in conjunction with Fordisc 3.1. A sample of 395 crania from the Hamann-Todd Collection at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was analyzed using all three of these methods to determine if there was a pattern of masculinization in the postmenopausal female sample. The average age for the onset of menopause in the United States is 50, thus there should be an increase in "masculinization" observable through more rugged sex estimation traits, a higher number of females 50 or over being found below the midpoint in photographic seriations of sex estimation traits, and an increase in Fordisc 3.1 sex identification misclassifications in females in this age category. The results of the analyses revealed that there were statistically significant differences between ancestry groups, the sexes, and in some cases, age-groups. The results of this research indicate that though there are some differences between comparison groups, there does not appear to be a cohesive pattern of masculinization in female crania at or after the average age of onset of menopause. Human variation is endless, and even in areas of the skeleton for which it has been established that there is a significant degree of sexual dimorphism, there will be individuals who do not fit neatly into a binary conception of sexual divergence. Though these individuals may be misidentified as the opposite sex using one or all of the methods utilized in this project, this falls short of being classified as a part of the menopausal process in females.

In forensic anthropology, laboratory-based (LBM) and field-based (FM) models can be used to develop new methods and to research the stability and rate at which bio-molecules degrade. In this study, both these methods were used to investigate the effects that temperature, time after death (TAD) and other environmental factors had on the concentration of and change in molecular structure (increase in free pyrrole content, ninhydrin reactive nitrogen (NRN) and iron). of collagen, haemoglobin (Hb) and DNA in porcine teeth For the LBM, porcine teeth were heated at 900C for 0-4 hours, 1 hour intervals, (total number of teeth n=35). A porcine FM was established at the Miertjie Le Roux Experimental Farm of the University of Pretoria. From the decomposing pigs, teeth were collected at TAD intervals of 20 days (n=35). The morphology of the teeth were evaluated and recorded. Methods for collagen and DNA isolation, quantification of protein, collagen, haemoglobin (Hb), free pyrrole content (FPC), ninhydrin reactive nitrogen (NRN), total iron, Fe2+ and Fe3+ as well as a real-time PCR method for the detection of mitochondrial cytb gene in porcine teeth were established. These methods were used to determine the concentration and structural integrity of these molecules in the LBM and FM teeth. The morphology of the LBM teeth was regular with only minor changes in colour with time heated. The collagen and Hb concentration did not change with time. A decrease in total iron (not statistically significant) and Fe3+ (p=0.014; R2=0.74) was found and was associated with an increase in Fe2+ (p=0.014; R2=0.965). No change in free pyrolle content was found. The total protein concentration determined using the Biuret method showed a decrease with time (p=0.009; R2=0.99). For DNA, a linear decrease in concentration (p=0.00; R2=0.93) was found. This DNA could still be used for the successful amplification of the cytb gene. As for DNA a similar decrease in NRN (p=0.00; R2=0.99) was also found whether this is related to protein or DNA degradation is unknown. From this data the total protein, DNA and NRN showed a definite time related change in concentration. For the field model the teeth were brown, cracked, weathered and corroded. As for LBM, there were no time related changes in mass and collagen content. A significant decrease in total protein concentration (p=0.00; R2=0.52) and FPC (p=0.01; R2=0.98) was observed. Hb, FPC and iron levels (total iron, Fe3+ and Fe 2) did not change with time but concentrations FPC and iron were higher than those found in the LBM. Also total protein concentration although it decreases with time was also increased when compared to the LBM (sentence is awkward, re-word). This could be due to increase bacteria activity that results in an increase in protein biomass, iron accumulation and pyrolle synthesis. In contrast Hb levels were the same as LBM and are species specific and not related to increased bacterial activity. NRN showed a time related decrease in concentration (p=0.09; R2=0.99) and was also twice that found in the LBM. This is related to decomposition of porcine protein and DNA as well as that derived from bacteria. A decrease in DNA concentration with time was found (p=0.00; R2=0.88). DNA from all samples and could be used for the amplification of cytb. In conclusion the LBM allows for rapid method development and the investigation of the effect of single factors on the integrity of bio-molecules such as protein and DNA. The FM can then be used to further investigate the effect of many additional environmental factors on the concentration and structure of the same bio-molecules. Using both models, it was found that total protein, DNA and NRN showed a time related change in concentration while the concentration of collagen and Hb remained constant. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Anatomy / unrestricted