Orientador: João Carlos Silos Moraes / Banca: Claudio Luiz Carvalho / Banca: Cecilia Pedroso Turssi / Resumo: As resinas compostas vêm sendo estudadas de longa data, sempre na procura de propiciar aos clínicos um melhor entendimento do seu processo de polimerização e a obtenção de melhores resultados nos procedimentos restauradores. A proposta deste trabalho foi determinar o grau de conversão, a microdureza e o coeficiente de expansão térmica das resinas restauradoras TPH Spectrum (Dentsply) e Filtek P60 (3M), em função da profundidade. Os materiais foram polimerizados por uma fonte de luz halógena durante 40 segundos em anéis de alumínio em diferentes espessuras (1, 2, 3 e 4 mm). O grau de conversão foi determinado através da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo com transformada de Fourier, utilizando a razão entre bandas de absorção correspondentes às ligações duplas alifáticas e aromáticas. Para tanto, foram confeccionadas pastilhas contendo 20mg de resina e 150mg de KBr e os espectros foram obtidos em um espectrômetro Nexus 670 (Nicolet). As medidas de microdureza Vickers foram obtidas com um aparelho HMV 2000 (Shimadzu), utilizando uma amostra de cada espessura. A expansão térmica foi estudada através da técnica da extensometria. Os resultados mostraram que para as duas resinas ocorre uma diminuição no grau de conversão e na microdureza à medida que se aumenta a profundidade, como esperado. Para as medidas de expansão térmica, a resina Filtek P60 não apresentou diferenças significativas nas quatro profundidades, enquanto para a resina TPH Spectrum houve um aumento no coeficiente de expansão térmica com a profundidade. Não foi observada uma correlação entre o grau de conversão e a microdureza nas duas resinas estudadas. A determinação do grau de conversão através de espectros de absorção no infravermelho próximo mostrou-se mais preciso do que quando determinado a partir de espectros na região infravermelho médio. / Abstract: The composite resins have been widely studied allowing a better understanding of the process of polymerization. As consequence, better results in the clinical procedures have been obtained. The purpose of this work was to study the degree of conversion, the hardness and the thermal expansion of the TPH Spectrum (Dentsply) and Filtek P60 (3M) resins in different depths. Samples were prepared for each resin using aluminum rings 10 mm in internal diameter and with different thickness (1, 2, 3, and 4 mm). Resin composites were cured with a halogen light curing unit for 40 s. The degree of conversion was determined from FTIR spectra by comparison of the aliphatic =CH2 bond at 4743 cm -1 with that of the aromatic component at 4623 cm -1 for the cured and uncured states. For that, pellets containing 20 mg of resin powder (cured or uncured) and 150 mg of KBr powder were made. The near infra-red spectra were obtained in a FT-IR spectrophotometer (model Nexus 670, Nicolet). The Vickers hardness was measured with a Micro Hardness Tester (model HMV 2000, Shimadzu). The thermal expansion was studied through the strain gauge technique. The results showed a decrease in the value of DC and hardness as increases the depth. For Filtek P60 resin, it was not observed significant difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion at different depths. On the other hand, an increase was observed in the coefficient as it increases the depth for the TPH Spectrum resin. There is not correlation between the conversion degree and the microhardness for the two studied resins. DC values more accurate were obtained from near infra-red spectra when compared with those obtained from medium infra-red spectra. / Mestre

Orientador: Laura Maria Mariscal Ottoboni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:56:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_DanielaAlves_D.pdf: 7458236 bytes, checksum: b0e036998f9e767306b90cf0ead49a47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans e uma bacteria quimiolitotrófica, Gram-negativa e acidofílica que exerce um importante papel no processo de biolixiviação. O processo de biolixiviação e afetado por intempéries como variações na temperatura e na composição de nutrientes e, entender os mecanismos que A. ferrooxidans dispõe para sobreviver em ambientes extremos e de suma importância para melhorar o seu emprego no processo de biolixiviação. Neste trabalho foi estudada a resposta de A. ferrooxidans ao aumento da temperatura e a privação de fosfato. Para tanto, foram utilizadas técnicas baseadas em microscopia, espectroscopia no infravermelho, ferramentas proteômicas, PCR quantitativo e bioinformática. Pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se o alongamento das células de A. ferrooxidans, e a espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR) mostrou alterações em números de ondas entre 850 e 1275 cm-1, referentes a carboidratos, fosfolipídios e fosfoproteínas. A abordagem proteômica utilizada, uma combinação de eletroforese de duas dimensões e espectrometria de massas, identificou 44 proteínas diferencialmente expressas e pertencentes a 11 categorias funcionais. Dentre as proteínas com expressão aumentada foram identificadas algumas de resposta ao choque térmico. A técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real foi utilizada para avaliar o padrão de Expressão de genes do choque térmico e de outros genes que codificam proteínas pertencentes a diversas categorias funcionais em A. ferrooxidans. Para tanto, A. ferrooxidans foi cultivada a 40?C ate 50% de oxidação dos íons ferrosos (aproximadamente metade fase logarítmica) e também foi submetida a um choque térmico em diferentes tempos e na mesma temperatura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o padrão de expressão da maioria dos genes analisados foi afetado apos o choque térmico. Contudo, o crescimento a 40?C pouco afetou a expressão gênica, com exceção de alguns genes relacionados com o transporte de ferro, os quais foram consideravelmente reprimidos. Analises in silico para predição de sítios de ligação do fator sigma 32 da RNA polimerase nos genes afetados pelo aumento da temperatura indicaram que 15 do total de genes analisados possivelmente estão sob a regulação deste fator. Adicionalmente, analises da filogenia das sequências de aminoácidos de três "small heat shock proteins" (AFE_1437, AFE_1009 e AFE_2172) revelou que elas são, possivelmente, proteínas nao-paralogas. Estudos estruturais baseados em modelagem molecular por homologia indicaram que as proteínas AFE_1437, AFE_1009 e AFE_2172 possuem um domínio ?-cristalino com características estruturais semelhantes. Contudo, a proteína codificada por AFE_2172 apresenta uma região C-terminal bastante curta. Os resultados obtidos com este trabalho mostram que A. ferrooxidans possui um conjunto de respostas ao estresse muito bem elaborado, enfatizando seu potencial para uso biotecnológico / Abstract: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a chemolithoautotrophic, Gram negative, acidophilic bacterium which plays an important role in metal bioleaching. During bioleaching, cells are subjected to changes in growth temperature and nutrient starvation, thus understanding the mechanisms used for their survival in such harsh environments could help to improve Acidithiobacillus's efficacy on such processes. This study presents the effects of heat and phosphate starvation on A. ferrooxidans physiology, analysed using microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, proteomic tools, quantitative PCR and bioinformatics. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that under the tested stress conditions A. ferrooxidans cells became elongated, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed alterations in wavenumbers between 850 and 1275 cm-1, which are related to carbohydrates, phospholipids and phosphoproteins. Proteomic analyses, such as 2-DE and tandem mass spectrometry, identified 44 differentially expressed protein spots, the identified proteins belonging to 11 different functional categories. The up-regulated proteins were mainly from the protein fate category. Real time quantitative PCR was employed to analyze changes in the expression patterns of heat shock genes, as well as many other genes encoding proteins related to several functional categories in A. ferrooxidans. Cells were submitted to long-term growth and to heat shock, both at 40°C. The results evidenced that heat shock affected the expression levels of most genes while long-term growth at 40°C caused minimal changes in gene expression patterns - with exception of some iron transport related genes, which were strongly down-regulated. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated a putative transcriptional regulation, by the ?32 factor, for 15 of the 34 heat-affected genes. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of some small heat shock proteins (AFE_1437, AFE_1009 e AFE_2172) showed that sHSPs from A. ferrooxidans are possible non paralogous proteins. Homology molecular modeling structure studies indicated that the proteins encoded by AFE_1437, AFE_1009, and AFE_2172 have conserved ?-crystallin domains. However, the model for AFE_2172 showed a very short C-terminus. These results evidence that A. ferrooxidans has an efficient range of stress-responses, which explains its ability for biotechnological purposes / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

A polimerização adequada da resina composta está diretamente relacionada com o sucesso e longevidade das restaurações. Procurando esclarecer a efetividade das fontes de luz na fotoativação, foram realizados estudos laboratoriais, verificando a profundidade de polimerização (1, 2 e 3 mm) da resina composta Filtek Supreme 3M-ESPE, por meio de diferentes análises como: grau de conversão monomérica por espectroscopia com absorção no infravermelho (FT-IR), dureza Vickers, espectroscopia de fluorescência e análise térmica (calorimetria exploratória diferencial - DSC e termogravimetria TG), comparando-se três fontes de luz: lâmpada halógena (Optilux 501-Demetron-Kerr), LED (Lec 1000-MMOptics) e laser de argônio (INNOVA 100-Coherent). Para isso foram confeccionados em triplicata corpos-de-prova, devidamente padronizados para cada condição amostral. Os resultados de dureza Vickers e grau de conversão monomérica por FT-IR receberam tratamento estatístico pela análise de variância (ANOVA) a dois critérios, assim como as comparações múltiplas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. Para correlação dos testes de dureza e grau de conversão monomérica foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson (p<0,05). O terceiro milímetro apresentou diferença estatística significante em relação ao primeiro e segundo milímetros tanto nos teste de dureza Vickers, como no grau de conversão monomérica por FT-IR. As fontes de luz apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre elas na análise do grau de conversão, sendo que a lâmpada halógena obteve os melhores resultados, seguido do Led e laser de argônio. Não houve uma correlação positiva entre os testes de dureza e grau de conversão por FT-IR. Nos testes de espectroscopia de fluorescência e análise térmica foi possível observar uma mesma tendência de resultados verificado no teste de grau de conversão por FT-IR em relação às diferenças entre as fontes de luz e as profundidades de polimerização. Os testes mostraram-se efetivos na avaliação da profundidade de polimerização, porém o teste de dureza não se correlacionou com os demais testes e todas as fontes de luz se mostraram aptas a polimerização da resina composta até 2 mm de profundidade de acordo com os parâmetros utilizados nessa pesquisa. / The adequate polymerization of composite resin is directly related with the restoration success and longevity. Experimental studies were made to verify the efficiency of light sources in the photoactivation by the evaluation of the depth of cure (1, 2 and 3 mm) of composite resin Filtek Supreme 3M-ESPE by several methods: degree of monomeric conversion by spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Vickers hardness, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry - DSC and termogravimetric analysis - TGA), comparing 3 light sources: halogen light (Optilux 501/Demetron-Kerr), LED (Lec 1000-MMOptics) and argon laser (INNOVA 100-Coherent). Samples were made in triplicate and standardized for each condition. The results of Vickers hardness and degree of conversion by FT-IR were subjected to statistical analysis using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test for multiple comparisons and the statistical significance was assumed at 5% (p<0.05), and for correlation the tests of Vickers hardness and degree of conversion were used the Pearson\' s test (p<0.05). The third millimeter presented statistical difference in relation with first and second millimeters for both tests: Vickers hardness and degree of conversion by FT-IR. The light sources presented statistical differences among them in the degree of conversion test: the halogen light had better values followed by LED and argon laser. And did not have a positive correlation between Vickers hardness and degree of conversion FT-IR. In the fluorescence spectroscopy and thermal analysis was possible to observe the same tendency in the results that they had in the degree of conversion test, in relation of difference in depth of cure and light sources. All tests showed strength in the evaluation of depth of cure, however the Vickers hardness test were not correlated with other tests and all light sources showed to able to polymerized the composite resin until 2 millimeters according to the parameters used in this research.

Orientador: Frab Norberto Boscolo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:17:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Terra_EtienneRomanelli_M.pdf: 924097 bytes, checksum: 3d167bca45ac0474585a5d784fe9ec2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Como a maioria dos pacientes que se submetem à radioterapia na região de cabeça e pescoço possuem restaurações de compósitos na cavidade bucal, qualquer efeito interativo entre o feixe de radiação ionizante incidente e o material restaurador será clinicamente significativo, se as propriedades do material forem alteradas pela radiação. Desconhecendo-se os efeitos dos raios X, produzidos por um acelerador linear, no compósito odontológico FilteK Z250 (3M), foram realizados estudos para avaliar as possíveis alterações nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e químicas deste compósito após a irradiação. Foram confeccionados 100 corpos-de-prova e mantidos armazenados durante todo o experimento a 37°C e 100% de umidade relativa do ar. O grupo 0 não irradiado foi composto por vinte corpos-de-prova, enquanto os demais corpos-de-prova foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos, conforme as doses de radiação X recebidas: 1, 2, 5 e 10Gy. Foram utilizados metade dos corpos-de-prova de cada um dos grupos para a análise de rugosidade de superfície e resistência à abrasão, e os demais, para a análise de dureza Knoop e espectrometria de Infravermelho com Transformações de Fourier. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey (a = 0,05). No período avaliado, houve um aumento estatisticamente significante na dureza Knoop superficial induzida pela irradiação de 10Gy de raios X, indicando uma polimerização adicional no compósito fotopolimerizado, porém, a resistência à abrasão e a rugosidade superficial do compósito Z250 não foram afetadas pelos raios X, quando o compósito foi irradiado até a dose de 10Gy. Os resultados obtidos por meio dos espectros de infravermelho, mostraram que em todas as doses avaliadas alguns grupos funcionais foram consumidos e novos grupos foram formados quando comparados com a amostra não irradiada. Assim, verificou-se que a irradiação (nas doses de 1, 2, 5 e 10Gy) durante o período avaliado não promoveu efeitos prejudiciais no compósito Z250, apesar das alterações no seu espectro químico / Abstract: Since most patients submitted to radiotherapy of the head and neck have composite restorations, any interactive effect between ionizing radiation and restorative material will be clinically significant if the material properties are altered by radiation. Due to the lack of knowledge on the effects of X rays produced by a linear accelerator on the dental composite Filtek Z250 (3M), this study was undertaken to evaluate the possible alterations in the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of this composite after irradiation. One hundred specimens were fabricated and stored at 37ºC and 100% relative humidity of air throughout the study. Group 0 was not irradiated and comprised twenty specimens, and the other specimens were randomly divided into four groups, according to the X-ray doses received: 1, 2, 5 and 10Gy. Half of the specimens of each group were used for analysis of surface roughness and abrasion resistance, and the others were submitted to the Knoop hardness test and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Data were submitted to analysis of variance for repeated measurements and to the Tukey test (a = 0.05). In the study period, there was a statistically significant increase in the surface Knoop hardness induced by irradiation with 10Gy of X rays, indicating additional curing of the light-cured composite, yet the abrasion resistance and surface roughness of the composite Z250 were not affected by the X rays when the composite was irradiated with up to 10Gy. The results obtained by the infrared spectra demonstrated that, for all dosages evaluated, some functional groups are consumed and new groups are formed when compared to the non-irradiated sample. Thus, it was observed that irradiation (doses 1, 2, 5 and 10Gy) during the period evaluated did not yield any harmful effects on the composite Z250, despite the alterations in its chemical spectrum / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Radiologia Odontológica

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of histology, therapeutic response and patient outcomes. Early and accurate detection of breast cancer is crucial as the patient prognosis varies greatly depending on the diagnosis of the disease. Nonetheless current breast cancer classification methods fail to precisely sub-classify the disease, resulting in potential inadequate therapeutic management of patients and subsequent poor clinical outcomes. Substantial effort is therefore put in cancer research to develop methods and find new biomarkers efficiently identifying and characterizing breast tumor cells. Moreover it is now well-recognized that the intensive cross-talk between cancer cells and their microenvironment (including non-tumor cells) highly influences cancer progression. Recently, a growing body of clinical evidence reported the prognostic and predictive value associated with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the microenvironment of breast tumors. Although the evaluation of TILs would be of great value for the management of patients and the development of new immunotherapies, it is currently not assessed in routine practice. Furthermore Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging has shown its usefulness to study a panel of human cancers. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy coupled to microscopy provides images composed of multiple spectra reflecting the biochemical composition and subtle modifications within biological samples. IR imaging therefore provides useful information to improve breast cancer identification and characterization. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to improve breast cancer diagnosis using FTIR imaging to better identify and characterize cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment of breast cancers. In a first step we carried out a feasibility study aiming at evaluating the impact of the sample fixation process on IR spectra. While spectra were undeniably influenced by this biochemical alteration, our results indicated that closely-related cell types were influenced similarly and could still be discriminated on the basis of their spectral features. We then demonstrated the capability of IR imaging to discriminate a tumor from a normal tissue environment based on the spectral features of tumor cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. A particular focus was placed on the identification of lymphocyte spectral signatures of cells isolated from blood or present within secondary lymphoid organs such as tonsils. Our results revealed that IR imaging was sensitive enough to discriminate lymphocyte subpopulations and to identify a particular spectral signature that we assigned to lymphocyte activation. Finally we highlighted the potential value of IR imaging as complementary tool to identify and characterize TILs in breast tumor samples. Altogether, our results suggest that IR imaging provides interesting and reliable information to improve breast cancer characterization and to assess the immune microenvironment of breast tumors.<p>/<p>Le cancer du sein est le carcinome le plus fréquent chez la femme. C’est une maladie très hétérogène du point de vue histologique, de la réponse thérapeutique et de l’évolution clinique. Une détection rapide et précise de la maladie est cruciale, un diagnostic du cancer du sein dès les premiers stades de la maladie permet une meilleure prise en charge du patient et est directement associé à un meilleur pronostic. Néanmoins la classification actuelle des cancers du sein ne permet souvent pas de caractériser la maladie de manière précise, ce qui donne lieu à la mise en place de traitements moins ciblés et une évolution clinique peu favorable. Pour remédier à cela, des efforts conséquents sont réalisés en recherche, dans le but de mettre au point des méthodes capables d’identifier et de caractériser les cellules tumorales. De plus il est actuellement reconnu que le micro-environnement tumoral (composé des cellules non-tumorales) influence fortement la progression du cancer. Récemment de nombreuses études ont montré que la présence de lymphocytes au niveau des tumeurs mammaires (TILs) était corrélée à un meilleur facteur pronostic et prédictif. Bien que l’évaluation des TILs soit de grande importance dans le cadre des immunothérapies, cet élément n’est actuellement pas pris en compte dans les analyses de routine. Par ailleurs, l’imagerie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (FTIR) a démontré son utilité dans l’étude de plusieurs cancers humains. La spectroscopie infrarouge (IR) couplée à la microscopie fourni des images composées de multiples spectres qui reflètent la composition biochimique et les modifications dans les échantillons biologiques. De ce fait l’imagerie infrarouge procure des informations utiles pour améliorer l’identification et la caractérisation du cancer du sein. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’améliorer le diagnostic du cancer du sein par imagerie FTIR pour mieux identifier et caractériser les cellules cancéreuses et le micro-environnement tumoral des tumeurs mammaires. Dans un premier temps nous avons effectué une étude de faisabilité afin d’évaluer l’impact du protocole de fixation des tissus sur les spectres IR. Bien que les spectres soient indéniablement influencés par cette altération biochimique, nos résultats indiquent que des types cellulaires proches sont influencés de manière similaire et peuvent donc être discriminés sur base de leurs caractéristiques spectrales. Nous avons ensuite démontré la capacité de l’imagerie IR de distinguer un environnement tumoral d’un environnement normal sur base des particularités spectrales des cellules tumorales et de la matrice extracellulaire. Une attention particulière a ensuite été portée afin d’identifier des signatures spectrales de cellules immunitaires du sang et au sein d’organes lymphoïdes secondaires, tels que les amygdales. Nos résultats ont révélé que l’imagerie IR permet d'identifier une signature spectrale particulière, que nous avons associée à une stimulation lymphocytaire. Finalement nous avons mis en évidence l’utilité de l’imagerie IR en tant qu’outil complémentaire pour identifier et caractériser les TILs dans les échantillons tumoraux mammaires. De manière générale, nos résultats suggèrent que l’imagerie IR fournit des informations intéressantes et fiables pour améliorer la caractérisation et l’évaluation du micro-environnement immunitaire dans les tumeurs mammaires. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'expérience nommée femto-FT-CEAS a été mise en place durant ce travail. Elle<p>combine une source d'absorption laser femto-opo, une cavité optique haute finesse<p>et un interféromètre à transformée de Fourier. Ce montage instrumental a permis<p>d'enregistrer des spectres sur un domaine de 100 cm−1 avec un coefficient d'absorption<p>minimal détectable de 5 10−10cm−1 pour des paramètres de résolution spectrale de<p>2 10−2cm−1 et un temps d'enregistrement d'une heure. Le coefficient d'absorption<p>equivalent par moyenne quadratique par élément spectral correspondant est de 1.2<p>10−12cm−1 Hz−1/2. Un chemin optique équivalent de 13 km a été obtenu dans une<p>cellule de 77 cm de long. La gamme spectrale accessible est de 6000 − 6700 cm−1 et<p>7800 − 8300 cm−1.<p>Les spectres enregistrés à l'aide du montage femto-FT-CEAS ont permis d'attribuer<p>plus de 1000 transitions rovibrationelles d'échantillons de CO2 enrichis en 17O,<p>d'OCS, CS2, H12C13CD, et CH3CCH. Les bandes suivantes ont été enrégistrées :<p>pour 12C17O2, les bandes 30013e, 30012e, 30011e, 31113e, 31113f, 31112e, 31112f,<p>et 31111e; pour 17O12C18O, les bandes 30013e, 30012e, et 30011e; pour 16O12C32S,<p>les bandes 540, 0, 501, 0, 511, 1e, 511, 1f, 601, 0, 460, 0, 421, 0, 431, 1e, 431, 1f,<p>521, 0, 341, 0, 351, 1e, 351, 1f, 302, 0, 312, 1e, 312, 1f, 402, 0, 322, 2e, et 322, 2f;<p>pour 16O12C34S, les bandes 501, 0 et 302, 0; pour 16O13C32S, la bande 302, 0 ;pour<p>16O12C33S, la bande 302, 0; pour 12C32S2, les bandes 0403, 0114, 3003 et 2203; pour<p>32S12C34S, la bande 3003. Les conventions de notation vibrationelles utilisées ici sont<p>pour CO2, ν1 ν2 l ν3 n où les bandes vibrationelles perturbées par la résonance de<p>Fermi ν1 2ν2 sont ordonnées selon n par ordre décroissant d'énergie. Pour l'OCS,<p>les conventions de notation sont ν1 ν2 ν3, l et pour le CS2, ν1 νl2 ν3. Leur analyse<p>spectrale a été réalisée, aboutissant à de nouvelles constantes rovibrationelles ou des<p>constantes améliorées par rapport à celles de la littérature. Les raies rovibrationnelles<p>attribuées sont données. L'analyse des spectres de H12C13CD et de CH3CCH a étéréalisée par l'équipe du Pr. L. Fusina (Université de Bologne, Italie).<p>L'expérience a aussi été installée autour d'un jet supersonique, enregistrant les<p>structures rotationnelles des bandes vibrationelles ν5 + ν9 de C2H4, 3ν3 de N2O et<p>ν1 + ν3 de H12C13CH en abondance naturelle, toutes avec une température rotationelle<p>inférieure à 35 K.<p>Finalement, un programme de simulation de ligne de base a été écrit. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La connaissance d’un système gaz/solide requiert l’analyse de l’adsorption, du premier stade jusqu’à saturation. C’est la motivation de l’analyse des surfaces sous vide. L’approche des surfaces divisées est souvent tronquée. Pratiquée à des pressions suffisamment élevées pour être compatible avec un temps de réaction raisonnable, elle ne permet pas l'analyse de la surface nue à la monocouche. L’objectif du présent travail a été d’établir une continuité d’observation par FTIR, de l’UHV à la pression ambiante, de poudres de MgO, ZnO et ZnxMg1-xO exposées à l’eau ou à l’hydrogène. Il a été montré que les fumées de ZnO se comparent à des cristaux présentant les faces (0001), (0001̅), (101̅0), (112̅0), avec un rapport non-polaire/polaire de 75/25. Par FTIR combinée à la photoémission et à la désorption thermique, trois étapes de l’hydroxylation des fumées de MgO ont été identifiées : défauts ponctuels (10-8 mbar), marches (10-6 mbar) puis terrasses (> 10-5 mbar), avec une restructuration qui prouve que l’eau change la structure de surface de MgO. La représentation commune de la surface de MgO par une suite de facettes (100) est mise en cause. Aux faibles teneurs en zinc, l’oxyde mixte ZnxMg1-xO est formé de cristallites cubiques de même structure que MgO. Le zinc en substitution tend à ségréger vers les sites de basse coordinence où il affecte les propriétés d’adsorption d’eau et d’hydrogène. Par ailleurs, le mélange ZnO-MgO obtenu par combustion d’alliage ZnMg offre une possibilité d’application grâce aux propriétés bactéricides de ZnO et de faible toxicité de MgO. L’ensemble des résultats montre la pertinence de l’étude des poudres pratiquée dans les conditions de l’UHV. / The analysis of adsorption from the first stage to saturation is necessary to understand gas/solid interactions. This is the motivation for surface analysis under vacuum. The common approach of dispersed materials surfaces is incomplete since working pressures, that are high enough to achieve reasonable reaction times, do not allow studies of powder surfaces from bare to fully covered. The aim of the present work is to examine the successive changes of ZnO, MgO and ZnxMg1-xO nanopowders upon exposure to water or hydrogen from UHV to the ambient by FTIR. It is shown that ZnO smokes behave in a same way as a collection of single crystals which exhibit (0001), (0001̅), (101̅0) and (112̅0) faces with a non-polar/polar ratio of 75/25. Combining FTIR with XPS and TPD techniques, three stages of hydroxylation were identified on MgO smokes: point defects (10-8 mbar), steps (10-6 mbar) then terraces (> 10-5 mbar). Results indicate a reorganisation of surface structure showing that water adsorption on MgO(100) is an irreversible process. The common model of MgO as a series of (100) facets is questioned. At low concentrations of zinc, the mixed oxide ZnxMg1-xO consists of crystals with similar structure as MgO. A segregation of Zn2+ toward low coordinated surface sites is suggested to explain the changes in reactivity of the ZnxMg1-xO with respect to water and hydrogen at low coverages. Furthermore, the mixture ZnO-MgO produced by combustion of ZnMg alloy combines the antibacterial properties of ZnO and the biocompatibility of MgO, interesting for potential applications. The overall results demonstrate the relevance of the study of powders in ultra-high vacuum conditions.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / David L. Wetzel / During germination, biochemical changes occur in the wheat kernel by stimulation of enzymes and hormones, and the seed reserves are mobilized. Infrared microspectroscopy and imaging enables a localized chemical inventory, upon germination, to study the process. Frozen sections of germinated wheat mounted onto BaF[subscript]2 were mapped to produce functional group images for comparison with corresponding sections of ungerminated kernels. Relative functional group populations in the scutellum and embryonic axis were assessed before and after germination. An average 23% reduction in lipid to protein ratio was observed in the scutellum based on the comparison of 53,733 spectra. As a result of the early germination process, lipid in the scutellum was depleted to provide energy for the growing embryo. Germination of the kernels while in the field before harvest due to high humidity is known as preharvest sprouting. Preharvest sprouting has detrimental effects on the end use quality of the wheat (sprout damage) and cause economic loses. Tolerance to preharvest sprouting is highly desirable. To assist breeding program, a nondestructive near-IR chemical imaging method has been developed to test new lines for resistance to preharvest sprouting. The higher sensitivity of subsurface chemical imaging, compared with visual detection, alpha amylase determination, or viscosity testing, permits germination detection at early stages. A near-IR chemical imaging system with an InGaAs focal plane array (FPA) detector in the 1100 nm-1700 nm range was used. Kernels from six different cultivars, including HRW and HWW wheat, were exposed to moist conditions for 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. Images of each 90 kernel group were examined; kernels exposed to moisture for 36 hours were compared with kernels treated for 3 hours as a control. Each kernel was classified as sprouted or not sprouted with the criteria of log 1/R intensity at select wavelengths or select factors of principle component analysis (PCA) treatment of reflectance intensity data. Imaging wavelength range was expanded beyond 1700 nm to 2400 nm with the use of InSb FPA. Study for the potential for unsupervised determination in nondestructive near-IR imaging with detection wavelengths 1200-2400 is ongoing. Some preliminary results presented are encouraging.

β-glucosidases are important components of the cellulase enzyme system in which they not only hydrolyse cellobiose to glucose, but also remove the feedback inhibition effects of cellobiose on exoglucanase and endoglucanase thereby increasing the rate of cellulose degradation to fermentable sugars. A total of 166 proteins were identified as β-glucosidases after manual BLASTp search on the Aspergillus comparative database from eight species. Evidence for Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) of bacterial origin of some β-glucosidase genes was provided by their lack of introns, absence of some fungal specific amino acid insertions in their sequences and unusual positions in phylogenetic trees showing similarities to bacterial proteins. A rapid plate assay based on Congo red methods was developed to study the optimum parameters such as pH and temperature for growth of strains and activities of the enzymes produced. Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus. For the first time a fully detailed characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and 13Carbon Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) of pure BC before and after treatment with a commercially available Aspergillus cellulase enzyme was demonstrated. Two encoding sequences for novel Aspergillus nidulans hydrophobin genes ANID_05290.1 and ANID_07327 that do not fall into either the class I or class II category of hydrophobins were successfully cloned. Two encoding sequences for a novel β-glucosidase gene from an Aspergillus niger strain from Nigeria were amplified and cloned from genomic DNA using PCR. Aspergillus nidulans β-glucosidases (AN2227 and AN1804) expressed in Pichia were purified to homogeneity by using ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. Both enzymes had a remarkably broad pH and temperature profile. Further experiments on the development of a technology for lignocellulose degradation based on co-production of β-glucosidase with hydrophobin for biofuel production are suggested.

In case of charge-transfer complex of TTF:TCNQ lot of work had previously been done on single crystals and thin films to study various interesting properties including phase transitions which were attributed to Peierls instability. But as seen from the review of molecular wires it is clear that apart from synthesis of TTF:TCNQ in molecular wire form, not much was known about the behavior of these wires at low temperatures. There were some open questions listed below, which we tried to address in the thesis Can nanowires of TTF:TCNQ be grown across prefabricated electrodes which are separated by gaps < 1 μm. Can the nanowires grown in such smaller gaps, show Peierls transition, which is the signature of quasi one dimensional conduction. As the size and length of the grown wires are small it was expected that they will have less staking disorder as compared to the thin films. What will be conduction mechanism at low temperatures in such single/few nanowire samples. If the nanowires show Peierls transition and CDW formation at low temperatures, can nonlinear conduction be seen due to motion of CDW, if so how well do they compare with the reported results for TTF:TCNQ single crystals. In case of Cu:TCNQ it can be noted from the above review that even though much advances have been made on synthesizing good quality Cu:TCNQ films and incorporating them in novel device structures, there has been much controversy regarding conduction mechanism. There were many conflicting results in literature regarding switching in these devices. In this thesis work we wanted to address the feasibility of switching in Cu:TCNQ under reduced size of top electrodes and also address few other issues like To grow Cu:TCNQ nanowires by using vapor phase evaporation method Can resistive switching be induced in Cu:TCNQ by using a local probe STM tip (Pt-Rh) operated in high vacuum. Since the measurement will be done in high vacuum what will be the effect of environment (absence of oxygen, water vapor) on reproducibility of resistive switching. Will localized switching depend on the top electrode material. This has been probed by coating different metals on the C-AFM tip and using them as top electrode in conducting mode. With what contact force will we get reproducible resistive switching. Can a device structure be made with an array of top electrode in the form of metal dots (< 10 μm) and study switching using C-AFM. This thesis is divided into seven main chapters and two appendix chapters, which are listed below: In the present chapter 1, a detailed overview and literature survey of charge-transfer complexes TTF:TCNQ and Cu:TCNQ which were relevant to our present study was presented. This was followed by our motivation in undertaking the present work. In chapter 2 the various experimental techniques developed during the course of the thesis work such as e-beam lithography, design of the vacuum chamber for deposition of organic molecules, design of ultra high vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-STM chamber along with the STM head, modification of conducting AFM for obtaining the switching data have been described. In chapter 3 we describe the preparation of TTF:TCNQ molecular wires across prefabricated electrodes and different measurements done on the samples. In particular the observation Peierls transition in the grown nanowires of TTF:TCNQ and the nonlinear conduction mechanism involved at low temperatures will be discussed in detail. In chapter 4 we describe the preparation of Cu:TCNQ nanowires on Cu substrate using vapor phase technique. Resistive switching measurements done on the Cu:TCNQ nanowires in high vacuum with Pt-Rh tip as top electrode will be discussed in detail. In chapter 5 we describe the resistive switching measurements performed on Cu:TCNQ nanowires with different metal coated C-AFM tips as well as FIB deposited platinum dots as top electrodes. In chapter 6 we make a few comments about possible switching mechanism involved, when STM tip, C-AFM induced as well as platinum coated dots were used as top electrodes. In chapter 7 we conclude this thesis by summarizing the main results. Also we point out the scope for future work that can be based upon the results presented in this work. In Appendix A a brief review of self assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkane thiols is presented followed by details about experiments done for insitu study of growth of SAMs of decanethiol and octadecanethiol on silver substrates using ellipsometry and force-displacement spectroscopy. In Appendix B a brief description of work done to grow isolated nanowires of Cu:TCNQ, between two metal electrodes in planar geometry and in anodic alumina membranes is given.