從一個新的角度調查寬恕的概念，流程和預測因素，本研究對於認知和情感方面的寬恕進行了檢測。為建立一個寬恕的二維模型 - 認知和情感寬恕，本研究採取定量研究方法。具體而言，本研究增加了一個新的角度 - 從個人主義和集體主義的世界觀，來調查寬恕的定義（研究一）。寬恕是一種複雜的認知和情感的過程，但很少有人探討具體的底層機制 - 在組群之間的認知和情感過程。因此，本研究的目的是了解跨文化寬恕的認知和情感機制（研究二）。現有文獻中已經確認一般寬恕的預測因素，但目前還不清楚這些預測因素與不同認知和情感方面的寬恕是否不同。因此，本研究擴展以往的文獻研究（研究三），用實驗的方法去測試認知和情感寬恕的預測因素。 / To investigate the conceptualizations, processes and predictors of forgiveness from a new perspective, both cognitive and emotional aspects of forgiveness were examined. A quantitative research method was employed in an attempt to establish a two-dimensional model of forgiveness - cognitive and emotional aspects of forgiveness. Specifically, the present study added a new perspective to forgiveness by investigating definitions of forgiveness from both individualistic and collectivistic worldviews (Study 1). Forgiveness is a complex cognitive and emotional process, but the specific underlying mechanisms cognitive and emotional processes in an intergroup context have rarely been explored. Hence, the present study sought to understand the cognitive and emotional mechanisms underlying intergroup forgiveness across cultures (Study 2). Predictors of intergroup forgiveness have been identified in existing literature, however it remains unclear if these predictors are associated with the cognitive and emotional aspects of forgiveness differently. Therefore, the present study extended previous literature by examining predictors of cognitive and emotional forgiveness in an experimental setting (Study 3). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ho, Man Yee. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-76). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Purposes of the Research --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- DEFINITIONS OF FORGIVENESS --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Conceptualizations of Forgiveness in the East and the West --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- Cultural Similarities and Differences between English and Chinese Idioms --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3 --- Similarities in Basic Ideas of Forgiveness --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Differences in Cognitive and Emotional Aspects of Forgiveness --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5. --- Cultural Similarities on Forgiveness --- p.14 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cultural Differences on Forgiveness --- p.15 / Chapter 2.7 --- A Two-Dimensional Model of Forgiveness --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF INTERGROUP FORGIVENESS (HONG KONG) --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Significance of Intergroup Forgiveness --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Defining Intergroup Forgiveness --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3 --- Social Identification --- p.18 / Chapter 3.4 --- Responsibility Attribution --- p.19 / Chapter 3.5 --- Empathy --- p.20 / Chapter 3.6 --- Intergroup Forgiveness --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- UNDERLYING MECHANISMS OF INTERGROUP FORGIVENESS (U.S.) --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Identifying with the Republican Party --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Identifying with the Democratic Party --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3 --- Advancing an Understanding of Mechanisms of Intergroup Forgiveness --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- PREDICTORS OF DECISIONAL AND EMOTIONAL FORGIVENESS --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1 --- Predictors of Different Components of Forgiveness --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2 --- Perspective Taking and Transformation of Cognitions --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3 --- Olfaction and Transformation of Emotions --- p.45 / Chapter 5.4 --- Manipulation Check --- p.53 / Chapter 5.5 --- Interaction Effect of the Two Experimental Conditions --- p.58 / Chapter 5.6 --- Implications for Intervention in Forgiveness --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX: --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.61 / Chapter 6.1 --- Filling the Research Gaps --- p.61 / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications of these Studies --- p.63 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.65 / Appendix --- p.77

The purpose of the present study was to explore the forgiveness process that evolves between romantic partners over time by conducting a descriptive analysis to unveil injured partners' perceptions of how and why forgiveness developed within their relationship. Individuals who had previously forgiven their current romantic partner for a hurtful transgression were asked to recount the forgiveness process that transpired between themselves and their partner starting with the occurrence of a negative event. Studying these retrospective accounts allowed the researcher to reveal the conversations and critical events that laypeople attributed to the forgiveness process. In addition to verbally recalling why the levels of forgiveness changed over time between themselves and their loved one, injured partners were asked to visually depict how the forgiveness process transpired within their relationship by graphing the forgiveness trajectory that they recalled experiencing with their partner over time. As a result, specific types of forgiveness trajectories that demonstrated injured partners perceptions of how forgiveness changed over time within their relationship were revealed. / text

This study reviewed the literature regarding forgiveness and developed a structured group counseling format with the theme of forgiveness. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of forgiveness as used in group counseling upon depression, generalized anxiety, dogmatism, relationships, guilt, and forgiveness in the participants. Thirty subjects were selected to participate in one of three groups: an experimental group, a comparison treatment group, and a control group. The experimental group and the comparison treatment group participated in two-hour group sessions, once a week for ten weeks. The experimental group was didactic and experiential with the focus on forgiveness, whereas the comparison treatment group was problem solving using Redecision Therapy. All groups participated in pre and post test sessions. The seven hypotheses in this study were tested with a multivariate analysis of covariance as well as univariate analysis of covariance for each hypothesis. Significance in differences between means was tested at the .05 level of significance.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This paper examines the notion of forgiveness by highlighting the personal psychological experience that may be discarded in the moral and political debate. Faced with his dilemma of whether or not to forgive the heinous crimes of a dying man, Simon Wiesenthal’s invites readers of his personal story in The Sunflower to ask themselves what they would have done in his place. Most respondents have considered this a moral, theological or political issue. This paper chooses to view his question from a psychological perspective. By analysing his autobiographical account in The Sunflower and process model of forgiveness developed by Enright and the Human Development Study Group (1991, 1994), Wiesenthal’s psychological responses have been investigated on behavioural, cognitive and emotional levels.

Facilitating forgiveness: an NLP approach to forgiving is an attempt at uncovering features of the blocks that prevent people to forgive. These blocks to forgiveness can be detected in the real life situations of the six individuals who told me their stories. The inner thoughts, feelings and the subsequent behaviour that prevented them from forgiving others is clearly uncovered in their stories. The facilitation process highlights the features that created the blocks in the past thus preventing forgiveness to occur. The blocks with their accompanying features reveal what needs to be clarified or changed in order to eventually enable the hurt individuals to forgive those who have hurt them. The application of discourse analysis to the stories of hurt highlights the links between the real life stories of the individuals within their contexts with regard to unforgiveness to the research findings of the existing body of knowledge, thereby creating a complexly interwoven comprehensive understanding of the individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in conjunction with their developmental phases within their socio-cultural contexts. Neuro-linguistic-programming (NLP) is the instrument with which forgiving is facilitated in the six individuals who expressed their conscious desire to forgive, because they were unable to do so on their own. Their emotions had the habit of keeping them in a place in which they were forced to relive the hurtful event as if it were happening in the present. Arresting the process of reliving negative emotions requires a new way of being in this world. The assumption that this can be learnt is based on the results from a previous study, in which forgiveness was uncovered by means of the grounded theory approach as a cognitive process (Von Krosigk, 2000). The results from the previous research in conjunction with the results and insights from this research study are presented in the form of a grounded theory model of forgiveness. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Facilitating forgiveness: an NLP approach to forgiving is an attempt at uncovering features of the blocks that prevent people to forgive. These blocks to forgiveness can be detected in the real life situations of the six individuals who told me their stories. The inner thoughts, feelings and the subsequent behaviour that prevented them from forgiving others is clearly uncovered in their stories. The facilitation process highlights the features that created the blocks in the past thus preventing forgiveness to occur. The blocks with their accompanying features reveal what needs to be clarified or changed in order to eventually enable the hurt individuals to forgive those who have hurt them. The application of discourse analysis to the stories of hurt highlights the links between the real life stories of the individuals within their contexts with regard to unforgiveness to the research findings of the existing body of knowledge, thereby creating a complexly interwoven comprehensive understanding of the individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours in conjunction with their developmental phases within their socio-cultural contexts. Neuro-linguistic-programming (NLP) is the instrument with which forgiving is facilitated in the six individuals who expressed their conscious desire to forgive, because they were unable to do so on their own. Their emotions had the habit of keeping them in a place in which they were forced to relive the hurtful event as if it were happening in the present. Arresting the process of reliving negative emotions requires a new way of being in this world. The assumption that this can be learnt is based on the results from a previous study, in which forgiveness was uncovered by means of the grounded theory approach as a cognitive process (Von Krosigk, 2000). The results from the previous research in conjunction with the results and insights from this research study are presented in the form of a grounded theory model of forgiveness. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)