This dissertation consists of three essays on private landowners' response to incentives for carbon sequestration in forests. The first essay examines private landowner response to incentives for carbon sequestration through various combinations of intermediate management practices. The second essay focuses on agricultural landowners' willingness to participate in an incentive program for carbon sequestration through afforestation, and estimates the potential for carbon sequestration from afforestation, as well as its cost. The third study examines relative performances of incentive targeting strategies for forest carbon sequestration under asymmetric information given spatially heterogeneous land types. The first essay uses an econometric approach to analyze the factors affecting non-industrial private forest landowners' choice of forest management practices, and examines how these choices might change in response to the use of incentives for carbon sequestration. I use estimated parameters to simulate the carbon sequestration potential for different combinations of management practices, and compare the effectiveness and costs of performance-based and practice-based incentive payment schemes in the Western U.S. The results suggest that incentive payments can increase the probability that desirable combinations of management practices are adopted, and particularly that incentives targeting increased fertilization yield the highest carbon sequestration potential. I also find that a performance-based payment scheme produces higher carbon sequestration than a practice-based payments scheme. However, the annual sequestration potential of intermediate forest management in response to incentive payment is not as large as the sequestration potential of afforestation. The second essay uses a survey-based stated preference approach to predict landowners' willingness to participate in a tree planting program for carbon sequestration as a function of various factors affecting landowners' decision making and different levels of incentive payments. The estimation results show that the annual payment for carbon sequestration significantly and positively affects landowners' stated level of enrollment in a tree planting program. I use the estimated parameters to conduct regional level simulations of carbon sequestration in response to incentive payments. These simulations show that the carbon supply function in the Pacific Northwest region is steeper than in the Southeast region because of the lower adoption rate and less available lands. The national level carbon supply functions derived from this study are steeper than those obtained from bottom-up engineering approaches and optimization models, and are in the same range as those from revealed preference approach studies. The third essay uses both a conceptual analysis and a numerical analysis to examine the relative performances of incentive programs for carbon sequestration using alternative targeting criteria in the presence of asymmetric information and heterogeneity in costs and benefits. The results show that in the presence of asymmetric information, the combination of high cost-high benefit variability and negative correlation, which is the combination that achieves the greatest benefit gains under perfect information, can result in the greatest benefit losses. Additionally, a comparison of two targeting schemes shows that if cost variability is greater than benefit variability with negative correlation, the benefit achieved under benefit-cost ratio targeting can be lower than that under acreage targeting, so that an optimal targeting strategy under perfect information may no longer be optimal under asymmetric information. / Graduation date: 2013

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 15, 2009). Thesis advisor: Donald G. Hodges. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

The estimation of afforestation reservation prices for small landowners in New Zealand has not been the subject of much research despite its importance in predicting future land use. Reservation prices for planting represent the minimum payment a landowner must receive before converting land from agriculture to forest. A survey of 728 landowners from every region of New Zealand who own between 20 and 200 hectares of forest as well as other unplanted land used for agriculture were surveyed about forestland, forest land owner demographics, ownership objectives, silviculture and reservation prices. In this study, reservation price strategies were investigated by offering hypothetical annual and one-time payments for converting land from agriculture to forestry. From this survey, the average one-time payment a landowner would be willing to accept to convert a hectare of land from agriculture to forestry was $3,554 and the average annual payment to convert a hectare of land was $360. The key factors influencing the reservation price were; whether or not the landowner lived on the property, if one of the ownership objectives was income from carbon, the primary agricultural enterprise and total household income. An implied discount rate was calculated for each landowner and excluding those who would not accept any payment the average after-tax discount rate was 9.7%. Small landowners indicated that their primary reason for owning plantation forest was income from timber with very few landowners using their forest land for recreation. The median farm size was 400 hectares and the median forest plantation was 37 hectares. Planting of radiata pine peaked in 1994 and 1995 with more radiata pine planted in 1994 than in all the years from 2000-2009. Most landowners are performing some type of silviculture in their forests. Ninety percent of landowners are pruning in the current rotation while only 61% plan to prune in the future. Only 26% of landowners have engaged in any commercial harvesting in the past ten years but as their current rotation matures 71% plan to replant on the same site. A majority of respondents thought the situation for forest landowners was getting better. Understanding the reservation price strategies of landowners is important for predicting future land use patterns and recognizing how close landowners are to converting land. The ownership objectives of landowners and the replanting decisions they make are critical for future timber supply. The results of this study can assist in the development of forest establishment incentive programmes. Better information about landowner characteristics will result in enhanced decision-making for the timber industry and the government in New Zealand.

No description available.

Longtemps laissée pour compte dans les réponses au changement climatique, l’adaptation prend aujourd’hui tout son sens. Confrontées aux premiers impacts du changement climatique et aux projections de plus en plus alarmantes, les sociétés commencent à se questionner sur les possibilités d’ajuster leurs activités à ces modifications d’une rapidité sans précédent. Bien davantage qu’un processus technique, l’adaptation au changement climatique peut être considérée comme un phénomène social se déroulant en interaction avec de nombreuses autres évolutions sociétales. <p><p>Cette thèse en sciences et gestion de l’environnement s’intéresse à la problématique de l’adaptation au changement climatique en Wallonie, dans le secteur de la foresterie et, en partie, de la filière bois. En nous appuyant sur les apports de la littérature théorique, nous appréhendons la pratique de l’adaptation de manière empirique, en nous concentrant d’abord sur une catégorie spécifique d’acteurs de la gestion forestière :les propriétaires forestiers privés. Une enquête qualitative approfondie a permis d’identifier différentes formes d’intégration de l’adaptation au sein de la gestion forestière, concrétisées par diverses mesures sylvicoles. Ces analyses ont abouti à l’élaboration d’une typologie de profils de propriétaires forestiers en fonction de leurs modes d’action en matière d’adaptation. Grâce à ces premiers résultats, nous avons pu investiguer la capacité d’adaptation de ces acteurs forestiers, comprise comme l’aptitude à s’ajuster aux dommages ou opportunités du changement climatique. Plusieurs variables d’influence ont été identifiées, révélant la portée multifactorielle du concept de capacité d’adaptation. <p>Ensuite, la focale de la recherche s’est élargie pour étudier les processus d’intégration de la question de l’adaptation au changement climatique à l’œuvre à d’autres niveaux de la filière forêt-bois wallonne. A travers une revue documentaire, des interviews et de l’observation non-participante, nous avons mené une analyse des représentations de la problématique de l’adaptation et des initiatives concrètes qui se mettent en place au sein de plusieurs organisations (administrations publiques, asbl de sensibilisation et de vulgarisation, instituts de formation, fédérations professionnelles et entreprises privées) de la gestion forestière et de la transformation du bois. Ce travail a révélé l’existence – ou l’absence – de différentes conceptions (cadrages) de l’adaptation selon les acteurs investigués, révélant des influences sur les possibilités d’options d’adaptation actuellement encouragées ou freinées. Ces apports nous ont permis d’alimenter notre analyse de la capacité d’adaptation des propriétaires forestiers privés, montrant la pertinence de notre approche multi-scalaire. <p>Finalement, les résultats de cette thèse nous amènent à nous interroger sur les diverses stratégies qui peuvent être associées à de l’adaptation au changement climatique, sur le « succès » des différentes trajectoires possibles et sur leurs dénominations qui sont loin d’être neutres (telle que la notion de « sans regret »). <p><p><p><p><p><p><p>For a long time adaptation has been neglected in the responses to climate change. Now facing the early impacts of climate change and its increasingly alarming projections, societies are beginning to question the possibility to adjust their activities to these changes characterized by an unprecedented speed. Much more than a technical process, adaptation to climate change can be seen as a social phenomenon occurring in interaction with many other societal changes.<p><p>This doctoral thesis in environmental science and management focuses on the issue of climate change adaptation in Wallonia, in the forestry sector and, partially, the timber industry. In strong interaction with the theoretical literature, we understand the practice of adaptation empirically, focusing firstly on a specific category of actors in forest management: private forest owners. Through an in-depth qualitative study, we identified different forms of integration of adaptation in forest management, materialized by various silvicultural measures. This analysis led to the development of a typology of different profiles of private forest owners according to their modes of action on adaptation. Then we investigated the adaptive capacity of these forest actors, understood as the ability to adjust to damage or opportunities of climate change. Several influencing variables were identified, revealing the multifactoriality of the concept of adaptive capacity.<p>Secondly, the focus of the research was extended to study the process of mainstreaming climate change adaptation at other levels of the Walloon forest and timber sectors. Through a literature review, interviews and non-participant observation, we conducted an analysis of representations related to adaptation and the concrete initiatives that are being implemented in several forest and timber organizations (governmental departments, non-profit associations, training institutes, professional federations and entreprises). This work has showed the existence – or the absence – of different framings of adaptation according to the actors, revealing influences on the adaptive options that are currently promoted or hindered. These contributions have enriched our analysis of the private forest owners’ adaptive capacity, confirming the relevance of our multi-scalar approach. <p>Finally, the results of this thesis make us asking ourselves about the various strategies that can be associated with climate change adaptation, the "success" of different possible adaptive trajectories and their designations that are far from neutral (such as the notion of “no regret” measures).<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished