Inaug.-Diss.--Halle-Wittenberg. / Vita.

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This thesis explores the relationship between colonialism and planning in a contemporary urban context in Canada. This project is important because colonialism continues to have impacts on the way that cities and city spaces are constructed. Using The Forks, Winnipeg, as an example, it reviews planning documents using a critical, postcolonial, interpretive and reflexive textual analysis. The intent is to gain more understanding of the ways in which colonialism is implicated in contemporary planning practices in settler societies. The analysis shows three main themes: the identity of The Forks is created in opposition to that of the downtown; heritage at The Forks is presented in ways that ignore colonialism and its past and present impacts on the city; and decision-making at The Forks does not reflect Indigenous priorities. The thesis concludes with some implications for planning practice.

This thesis explores the relationship between colonialism and planning in a contemporary urban context in Canada. This project is important because colonialism continues to have impacts on the way that cities and city spaces are constructed. Using The Forks, Winnipeg, as an example, it reviews planning documents using a critical, postcolonial, interpretive and reflexive textual analysis. The intent is to gain more understanding of the ways in which colonialism is implicated in contemporary planning practices in settler societies. The analysis shows three main themes: the identity of The Forks is created in opposition to that of the downtown; heritage at The Forks is presented in ways that ignore colonialism and its past and present impacts on the city; and decision-making at The Forks does not reflect Indigenous priorities. The thesis concludes with some implications for planning practice.

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Decentralised cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin offer a new paradigm of electronic payment systems that do not rely on a trusted third-party. Instead, the peers forming the network handle the task traditionally left to the third-party, preventing attackers from spending twice the same resource, and do so in a publicly verifiable way through Bitcoin's main innovation, the blockchain. However, due to a lack of synchrony in the network, Bitcoin peers may transiently have conflicting views of the system: the blockchain is forked. This can happen purely by accident but attackers can also voluntarily create forks to mount other attacks on the system. In this work, we describe Bitcoin and its underlying blockchain protocol; we introduce a formal model to capture the normal operations of the system as well as forks and double-spending attacks. We use it to define Bitcoin's fundamental properties in terms of safety, liveness and validity. We present the current state of the system: first, we analyse some of the most prominent works that academia has produced between 2008 and 2016, as well as some promising leads to improve the system; then, we use the results of a measurement campaign to show that the size of the network is relatively stable because join and leave operations compensate each other, and that blocks propagate to most of the network in a matter of seconds. We further compare our results to those usually accepted by the community. We introduce a Bitcoin network simulator that we have implemented and present the experiment we have performed to validate it. Finally, we propose a modification to Bitcoin's operations that can prevent double-spending attacks and forks without giving up on its main ideological principles, decentralisation and the absence of source of trust.

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Translational ecology and adaptive management strategies were incorporated into the Fordville Dam Nutrient Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) case study to determine if these two techniques were compatible to the North Dakota TMDL Program. A case study summary of the Fordville Dam Nutrient TMDL was discussed to provide contrast and comparison of the current TMDL program strategy and systematic improvements that could be made with the incorporation of translational ecology and adaptive management. Translational ecology is an effective way to bridge the information barrier through open communication between the stakeholders and scientists while creating a mutual learning experience. Adaptive management is beneficial to a TMDL implementation plan because it allows stakeholders and resource managers to become involved in management decisions and develop a better understanding of the ecosystem. Therefore, combining translational ecology and adaptive management would make the TMDL process more effective, through better communication and a flexible management plan.

Dans Escherichia coli la Dam Methyl Transferase (DamMT) est responsable du transfert d’un groupement méthyle sur les adénosines situés au cœur du tétranucléotide GATC; il s’agit donc d’une activité post réplicative. Ainsi, après le passage de la fourche de réplication, le brin d’ADN nouvellement synthétisé est non méthylé – l’ADN est dit hémimethylé. L’ADN reste hémimethylé pendent une brève période - de l’ordre de la minute - avant d’être reméthylé par la DamMT. L’hypothèse de l’implication de la méthylation de l’ADN dans le contrôle général du programme de maintenance de l’ADN repose essentiellement sur cette observation, puisque l’ADN hemimethyle – exception faite de l’origine de réplication et de la région promotrice du gène dnaA – est diagnostique du passage récent de la fourche de réplication. Cette hypothèse, et le criblage phylogénomique qui en a découlé a conduit a l’identification de plusieurs gènes dont les produits sont supposes être impliqués dans la maintenance de l’ADN. yjaG est l’un de ces gènes. Il a été renomme cycC en raison des dérèglements de la progression du cycle cellulaire associés a un mutant nul de ce gène. L’étude effectuée au cours de ma thèse s’attachera à expliquer l’état actuel de nos connaissances sur la protéine CycC et de son implication dans le processus de réplication de l’ADN. Nos résultats montrent que la protéine CycC est impliquée dans la processivité de la réplication lorsqu’il y a un dommage au niveau de l’ADN. CycC spécifie une activité qui conduit à freiner les fourches de réplication, afin de prévenir des avortements des réplisomes. La surexpression de CycC bloque l’initiation de la réplication entre l’ouverture de la molécule d’ADN et le chargement de l’hélicase réplicative. Nous proposons que CycC interagisse avec le complexe réplicative et ralentit les fourches de réplication. Ce ralentissement prévient de nouvelles collisions lorsque les cellules sont dans des conditions de stress-qui cause des arrêts de la réplication. / In Escherichia coli the Dam Methyl Transferase (DamMT) is responsible for the transfer of a methyl group on the adenosine located in tetranucleotide GATC, so this is a post-replicative activity. Thus, after the passage of the replication fork, the newly synthesized DNA strand is unmethylated - DNA is called hemimethylated. DNA remains hemimethylated in a brief period - about a minute - before being reméthylé by DamMT. The hypothesis of the involvement of DNA methylation in the general control of the maintenance program of the DNA is essentially on this observation, since the hemimethylated DNA - except the origin of replication and the region dnaA gene promoter - is diagnostic of the recent passage of the replication fork. This assumption and phylogenomics screening has led to the identification of several genes whose protein are supposed to be involved in the maintenance of DNA. yjaG is one of these genes. It was renamed cycC, the cell cycle progression is deregulated with a null mutant of this gene. The study in my thesis will focus on explaining the current state of our knowledge of the cycC protein and its involvement in the process of DNA replication. Our results show that the CycC protein is involved in the processivity of replication when there is damage into the DNA. CycC specifies an activity that leads to slow replication forks to prevent abortions of replisomes. CycC overexpression blocks the initiation of replication between the open complex of the DNA at oriC and the loading of the replicative helicase. We propose that CycC interacts with the replicative complex and slows replication forks. This slowdown replication prevents new collisions when cells are under stress, causing replication stops.