Resumo: A proposta do estudo foi avaliar um pino intra-radicular pré-fabricado metálico em titânio puro com rosca, projetado e desenvolvido na faculdade de odontologia de São José dos Campos - UNESP. O pino desenvolvido tem como objetivo, minimizar tanto as tensões que são encontradas quando do uso de pinos pré-fabricados quanto o custo benefício. Para a análise do pino utilizou-se o teste de resistência à fratura do conjunto pino/munhão/raiz, análise da fratura por microscopia e análise de tensões por elementos finitos. Foram analisados quatro sistemas de pinos metálicos pré-fabricados, divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1 - Pino desenvolvido, Grupo 2 - Pino desenvolvido modificado, Grupo 3 - Flexi Post, Grupo 4 - Para Post. Na resistência à fratura foram utilizados 40 dentes bovinos distribuídos aleatoriamente pelos grupos (n=10) e utilizados para a confecção de corpos de prova simulando a situação encontrada em boca. Os corpos de prova foram levados para uma máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) e realizado o teste de compressão até sua fratura. Após a fratura dos corpos de prova, aquelas raízes que fraturaram foram fatiadas e analisadas microscopicamente. No método dos elementos finitos foram simulados os corpos de prova do teste de resistência à fratura em modelos computacionais para verificar a distribuição de tensões dos pinos estudados. Os três testes realizados tiveram resultados que interagiram. Conclui-se que os pinos desenvolvidos obtiveram bons resultados diante da análise de resistência à fratura e da análise de tensões com os melhores resultados. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate a metallic prefabricated intraradicular post in titanium with thread, projected and developed by the author and advisors of this study with the objective of minimizing the tensions found when used of prefabricated posts and to minimize the cost. For the analysis were used fracture strength test, analysis of the fracture image by microscope and tensions analysis for finite elements method. In this study was analysed four metallic prefabricated posts systems, divided in: Group 1 - projected post, Group 2 - modified projected post, Group 3 - Flexi Post, Group 4 - Para Post. In the fracture strength test 40 bovine teeth were used (n=10) for to make the specimens simulating the situation found in mouth. The specimens were submitted to compressive strength test in a universal machine (EMIC) until fracture occurred. After the fracture, the fractured specimens were sliced and analyzed by microscope. In the finite element method the specimens of fracture strenght were simulated in computer models and analysed tensions distribution of the posts. Concluded that the projected posts behaved well in the fracture strength test and the tension analysis obtending the best results. The finite element test was validated by the fracture strength test and still for the microscopic image of the fracture. / Orientador: Clovis Pagani / Coorientador: Eduardo Galera da Silva / Banca: Eduardo Shigueyuki Uemura / Banca: Pedro Yoshito Noritomi / Mestre

No description available.

This thesis contains two parts. In the first part, four kinds of dental baseplates were obtained after curing at 70 ¢XC in water bath or curing in microwave oven. Pressure vent polymerizing Meta-cera (PVPM) methods were performed at 500 watts using Y-Z flask, then the specimens in the flasks were cooled in two different ways. Additionally, the samples in GC FRP flask were separately cured by three different microwave-energy powers: 85, 255 or 595 watts. Each of these curing conditions has six specimens. Adaptation, porosity, and fracture strength of these specimens were evaluated. Optilon-399, a rubber-toughed dental baseplate, was chosen to study the effect of curing conditions on the morphology of the stained specimens using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that dispersed rubber- enriched phase is observed. Most of the dispersed phase has a mean-diameter ranging from 210 to 1440 nm and smaller domains have a mean-diameter of 80-100 nm. These dispersed domains observed in TEM micrographs are statistically analyzed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The specimens cured in water bath (reference) have the largest mean-diameter, 456 ¡Ó 131 nm, for the dispersed phase. There is no significant difference in mean-diameters between the reference method and 595-watts method. Mean-diameters of the specimens (408~442 nm) cured by the other four methods are significantly less than that of the reference method. Differences are also found among three different microwave-energy powers. Mean-diameter increases from 408 to 432 to 454 nm and the number of domains drops from 35.7 to 34.1 to 32.1 per TEM micrograph when microwave-energy power increases from 85 to 255 to 595 watts. However, 595-watts specimens have the problem of porosity and 85-watts specimens have the highest adaptation discrepancy. Therefore, 255-watts specimens have a relatively high fracture strength (388 kgf versus 354 or 369 kgf). There is no difference in mean-diameter (440 versus 442 nm) and the number of domains (32.9 per TEM micrograph) between PVPM systems. Low adaptation discrepancy and no porosity result in a higher fracture strength (395 and 381 kgf) compared with the reference method (284kgf). From this study, PVPM method in a bench cooled type is suggested to prepare dental baseplates. In the second part, restorative materials for tooth were polymerized and cured using a blue light emitting diode (LED) unit. Five kinds of light-curing hybrid composite resins (Premisa, Esthet-X micro matrix restorative, Z100 Restorative, Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350) were processed by four different operating modes of LED as follows: control mode- 500 mW/cm2 for 20 s; pulse cure mode - 500 mW/cm2 for 10s, 0 mW/cm2 for 10s, then 500 mW/cm2 for the next 10 s; soft-start (ramp) mode- initially 600 mW/cm2 for 10 s, then jump to 1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s; turbo (high) mode-1400 mW/cm2 for 10 s. Each of light-curing dental materials and LED operating modes has six specimens. Temperature variation of resins in a period of 60 s was measured during and after activating the light. Vicker¡¦s hardness of both top and bottom sides of specimens after curing was measured. Both temperature rise and hardness of specimens are statistically analyzed and compared using two-way ANOVA method. Soft-start mode induced an average temperature rise of 7.70 ¡Ó 0.77 ¢XC which is significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other three modes. Pulse cure mode yielded average 4.49 ¡Ó 0.84 ¢XC rise which is lowest (P<0.05). There is no difference in temperature rise between control and turbo modes (P>0.05). Comparing five dental materials, Z350 had an average temperature rise of 7.04 ¡Ó 1.10¢XC that is the highest and significantly different from the other materials (P<0.05). Average temperature rise of the other materials was about 5.3 ¢XC without significant difference, except Premise versus Z100. Both top and bottom sides¡¦ hardness of the cured specimens are determined by dental materials (P<0.05), not by LED operating modes (P>0.05). Z100 has the highest hardness (top: 181.6¡Ó8.9kgf/mm2, bottom: 149.1¡Ó6.0 kgf/mm2). Hardness decreases in the order of Z250, Esthet-X, Premise, Z350. Additionally, the results of isothermal polymerization and curing of resins at 165 ¢XC for 3 hr indicate that the high temperature rise (7 ¢XC) of Z350 resins is due to the high exothermic enthalpy (- 61 J/g). The trend of temperature rise of other dental materials can also be explained from the exothermic value which is measured using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Degree of polymerization conversion of resins after light-curing was also evaluated using DSC. Z100 specimens yielded the complete conversion (100%) for all of LED operating modes. From the viewpoints of complete conversion and high hardness, it is suggested to process Z100 specimens in a pulse cured mode because the temperature rise is only 4.65 ¢XC.

No description available.

Resin-based composite for Class IV restoration is a conservative alternative for maxillary incisor fracture. Little is known about the effect of lingual margin configurations on the longevity of these restorations. This in vitro experiment compared the mean fracture strength among four lingual margin configurations (butt joint, 45° bevel, 60° bevel and chamfer) for Class IV resin-based composite restorations. A total sample size of n=100 human extracted lower incisors were selected, then the teeth were randomly assigned to one of the four lingual margin configuration groups (n=25) and restored with resin-based composite. After thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5°C-55°C with 30 seconds dwell time), they were subjected to inter-incisal static load (135° angulation) until failure (N). Failure mode was determined. In vitro fracture strength was compared among the four groups using one-way ANOVA at alpha=0.05. Mean standard deviation of fracture strength and frequency distribution of failure modes were reported. Results revealed no significant effect on the fracture strength for the type of lingual margin configurations (F(3,96)=0.13; p=0.9435). The data showed that 71% of failure modes resulted in complete tooth fracture (intact restoration), 11% in total adhesive failure, 7% in adhesive only facial, 6% in total cohesive, 4% in cohesive only facial, 1% in avulsion. Fischer’s exact test revealed no statistically significant association (p>0.05) between the margin configurations and failure modes. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that any of the four lingual margin configurations are acceptable in Class IV preparation in terms of fracture strength under static load.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:20:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 yamamoto_etc_me_sjc.pdf: 571255 bytes, checksum: 2fcd49ce28100e72519b3f6c18a7683d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A proposta do estudo foi avaliar um pino intra-radicular pré-fabricado metálico em titânio puro com rosca, projetado e desenvolvido na faculdade de odontologia de São José dos Campos - UNESP. O pino desenvolvido tem como objetivo, minimizar tanto as tensões que são encontradas quando do uso de pinos pré-fabricados quanto o custo benefício. Para a análise do pino utilizou-se o teste de resistência à fratura do conjunto pino/munhão/raiz, análise da fratura por microscopia e análise de tensões por elementos finitos. Foram analisados quatro sistemas de pinos metálicos pré-fabricados, divididos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1 – Pino desenvolvido, Grupo 2 – Pino desenvolvido modificado, Grupo 3 – Flexi Post, Grupo 4 – Para Post. Na resistência à fratura foram utilizados 40 dentes bovinos distribuídos aleatoriamente pelos grupos (n=10) e utilizados para a confecção de corpos de prova simulando a situação encontrada em boca. Os corpos de prova foram levados para uma máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC) e realizado o teste de compressão até sua fratura. Após a fratura dos corpos de prova, aquelas raízes que fraturaram foram fatiadas e analisadas microscopicamente. No método dos elementos finitos foram simulados os corpos de prova do teste de resistência à fratura em modelos computacionais para verificar a distribuição de tensões dos pinos estudados. Os três testes realizados tiveram resultados que interagiram. Conclui-se que os pinos desenvolvidos obtiveram bons resultados diante da análise de resistência à fratura e da análise de tensões com os melhores resultados. / The aim of this study was to evaluate a metallic prefabricated intraradicular post in titanium with thread, projected and developed by the author and advisors of this study with the objective of minimizing the tensions found when used of prefabricated posts and to minimize the cost. For the analysis were used fracture strength test, analysis of the fracture image by microscope and tensions analysis for finite elements method. In this study was analysed four metallic prefabricated posts systems, divided in: Group 1 - projected post, Group 2 - modified projected post, Group 3 - Flexi Post, Group 4 - Para Post. In the fracture strength test 40 bovine teeth were used (n=10) for to make the specimens simulating the situation found in mouth. The specimens were submitted to compressive strength test in a universal machine (EMIC) until fracture occurred. After the fracture, the fractured specimens were sliced and analyzed by microscope. In the finite element method the specimens of fracture strenght were simulated in computer models and analysed tensions distribution of the posts. Concluded that the projected posts behaved well in the fracture strength test and the tension analysis obtending the best results. The finite element test was validated by the fracture strength test and still for the microscopic image of the fracture.

In the atmosphere in the height of 18000ft to 25000ft, there are some metastable droplets called supercooled liquid water in the temperature range of 0◦C to 40◦C. When these droplets impinge on the wings of an airplane, a very thin layer of ice is formed on the surface. This natural phenomenon calls “impact icing”. In this research, I studied the nanoscale impact icing on structured graphite surfaces, as the substrates at the atomistic scale using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. This research focuses on the first steps of the development of a predictive multiscale strategy for molecular simulations of impact ice adhesion on nanostructured substrates. Through the simulations, the molecular level physics such as molecular interactions, interfacial energy, and nanoscale surface roughness are processed into a “microscopic ice adhesion strength” that describes the energy cost for breaking the nanoscale interfacial layer. In this work, the simulation strategy is designed based on the postulate that at the nanoscale the fracture strength of impact ice on a given substrate is controlled by the extent of the ice interdigitating the substrate. The interdigitating interfacial structure is then determined by the process of wetting the substrate by a supercooled impinged water droplet and the process of penetrating of supercooled water crystallizing into ice crystals under graphene nanoconfinement. Following this line of reasoning, I divided my impact icing simulations into three separate sections including (1) simulations of dynamic wetting of supercooled water on nanostructured graphene substrate, (2) simulations of water crystallization under nano-confinement, and (3) simulations of fracture of prescribed ice-substrate interfacial structure. Based on the results, it is concluded that the degree of surface hydrophobicity, depth of penetrated water, the order of interlocked water molecules, size of surface roughness, texture structure of the surface, and ice temperature are the key roles that dominate the investigation of fracture strength of impact ice at the solid interface. Furthermore, MD simulation results demonstrate that the surface roughness lower than 3.0nm is enabled to stop water from crystallization, a piece of useful information to design anti-icing surfaces.

The mechanical properties of unaged and aged constituent materials for solid oxide fuel cells were evaluated using microindentation, plate tensile, four-point bend, ball on ring and pressure on ring tests. The Vickers hardness of the anode, interconnect and electrolyte was determined before and after 1000 hours aging at 1000 oC in air. The fracture toughness KIC was found for the electrolyte materials. Finite element analysis (FEA) was validated and used to calculate the stress distribution and peak stress for the biaxial strength test. A Weibull analysis was carried out on the test/FEA-predicted peak stresses, and Weibull strength, modulus and material scale parameters were found for each test methodology. The methodologies were evaluated based on the results of the Weibull analysis and the pressure on ring test is preferred one for brittle thin film fracture strength testing. Half cell SOFCs with composite cathode (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3±Î´ /8YSZ on the 8YSZ electrolyte were aged 1000 hours at 1000 oC in air with/without polarization and investigated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (B.E.T.) method and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The performance of the half cell SOFCs degraded after aging with/without polarization compared to the initial state, which was ascribed to the decrease of the electrolyte conductivity. The current load was shown to have impact on the performance by slowing down the decreasing rate of the polarization resistance of the SOFCs. After aging, the microstructural properties - pore size and pore volume changed, and growth of grains was found on the (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 phases, which may have contributed to the decrease of the activation polarization by decreasing the capacitance and increasing the number of active sites. After aging the high frequency EIS arcs/peaks shifted to a lower frequency range, and the low frequency arcs/peaks became unapparent compared to before aging. A 3-D multiphysics finite element model was used to simulate the performance of the half cell SOFC. The effective exchange current density and the effective ionic conductivity of the cathodes showed much influence on the performance of the SOFC. Predicted and observed performance was compared. Suggestions were given for the further experiments on the composite cathode. / Ph. D.

Proposição: Este estudo in vitro comparou a resistência à fratura e os padrões de falha de 5 tipos diferentes de pinos-núcleos cimentados em raízes bovinas. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 50 incisivos bovinos frescos foram utilizados. A coroa, o terço cervical e parte do terço médio radicular foram removidos. Os dentes selecionados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10). Quatro grupos foram enfraquecidos utilizando uma seqüência de pontas diamantadas, reforçados com resina composta e restaurados com núcleos metálicos fundidos, pinos de fibra de vidro, pinos de fibra de carbono e pinos de aço inoxidável. Um grupo não sofreu enfraquecimento e foi restaurado com núcleo metálico fundido (grupo controle). Todos os pinos foram cimentados com adesivo Single Bond 2 e cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada espécime foi incluído em resina acrílica e recebeu uma coroa total metálica. A máquina de ensaios universais EMIC-2000 foi utilizada para o teste mecânico. Uma carga compressiva com célula de carga de 500Kgf a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm.min-1 foi aplicada em um ângulo de 135º em relação ao longo eixo do dente até ocorrer fratura. Análise de variância e teste de Tukey foram realizados para determinar a significância da resistência à fratura entre os grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: A análise estatística indicou que as raízes íntegras restauradas com núcleos metálicos fundidos (Grupo 1) apresentaram resistência à fratura significativamente maior: 120,02±35,34, seguido pelos grupos de raízes reforçadas com resina composta e restauradas com os seguintes tipos de pino: núcleo metálico fundido (Grupo 2): 77,91±32,86; pino de fibra de vidro (Grupo 3): 69,60±34,44; pino de fibra de carbono (Grupo 4): 48,25±22,84; e pino de aço inoxidável: 42,26±17,52. Os Grupos 2 a 5 apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. O padrão de fratura variou entre os grupos. O Grupo 1 apresentou um índice de 100% de fratura catastrófica, enquanto o Grupo 4 apresentou apenas 20% de fraturas radiculares. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que dentes com estrutura íntegra são mais resistentes que dentes fragilizados e reforçados com resina. Os dentes restaurados com núcleo metálico fundido demonstraram maior resistência à fratura que os dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro, fibra de carbono e aço inoxidável. Dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro são altamente resistentes à fratura, enquanto o dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono possuem uma grande capacidade protetora da estrutura remanescente. Os dentes restaurados com pinos de aço inoxidável apresentaram a menor resistência à fratura dentre os grupos testados, além de, frequentemente, induzir fraturas radiculares / Purpose: This in vitro study compared the fracture strength and the failure patterns of 5 different types of post-and-cores luted in bovine root canals. Materials and methods: A total of 50 recently extracted anterior bovine teeth with similar dimensions were used in this study. Their crowns, coronal thirds and part of the middle thirds of the roots were removed. The selected teeth were divided into five groups (n=10). Four groups were flared using a sequence of diamond burs, reinforced with composite resin and restored with cast metal post-and-core, glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. One group was not flared and restored with cast metal post-and-core (control group). All posts were cemented with Single Bond 2 adhesive system and dual-cured RelyX ARC resin cement. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic resin and received a complete metal crown. The Universal Testing Machine EMIC-2000 was used for the mechanical test. A compressive load with a 500 Kgf load cell, at a crosshead of .5 mm. min-1, was applied at a 135-degrees angle to the long axis of the tooth until fracture occurred. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were performed to determine the significance of the fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). Results: The statistical analysis indicated that healthy roots with cast metal post-and-cores (Group 1) had significantly higher fracture strength: 120.02±35.34, followed by the groups of flared roots with resin reinforcement and restored with posts: cast metal post-and-cores (Group 2): 77.91±32.86; glass fiber post (Group 3): 69.60±34.44; carbon fiber post (Group 4): 48.25±22.84; and stainless steel post (Group 5): 42.26±17.52. Groups 2 to 5 were statistically similar to each other. The failure patterns varied between the groups. Group 1 showed an index of 100% of catastrophic fracture, whereas Group 4 had only 20% of root fractures. Conclusions: It can be concluded healthy teeth with complete root structure has higher fracture strength than teeth with resin-reinforced flared roots. Teeth restored with cast metal post-and-cores demonstrated higher fracture strength than teeth restored with glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. Teeth restored with glass fiber posts are highly resistant to fracture, whereas carbon fiber posts protect the remaining dental structure. Teeth restored with stainless steel posts show lower fracture strength and often induce root fractures.

Proposição: Este estudo in vitro comparou a resistência à fratura e os padrões de falha de 5 tipos diferentes de pinos-núcleos cimentados em raízes bovinas. Materiais e métodos: Um total de 50 incisivos bovinos frescos foram utilizados. A coroa, o terço cervical e parte do terço médio radicular foram removidos. Os dentes selecionados foram divididos em cinco grupos (n=10). Quatro grupos foram enfraquecidos utilizando uma seqüência de pontas diamantadas, reforçados com resina composta e restaurados com núcleos metálicos fundidos, pinos de fibra de vidro, pinos de fibra de carbono e pinos de aço inoxidável. Um grupo não sofreu enfraquecimento e foi restaurado com núcleo metálico fundido (grupo controle). Todos os pinos foram cimentados com adesivo Single Bond 2 e cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada espécime foi incluído em resina acrílica e recebeu uma coroa total metálica. A máquina de ensaios universais EMIC-2000 foi utilizada para o teste mecânico. Uma carga compressiva com célula de carga de 500Kgf a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm.min-1 foi aplicada em um ângulo de 135º em relação ao longo eixo do dente até ocorrer fratura. Análise de variância e teste de Tukey foram realizados para determinar a significância da resistência à fratura entre os grupos (p<0,05). Resultados: A análise estatística indicou que as raízes íntegras restauradas com núcleos metálicos fundidos (Grupo 1) apresentaram resistência à fratura significativamente maior: 120,02±35,34, seguido pelos grupos de raízes reforçadas com resina composta e restauradas com os seguintes tipos de pino: núcleo metálico fundido (Grupo 2): 77,91±32,86; pino de fibra de vidro (Grupo 3): 69,60±34,44; pino de fibra de carbono (Grupo 4): 48,25±22,84; e pino de aço inoxidável: 42,26±17,52. Os Grupos 2 a 5 apresentaram valores estatisticamente semelhantes entre si. O padrão de fratura variou entre os grupos. O Grupo 1 apresentou um índice de 100% de fratura catastrófica, enquanto o Grupo 4 apresentou apenas 20% de fraturas radiculares. Conclusões: Os resultados mostraram que dentes com estrutura íntegra são mais resistentes que dentes fragilizados e reforçados com resina. Os dentes restaurados com núcleo metálico fundido demonstraram maior resistência à fratura que os dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro, fibra de carbono e aço inoxidável. Dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro são altamente resistentes à fratura, enquanto o dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de carbono possuem uma grande capacidade protetora da estrutura remanescente. Os dentes restaurados com pinos de aço inoxidável apresentaram a menor resistência à fratura dentre os grupos testados, além de, frequentemente, induzir fraturas radiculares / Purpose: This in vitro study compared the fracture strength and the failure patterns of 5 different types of post-and-cores luted in bovine root canals. Materials and methods: A total of 50 recently extracted anterior bovine teeth with similar dimensions were used in this study. Their crowns, coronal thirds and part of the middle thirds of the roots were removed. The selected teeth were divided into five groups (n=10). Four groups were flared using a sequence of diamond burs, reinforced with composite resin and restored with cast metal post-and-core, glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. One group was not flared and restored with cast metal post-and-core (control group). All posts were cemented with Single Bond 2 adhesive system and dual-cured RelyX ARC resin cement. Each specimen was embedded in acrylic resin and received a complete metal crown. The Universal Testing Machine EMIC-2000 was used for the mechanical test. A compressive load with a 500 Kgf load cell, at a crosshead of .5 mm. min-1, was applied at a 135-degrees angle to the long axis of the tooth until fracture occurred. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were performed to determine the significance of the fracture strength among the groups (P<.05). Results: The statistical analysis indicated that healthy roots with cast metal post-and-cores (Group 1) had significantly higher fracture strength: 120.02±35.34, followed by the groups of flared roots with resin reinforcement and restored with posts: cast metal post-and-cores (Group 2): 77.91±32.86; glass fiber post (Group 3): 69.60±34.44; carbon fiber post (Group 4): 48.25±22.84; and stainless steel post (Group 5): 42.26±17.52. Groups 2 to 5 were statistically similar to each other. The failure patterns varied between the groups. Group 1 showed an index of 100% of catastrophic fracture, whereas Group 4 had only 20% of root fractures. Conclusions: It can be concluded healthy teeth with complete root structure has higher fracture strength than teeth with resin-reinforced flared roots. Teeth restored with cast metal post-and-cores demonstrated higher fracture strength than teeth restored with glass fiber, carbon fiber and stainless steel posts. Teeth restored with glass fiber posts are highly resistant to fracture, whereas carbon fiber posts protect the remaining dental structure. Teeth restored with stainless steel posts show lower fracture strength and often induce root fractures.