Combustion of fossil fuels has contributed to many environmental problems including acid deposition. The Clean Air Act (CAA) was created to reduce ecological problems by cutting emissions of sulfur and nitrogen. Reduced emissions and rainfall concentrations of acidic ions have been observed since the enactment of the CAA, but soils continue to receive some acid inputs. Soils sensitive to acid deposition have been found to have low pH, a loss of base cations and a shift in the mineral phase controlling the activity of Al3+ and/or SO42-. If inputs continue, soil may be depleted of base cations and saturated with Al and could cause low forest productivity. Soil solutions from lysimeters were taken in the Daniel Boone National Forest to evaluate potential impacts of acid deposition. In addition, tree-ring growth and chemical analysis created a timeline of forest health and ion accumulation. Physicochemical characteristics of the soils revealed that sites were very low in base saturation and pH and high in exchangeable acidity. Soil solution data indicated that sites periodically received high acid inputs leading to saturation of Al in soils and the formation of Al-hydroxy-sulfate minerals. Given these conditions, long-term changes in soil chemistry from acid deposition are acknowledged.

La phyllosphère est l’habitat fourni par la partie foliaire des plantes. De nombreuses espèces microbiennes - pathogènes, saprophytes ou mutualistes des plantes - peuplent cet environnement. Ce compartiment microbien influence donc la dynamique et la structure des communautés végétales. L’objectif principal de cette thèse était d’étudier les effets potentiels du changement climatique sur la structure des assemblages fongiques de la phyllosphère des arbres forestiers, et sur la niche écologique des espèces fongiques pathogènes des arbres forestiers. Nous avons pour cela utilisé deux approches, i) l’étude de gradients altitudinaux et ii) la construction de modèles de niche bioclimatique.Les assemblages fongiques de la phyllosphère des arbres forestiers étant encore peu connus, nous avons dans un premier temps décrit leur diversité et quantifié leur variabilité spatiale à l’échelle d’une parcelle forestière.Nos résultats montrent que la phyllosphère d’un arbre forestier abrite quelques centaines d’espèces fongiques, avec quelques espèces dominantes et beaucoup d’espèces rares. Les facteurs structurant ces assemblages incluent à la fois des facteurs abiotiques et biotiques : la température apparaît comme la variable climatique la plus explicative le long d’un gradient altitudinal ; à l’échelle d’une parcelle, la proximité génétique entre arbres est plus déterminante que leur distance géographique.L’analyse des modèles de niche des champignons pathogènes forestiers à l’échelle de la France met en évidence des limitations climatiques, les pluies estivales étant une variable explicative importante.Toutefois, plusieurs espèces introduites occupent déjà la plus grande part de la distribution de leur hôte,sans limitation apparente par le climat. Les effets du changement climatique sur la plupart des pathogènes s’exerceront d’abord indirectement par des effets dépressifs très importants sur l’abondance de leurs arbres-hôtes. Seuls les pathogènes adaptés au biotope méditerranéen verraient leur impact s’accroitre. / Phyllosphere is the habitat provided by the leaves of living plants. Many microbial species -pathogens, saprophytes or mutualists of plants - inhabit this environment. These microbes therefore influence the dynamics and structure of plant communities. The main objective was to study the potential effects of climate change on the structure of phyllosphere fungal assemblages, and on the ecological niche of pathogenic fungal species of forest trees. We used two approaches, i) the study of altitudinal gradients and ii) the construction of bioclimatic niche models. Since phyllosphere fungal assemblages of forest trees are still poorly known, we first described their diversity and quantified their spatial variability at the scale of a forest stand.Our results show that the phyllosphere of a forest tree houses hundreds of fungal species, with few dominant species and many rare species. Factors structuring these assemblages include both abiotic and biotic factors: the temperature appears as the most explanatory variable along an elevation algradient. At the scale of a forest stand, the genetic proximity between trees is more important than the geographic distance. Analysis of the bioclimatic niche models of pathogenic fungi forest at the French scale highlights some climatic limitations, and the summer rainfall is an important explanatory variable. However, many introduced species already occupy the distribution of their host, without apparent climatic limitation. The effects of climate change on most pathogens will be exercised indirectly by very important depressive effects on the abundance of their host trees. Only pathogens adapted to the Mediterranean biotope would increase their impact.

<p>Thesis submission for Caleb Kell</p>

Les écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens présentent des espèces d'arbres vivant en limite sud de leur aire de répartition sensibles aux stress climatiques et des espèces vivant au coeur de leur aire de répartition et a priori adaptées à ces mêmes stress. Ces contrastes interrogent sur la diversité potentielle des mécanismes régulant la dynamique des populations de leurs parasites, et en retour l'impact des parasites sur la dynamique de leurs hôtes. Les scolytes constituent un bon modèle pour l'étude de ces interactions hôte-parasite car ils alternent des phases endémiques et épidémiques. Nous avons développé une approche pluridisciplinaire couplant la caractérisation de traits écophysiologiques et dendrométriques impliqués dans la résistance des populations d'arbres aux attaques de scolytes avec la caractérisation de facteurs écologiques clés pour la démographie des scolytes. Chez le pin d'Alep, T. destruens est présent à un niveau endémique mais des attaques subsistent dans des patchs d'arbres formés par des arbres attaqués et morts suite aux attaques, des arbres attaqués qui ont résisté et des arbres non attaqués. Des stratégies de dispersion locale différentes selon les deux grandes phases du cycle de T . destruens semblent favoriser l'exploitation d'une ressource peu abondante. Chez le sapin pectiné, nous avons montré qu'une communauté abondante de scolytes s'attaque à des arbres déjà affaiblis par des sécheresses répétées et présentant un mauvais état sanitaire et une croissance en baisse. Ces deux écosystèmes forestiers permettent de mieux appréhender les mécanismes impliqués dans les interactions plantes-insectes dans un contexte de changement global. / Mediterranean forest ecosystems have both trees living in their southern range and being sensitive to climatic stress and tree species living in the core of their range and being non sensitive to the same stress. These contrasts in tree populations questioned about potential contrasts in their interrelationships with their parasites and on the impact of that parasites have on their host in turn. Bark beetles are a relevant model to study such host-parasite interactions because they alternate endemic and epidemic phases. We developed a multidisciplinary approach combining the characterization of ecophysiological and dendrometrical traits involved in resistance of tree populations to bark beetle attacks with this assessment of key ecological factors involved in bark beetles demography. We focused on the two following contrasted Mediterranean ecosystems in South-Eastern France: a healthy Aleppo pine interacting with a bark beetle population at an endemic state and a declining population of the Silver fir interacting with a bark beetle community at an epidemic state. Our results suggested that this Aleppo pine population, the pine shoot beetle T. destruens showed low abundance levels. All attacks remained in patches formed by dead trees following the attacks. T. destruens dispersal strategies seem to favor the exploitation of a scarce resource. On silver fir, we showed a bark beetle community attacking trees already weakened by repeated droughts and with poor health status and low growth. The study of these two contrasted forest ecosystems allowed us to shed some critical light on the mechanisms involved in plant-insect interactions in the context of global change.

Sirex noctilio is causing considerable mortality in commercial pine forests in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa. The ability to remotely detect S. noctilio infestations remains crucial for monitoring the spread of the wasp and for the effective deployment of suppression activities. This thesis advocates the development of techniques based on remote sensing technology to accurately detect and map S. noctilio infestations. To date, no research has examined the potential of remote sensing technologies for the detection and mapping of Pinus patula trees infested by S. noctilio. In the first part of this thesis, the focus was on whether high spatial resolution imagery could characterize S. noctilio induced stress in P. patula forests. Results showed that, the normalized difference vegetation index derived from high spatial resolution imagery has the potential to accurately detect and map the later stages of S. noctilio infestations. Additionally, operational guidelines for the optimal spatial resolutions that are suitable for detecting and mapping varying levels of sustained S. noctilio mortality were defined. Results showed that a pixel size of 2.3 m is recommended to detect high (11-15%) infestation levels, and a pixel size of 1.75 m is recommended for detecting low to medium infestation levels (1-10%). In the second part of this thesis, the focus was on the ability of high spectral resolution (hyperspectral) data to discriminate between healthy trees and the early stages of S. noctilio infestation. Results showed that specific wavelengths located in the visible and near infrared region have the greatest potential for discriminating between healthy trees and the early stages of S. noctilio infestation. The researcher also evaluated the robustness and accuracy of various machine learning algorithms in identifying spectral parameters that allowed for the successful detection of S. noctilio infestations. Results showed that the random forest algorithm simplified the process by identifying the minimum number of spectral parameters that provided the best overall accuracies. In the final part of this thesis spatial modelling techniques were used to proactively identify pine forests that are highly susceptible to S. noctilio infestations. For the first time the random forest algorithm was used in conjunction with geographic information systems for mapping pine forests that are susceptible to S. noctilio infestations. Overall, there is a high probability of S. noctilio infestation for the majority (63%) of pine forest plantations located in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Compared to previous studies, the random forest model identified highly susceptible pine forests at a more regional scale and provided an understanding of localized variations of environmental conditions in relation to the distribution of the wasps. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) is the most widespread and destructive defoliator of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests in British Columbia. Over the past two decades, western spruce budworm outbreaks have been sustained and widespread in the interior of British Columbia, leaving the forest industry and many forest-dependent communities increasingly vulnerable to the economic consequences of these outbreaks. While a great deal is known about the impact of western spruce budworm outbreaks on tree growth and form, substantial knowledge gaps remain as to the historic variability of western spruce budworm outbreaks and the consequences of defoliation on fundamental characteristics such as wood structure. This research focused on describing historic and contemporary western spruce budworm outbreaks across multiple spatial and temporal scales in south-central British Columbia using dendrochronology and wood anatomy techniques. Outbreak histories over the past 435 years were reconstructed using a network of tree-ring chronologies from central British Columbia, revealing that 12 western spruce budworm outbreaks have occurred since the early 1600s, with a mean return interval of 30 years. Further, the research illustrates that outbreaks observed over the last 40 years are not unprecedented, which does not support the perception that western spruce budworm is moving northward into central British Columbia. To evaluate the effects of a single western spruce budworm outbreak on the anatomical characteristics of Douglas-fir stemwood, tree ring data was collected from permanent sample plots that sustained both periodic and chronic western spruce budworm feeding. In mature even-aged stands of Douglas-fir, a documented outbreak occurred from 1976 to 1980 in the coastal transition zone of southern British Columbia. Based on microscopic wood anatomical measurements it was shown that the tree rings formed during this outbreak had significantly lower percentages of latewood, reduced mean cell wall thickness and smaller radial cell diameters relative to wood formed during periods without budworm feeding. Western spruce budworm defoliation temporarily modified cellular characteristics, which has implications for wood quality. In uneven-aged stands of mature Douglas-fir, located in the xeric southern interior of British Columbia, there has been a sustained western spruce budworm outbreak since 1997. Tree rings formed during this outbreak had progressively larger earlywood lumen area and radial cell diameter, reduced latewood cell wall thickness, latewood radial cell diameters, and lower percent latewood. Mixed-effects models revealed that climatic variables, defoliation severity, defoliation duration, and in limited cases canopy class were the best predictors of xylem features. The severity and duration of western spruce budworm defoliation, as well as site factors that influence moisture conditions effect the degree and direction of anatomical changes in the stemwood of Douglas-fir. This research fills a number of knowledge gaps by providing insights into the temporal and spatial dynamics of western spruce budworm outbreaks in central British Columbia over multiple centuries, and the plasticity of anatomical features in the stemwood of Douglas-fir during discrete western spruce budworm outbreaks. These research findings suggest that Douglas-fir forests are resilient to western spruce budworm outbreaks over space and time. / Graduate

Esta tese consiste na identificação de contribuições político-pedagógicas dos movimentos sociais populares nas experiências e práticas culturais, integrativas, tradicionais de cuidado e de educação popular em saúde, especialmente do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas, que poderão compor a caixa de ferramentas pedagógicas dos processos de formação de profissionais/trabalhadores (as) da saúde para sua atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em comunidades do campo, da floresta e das águas. A pesquisa foi realizada junto ao Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas através de análise de observações, registros, documentos, histórias de vida, oficinas e círculos de cultura feitos com mulheres que participam dessa organização, como também as redes de interação com a educação popular e permanente em saúde. A pesquisa articula essas experiências e seus saberes no contexto de produção de vida, saúde e adoecimento das populações que vivem nesses territórios e os desafios para o cuidado integral e a educação em saúde. Territórios marcados pelos interesses do capital transnacional e seus impactos sobre os camponeses (as), onde os determinantes sociais e as desigualdades compõe a complexidade da situação de saúde dessas populações. Traz a ação das mulheres camponesas na produção de cuidado da vida e da saúde na sua trajetória histórica, os eixos estruturantes articulados às relações sociais de gênero, raça/etnia, classe e orientação sexual, ao feminismo e ao projeto popular de agricultura camponesa. Pelo caminho percorrido, foi possível perceber que as políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, especialmente nos territórios de atuação dessas mulheres camponesas, são recentes e frágeis na garantia do acesso e na atenção integral à saúde. O MMC surge como espaço de luta e valorização das mulheres camponesas na conquista de direitos e a saúde emergem como uma das lutas importantes do movimento. Nele as mulheres se ressignificam, tem o cuidado com vida e a saúde como base central do seu agir e fazem experiências de libertação e emancipação, enquanto sentido profundo de sua práxis portadora de uma dinâmica educativo-terapêutica e uma mística libertadora. Dessa forma, constroem novos significados à integralidade da saúde, fortalecem o sentimento de pertença das mulheres para com o movimento, ao mesmo tempo em que fazem o enfrentamento ao agronegócio, ao neoliberalismo, à cultura machista e às formas de opressão, de exploração, de discriminação e de violência. Das experiências de organização, de cuidado, de luta e de formação que o movimento desenvolve, bem como a interação com os movimentos e práticas de educação popular em saúde e de educação permanente em saúde emergem as contribuições politico-pedagógicas que ajudam a repensar o modo de cuidar a vida e a saúde, bem como as políticas públicas de educação da saúde, tanto para o meio acadêmico, como para os processos de trabalho e educação na saúde junto ao Sistema Único de Saúde e seus atores, principalmente para a atuação no campo, nas florestas e nas águas. / This thesis consists in the identification of the social movements political-pedagogical contributions in the cultural, integrative, traditional experiences and practices of care and the popular education in health, especially in the Rural Women Movement, that would compose the pedagogical toolbox of the workers and health professional formation process to their actuation in the Single Health System in the field, forest and water communities. The search was realized along with the Rural Women Movement, through analysis of observations, records, documents, life stories, workshops and cultural circles made with women that make part of this organization, as well the interaction network with the popular and permanent health education. The search articulate these experiences and its knowledge in the life, health and illness production contest of the population that live in these territories, and the challenges for the comprehensive care and the health education. Territories marked by transnational capital interests and its impacts on farmers, were the social determinants and the inequalities make the complexity of these people health situation. It brings the rural women action in the life and health care in this historical trajectory, the structural axis articulated to social relation of gender, race/ethnicity, class and sexual orientation to the feminism and to the popular design of peasant agriculture. By the path taken, it was possible realize that the public health politics in Brazil, especially on the action territory of these rural women, are recent and frail in the ensuring access and in the comprehensive health care. The Rural Women Movement arises as a fight and valorization space of the rural women in the rights conquers and the health emerges as one of the most important movement fights. In it, women reframe there selves, have care with life, and have the health as a central bases of their action, and make liberation and emancipation experiences, as a deep sense of their praxis carried of a educative-therapeutic dynamics and a liberating mystic. Thereby, they construct new meanings to the health integrality, strengthen the women sense of belonging to the movement, at the same time that make the confronting agribusiness, neoliberalism, machist culture, and the forms of oppression, exploitation, discrimination and violence. From the organization, care, fight and formation experiences that the movement develops, as well as the interaction with the movements and health popular education practices and permanent health education emerges the political-pedagogical contributions that helps to rethink the way of care life and health, as well the health education public policy, both for academic as for the work processes and health education in the Single Health System and its actors, mainly to the field, forests and water action. / Esta tesis es la identificación de las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas de los movimientos sociales populares en las experiencias y las prácticas culturales, de integración, de cuidado tradicional y un programa de educación para la salud, especialmente el Movimiento de Mujeres Campesinas, que podrán componer la caja de herramientas pedagógicas de procesos de formación de los trabajadores (as) y profesionales de la salud para actuación en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS ) en comunidades del campo, de los bosques y de las aguas. La encuesta fue realizada junto al Movimiento de Mujeres Rurales a través del análisis de las observaciones, registros, documentos, historias de vida, talleres y círculos culturales realizados con mujeres que participan de esta organización, así como las redes de interacción con la educación popular y permanente en salud. La investigación articula estas experiencias y su sabiduría en el contexto de la producción de vida, salud y enfermedad de las poblaciones que viven en estos territorios y los desafíos para el cuidado integral y la educación en salud. Territorios marcados por los intereses del capital transnacional y su impacto sobre los campesinos (as), donde los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades constituyen la complejidad de la situación de salud de estas poblaciones. Trae la acción de la mujer rural en la producción del cuidado de la vida y la salud en su trayectoria histórica, los ejes estructurales articulados a las relaciones sociales de género, raza/etnia, clase y orientación sexual, al feminismo y proyecto popular de la agricultura campesina En el camino recorrido, se reveló que las políticas de salud pública en Brasil, sobre todo en los territorios de acción de estas mujeres agricultoras, son recientes y frágiles para garantizar el acceso y la atención integral de la salud. El MMC aparece como un espacio de lucha y valoración de las mujeres rurales en la conquista de los derechos y la salud surge como una de las importantes luchas del movimiento. En ella las mujeres se resignifican, tienen el cuidado con la vida y la salud como base central de su actuar y hacen experiencias de liberación y emancipación, mientras sentido profundo de su praxis portadora de una dinámica educativa-terapéutica y una mística liberadora. Por lo tanto, construyen nuevos significados a la integralidad de la salud, fortalecen el sentimiento de pertenencia de las mujeres al movimiento, mientras hacen el enfrentamiento a la agroindustria, al neoliberalismo, la cultura machista e las formas de opresión, de explotación, de discriminación y de violencia. De las experiencias de organización, de cuidado, de lucha y de formación que el movimiento desarrolla, así como la interacción con los movimientos y prácticas de la educación popular e continua en salud emergen las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas que ayudan a repensar la forma de cuidar la vida y la salud, así como las políticas públicas de educación para la salud, tanto para la comunidad académica como de los procesos de trabajo y educación en la salud por el Sistema Nacional de Salud y sus actores, principalmente para actuar en el campo, bosques y aguas.

Vegetation status is a key indicator of the ecosystem condition in a particular area. The study objective was about the estimation of leaf nitrogen (N) as an indicator of vegetation water stress using vegetation indices especially the red edge based ones, and how leaf N concentration is influenced by various environmental factors. Leaf nitrogen was estimated using univariate and multivariate regression techniques of stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and random forest. The effects of environmental parameters on leaf nitrogen distribution were tested through univariate regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Vegetation indices were evaluated derived from the analytical spectral device (ASD) data, resampled to RapidEye. The multivariate models were also developed to predict leaf N. The best model was chosen based on the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and higher coefficient of determination (R2) values. Univariate results showed that red edge based vegetation index called MERRIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI) yielded higher leaf N estimation accuracy as compared to other vegetation indices. Simple ratio (SR) based on the bands red and near-infrared was found to be the best vegetation index for leaf N estimation with exclusion of red edge band for stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) method. Simple ratio (SR3) was the best vegetation index when red edge was included for stepwise linear regression (SMLR) method. Random forest prediction model achieved the highest leaf N estimation accuracy, the best vegetation index was Red Green Index (RGI1) based on all bands with red green index when including the red edge band. When red edge band was excluded the best vegetation index for random forest was Difference Vegetation Index (DVI1). The results for univariate and multivariate results indicated that the inclusion of the red edge band provides opportunity to accurately estimate leaf N. Analysis of variance results showed that vegetation and soil types have a significant effect on leaf N distribution with p-values<0.05. Red edge based indices provides opportunity to assess vegetation health using remote sensing techniques. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Esta tese consiste na identificação de contribuições político-pedagógicas dos movimentos sociais populares nas experiências e práticas culturais, integrativas, tradicionais de cuidado e de educação popular em saúde, especialmente do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas, que poderão compor a caixa de ferramentas pedagógicas dos processos de formação de profissionais/trabalhadores (as) da saúde para sua atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em comunidades do campo, da floresta e das águas. A pesquisa foi realizada junto ao Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas através de análise de observações, registros, documentos, histórias de vida, oficinas e círculos de cultura feitos com mulheres que participam dessa organização, como também as redes de interação com a educação popular e permanente em saúde. A pesquisa articula essas experiências e seus saberes no contexto de produção de vida, saúde e adoecimento das populações que vivem nesses territórios e os desafios para o cuidado integral e a educação em saúde. Territórios marcados pelos interesses do capital transnacional e seus impactos sobre os camponeses (as), onde os determinantes sociais e as desigualdades compõe a complexidade da situação de saúde dessas populações. Traz a ação das mulheres camponesas na produção de cuidado da vida e da saúde na sua trajetória histórica, os eixos estruturantes articulados às relações sociais de gênero, raça/etnia, classe e orientação sexual, ao feminismo e ao projeto popular de agricultura camponesa. Pelo caminho percorrido, foi possível perceber que as políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, especialmente nos territórios de atuação dessas mulheres camponesas, são recentes e frágeis na garantia do acesso e na atenção integral à saúde. O MMC surge como espaço de luta e valorização das mulheres camponesas na conquista de direitos e a saúde emergem como uma das lutas importantes do movimento. Nele as mulheres se ressignificam, tem o cuidado com vida e a saúde como base central do seu agir e fazem experiências de libertação e emancipação, enquanto sentido profundo de sua práxis portadora de uma dinâmica educativo-terapêutica e uma mística libertadora. Dessa forma, constroem novos significados à integralidade da saúde, fortalecem o sentimento de pertença das mulheres para com o movimento, ao mesmo tempo em que fazem o enfrentamento ao agronegócio, ao neoliberalismo, à cultura machista e às formas de opressão, de exploração, de discriminação e de violência. Das experiências de organização, de cuidado, de luta e de formação que o movimento desenvolve, bem como a interação com os movimentos e práticas de educação popular em saúde e de educação permanente em saúde emergem as contribuições politico-pedagógicas que ajudam a repensar o modo de cuidar a vida e a saúde, bem como as políticas públicas de educação da saúde, tanto para o meio acadêmico, como para os processos de trabalho e educação na saúde junto ao Sistema Único de Saúde e seus atores, principalmente para a atuação no campo, nas florestas e nas águas. / This thesis consists in the identification of the social movements political-pedagogical contributions in the cultural, integrative, traditional experiences and practices of care and the popular education in health, especially in the Rural Women Movement, that would compose the pedagogical toolbox of the workers and health professional formation process to their actuation in the Single Health System in the field, forest and water communities. The search was realized along with the Rural Women Movement, through analysis of observations, records, documents, life stories, workshops and cultural circles made with women that make part of this organization, as well the interaction network with the popular and permanent health education. The search articulate these experiences and its knowledge in the life, health and illness production contest of the population that live in these territories, and the challenges for the comprehensive care and the health education. Territories marked by transnational capital interests and its impacts on farmers, were the social determinants and the inequalities make the complexity of these people health situation. It brings the rural women action in the life and health care in this historical trajectory, the structural axis articulated to social relation of gender, race/ethnicity, class and sexual orientation to the feminism and to the popular design of peasant agriculture. By the path taken, it was possible realize that the public health politics in Brazil, especially on the action territory of these rural women, are recent and frail in the ensuring access and in the comprehensive health care. The Rural Women Movement arises as a fight and valorization space of the rural women in the rights conquers and the health emerges as one of the most important movement fights. In it, women reframe there selves, have care with life, and have the health as a central bases of their action, and make liberation and emancipation experiences, as a deep sense of their praxis carried of a educative-therapeutic dynamics and a liberating mystic. Thereby, they construct new meanings to the health integrality, strengthen the women sense of belonging to the movement, at the same time that make the confronting agribusiness, neoliberalism, machist culture, and the forms of oppression, exploitation, discrimination and violence. From the organization, care, fight and formation experiences that the movement develops, as well as the interaction with the movements and health popular education practices and permanent health education emerges the political-pedagogical contributions that helps to rethink the way of care life and health, as well the health education public policy, both for academic as for the work processes and health education in the Single Health System and its actors, mainly to the field, forests and water action. / Esta tesis es la identificación de las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas de los movimientos sociales populares en las experiencias y las prácticas culturales, de integración, de cuidado tradicional y un programa de educación para la salud, especialmente el Movimiento de Mujeres Campesinas, que podrán componer la caja de herramientas pedagógicas de procesos de formación de los trabajadores (as) y profesionales de la salud para actuación en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS ) en comunidades del campo, de los bosques y de las aguas. La encuesta fue realizada junto al Movimiento de Mujeres Rurales a través del análisis de las observaciones, registros, documentos, historias de vida, talleres y círculos culturales realizados con mujeres que participan de esta organización, así como las redes de interacción con la educación popular y permanente en salud. La investigación articula estas experiencias y su sabiduría en el contexto de la producción de vida, salud y enfermedad de las poblaciones que viven en estos territorios y los desafíos para el cuidado integral y la educación en salud. Territorios marcados por los intereses del capital transnacional y su impacto sobre los campesinos (as), donde los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades constituyen la complejidad de la situación de salud de estas poblaciones. Trae la acción de la mujer rural en la producción del cuidado de la vida y la salud en su trayectoria histórica, los ejes estructurales articulados a las relaciones sociales de género, raza/etnia, clase y orientación sexual, al feminismo y proyecto popular de la agricultura campesina En el camino recorrido, se reveló que las políticas de salud pública en Brasil, sobre todo en los territorios de acción de estas mujeres agricultoras, son recientes y frágiles para garantizar el acceso y la atención integral de la salud. El MMC aparece como un espacio de lucha y valoración de las mujeres rurales en la conquista de los derechos y la salud surge como una de las importantes luchas del movimiento. En ella las mujeres se resignifican, tienen el cuidado con la vida y la salud como base central de su actuar y hacen experiencias de liberación y emancipación, mientras sentido profundo de su praxis portadora de una dinámica educativa-terapéutica y una mística liberadora. Por lo tanto, construyen nuevos significados a la integralidad de la salud, fortalecen el sentimiento de pertenencia de las mujeres al movimiento, mientras hacen el enfrentamiento a la agroindustria, al neoliberalismo, la cultura machista e las formas de opresión, de explotación, de discriminación y de violencia. De las experiencias de organización, de cuidado, de lucha y de formación que el movimiento desarrolla, así como la interacción con los movimientos y prácticas de la educación popular e continua en salud emergen las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas que ayudan a repensar la forma de cuidar la vida y la salud, así como las políticas públicas de educación para la salud, tanto para la comunidad académica como de los procesos de trabajo y educación en la salud por el Sistema Nacional de Salud y sus actores, principalmente para actuar en el campo, bosques y aguas.

Esta tese consiste na identificação de contribuições político-pedagógicas dos movimentos sociais populares nas experiências e práticas culturais, integrativas, tradicionais de cuidado e de educação popular em saúde, especialmente do Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas, que poderão compor a caixa de ferramentas pedagógicas dos processos de formação de profissionais/trabalhadores (as) da saúde para sua atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em comunidades do campo, da floresta e das águas. A pesquisa foi realizada junto ao Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas através de análise de observações, registros, documentos, histórias de vida, oficinas e círculos de cultura feitos com mulheres que participam dessa organização, como também as redes de interação com a educação popular e permanente em saúde. A pesquisa articula essas experiências e seus saberes no contexto de produção de vida, saúde e adoecimento das populações que vivem nesses territórios e os desafios para o cuidado integral e a educação em saúde. Territórios marcados pelos interesses do capital transnacional e seus impactos sobre os camponeses (as), onde os determinantes sociais e as desigualdades compõe a complexidade da situação de saúde dessas populações. Traz a ação das mulheres camponesas na produção de cuidado da vida e da saúde na sua trajetória histórica, os eixos estruturantes articulados às relações sociais de gênero, raça/etnia, classe e orientação sexual, ao feminismo e ao projeto popular de agricultura camponesa. Pelo caminho percorrido, foi possível perceber que as políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil, especialmente nos territórios de atuação dessas mulheres camponesas, são recentes e frágeis na garantia do acesso e na atenção integral à saúde. O MMC surge como espaço de luta e valorização das mulheres camponesas na conquista de direitos e a saúde emergem como uma das lutas importantes do movimento. Nele as mulheres se ressignificam, tem o cuidado com vida e a saúde como base central do seu agir e fazem experiências de libertação e emancipação, enquanto sentido profundo de sua práxis portadora de uma dinâmica educativo-terapêutica e uma mística libertadora. Dessa forma, constroem novos significados à integralidade da saúde, fortalecem o sentimento de pertença das mulheres para com o movimento, ao mesmo tempo em que fazem o enfrentamento ao agronegócio, ao neoliberalismo, à cultura machista e às formas de opressão, de exploração, de discriminação e de violência. Das experiências de organização, de cuidado, de luta e de formação que o movimento desenvolve, bem como a interação com os movimentos e práticas de educação popular em saúde e de educação permanente em saúde emergem as contribuições politico-pedagógicas que ajudam a repensar o modo de cuidar a vida e a saúde, bem como as políticas públicas de educação da saúde, tanto para o meio acadêmico, como para os processos de trabalho e educação na saúde junto ao Sistema Único de Saúde e seus atores, principalmente para a atuação no campo, nas florestas e nas águas. / This thesis consists in the identification of the social movements political-pedagogical contributions in the cultural, integrative, traditional experiences and practices of care and the popular education in health, especially in the Rural Women Movement, that would compose the pedagogical toolbox of the workers and health professional formation process to their actuation in the Single Health System in the field, forest and water communities. The search was realized along with the Rural Women Movement, through analysis of observations, records, documents, life stories, workshops and cultural circles made with women that make part of this organization, as well the interaction network with the popular and permanent health education. The search articulate these experiences and its knowledge in the life, health and illness production contest of the population that live in these territories, and the challenges for the comprehensive care and the health education. Territories marked by transnational capital interests and its impacts on farmers, were the social determinants and the inequalities make the complexity of these people health situation. It brings the rural women action in the life and health care in this historical trajectory, the structural axis articulated to social relation of gender, race/ethnicity, class and sexual orientation to the feminism and to the popular design of peasant agriculture. By the path taken, it was possible realize that the public health politics in Brazil, especially on the action territory of these rural women, are recent and frail in the ensuring access and in the comprehensive health care. The Rural Women Movement arises as a fight and valorization space of the rural women in the rights conquers and the health emerges as one of the most important movement fights. In it, women reframe there selves, have care with life, and have the health as a central bases of their action, and make liberation and emancipation experiences, as a deep sense of their praxis carried of a educative-therapeutic dynamics and a liberating mystic. Thereby, they construct new meanings to the health integrality, strengthen the women sense of belonging to the movement, at the same time that make the confronting agribusiness, neoliberalism, machist culture, and the forms of oppression, exploitation, discrimination and violence. From the organization, care, fight and formation experiences that the movement develops, as well as the interaction with the movements and health popular education practices and permanent health education emerges the political-pedagogical contributions that helps to rethink the way of care life and health, as well the health education public policy, both for academic as for the work processes and health education in the Single Health System and its actors, mainly to the field, forests and water action. / Esta tesis es la identificación de las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas de los movimientos sociales populares en las experiencias y las prácticas culturales, de integración, de cuidado tradicional y un programa de educación para la salud, especialmente el Movimiento de Mujeres Campesinas, que podrán componer la caja de herramientas pedagógicas de procesos de formación de los trabajadores (as) y profesionales de la salud para actuación en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS ) en comunidades del campo, de los bosques y de las aguas. La encuesta fue realizada junto al Movimiento de Mujeres Rurales a través del análisis de las observaciones, registros, documentos, historias de vida, talleres y círculos culturales realizados con mujeres que participan de esta organización, así como las redes de interacción con la educación popular y permanente en salud. La investigación articula estas experiencias y su sabiduría en el contexto de la producción de vida, salud y enfermedad de las poblaciones que viven en estos territorios y los desafíos para el cuidado integral y la educación en salud. Territorios marcados por los intereses del capital transnacional y su impacto sobre los campesinos (as), donde los determinantes sociales y las desigualdades constituyen la complejidad de la situación de salud de estas poblaciones. Trae la acción de la mujer rural en la producción del cuidado de la vida y la salud en su trayectoria histórica, los ejes estructurales articulados a las relaciones sociales de género, raza/etnia, clase y orientación sexual, al feminismo y proyecto popular de la agricultura campesina En el camino recorrido, se reveló que las políticas de salud pública en Brasil, sobre todo en los territorios de acción de estas mujeres agricultoras, son recientes y frágiles para garantizar el acceso y la atención integral de la salud. El MMC aparece como un espacio de lucha y valoración de las mujeres rurales en la conquista de los derechos y la salud surge como una de las importantes luchas del movimiento. En ella las mujeres se resignifican, tienen el cuidado con la vida y la salud como base central de su actuar y hacen experiencias de liberación y emancipación, mientras sentido profundo de su praxis portadora de una dinámica educativa-terapéutica y una mística liberadora. Por lo tanto, construyen nuevos significados a la integralidad de la salud, fortalecen el sentimiento de pertenencia de las mujeres al movimiento, mientras hacen el enfrentamiento a la agroindustria, al neoliberalismo, la cultura machista e las formas de opresión, de explotación, de discriminación y de violencia. De las experiencias de organización, de cuidado, de lucha y de formación que el movimiento desarrolla, así como la interacción con los movimientos y prácticas de la educación popular e continua en salud emergen las contribuciones políticas y pedagógicas que ayudan a repensar la forma de cuidar la vida y la salud, así como las políticas públicas de educación para la salud, tanto para la comunidad académica como de los procesos de trabajo y educación en la salud por el Sistema Nacional de Salud y sus actores, principalmente para actuar en el campo, bosques y aguas.