Poles comprise the largest group of migrants in Scotland. The Scottish Government’s plan has been to attract and retain them to counter the issues of Scotland’s aging population and insufficient labour force, as well as to promote cultural diversity and tolerance (Scottish Government, 2013). However, research on Polish migrants’ experiences suggests that there is a discrepancy between the rhetoric of retaining migrants in a tolerant and inclusive society and the reality, in which Poles tend not to integrate with the local communities and to work below their skill-set and education level (Kobialka, 2016). This is clearly detrimental to the aforementioned government goal of ensuring their emotional and financial well-being and sense of belonging. The existing, and predominantly sociolinguistic, research attributes these issues almost exclusively to the migrants’ “little knowledge of English” (Weishaar, 2008: 1252), whilst overlooking findings from social psychology that suggest that there is more to a person’s ‘relationship’ with the language than just proficiency. These findings suggest that one’s self-concept, or the sum of beliefs about him/herself, is strongly connected to language and may influence his/her everyday decisions and behaviour (Rubio, 2014). Thus, this current study investigated the experiences of Polish migrants in Scotland from this under-researched perspective, focusing on the relationship between the migrants’ self-concept and the English language, referred to as English Language Identity (ELI), as a concept potentially playing a central part in the migrants’ experiences. Gaining an understanding of the migrants’ ELI was believed to be crucial, in order to determine ways of preparing future learners of English to face their potential migration experience with confidence and high self-esteem. In this longitudinal mixed methods study, 20 Polish migrants were interviewed twice and they each submitted electronic journals, in which they reflected on their language-related experiences. Additionally, the findings were validated through a structured questionnaire completed by 378 respondents in the final stage of the study. The data analysis revealed that the participants’ ELI was a dynamic relationship manifested during social encounters in which they made evaluations of how successfully they managed to express their ‘desired self’, or self-concept, and based these evaluations on their perceptions of the ‘ascribed selves’. The perceived communication failure or success, resulting respectively from discrepancy or match between these selves, influenced the participants’ self-esteem, which, in turn, had an impact on their future behaviour and a range of decisions, including the decision of whether or not to remain in Scotland. This dynamic interplay between the desired and ascribed selves that essentially defined the participants’ ELI was influenced by their self-assessed English competence, beliefs about other people’s perceptions of migrants and their general beliefs about the language and its speakers. The latter, based on the assumption that Native English Speakers (NESs) are linguistic experts and ‘owners’ of the language, influenced the participants’ understanding of communication success/failure and of linguistic ‘correctness’, as well as their self-assessed English competence. These findings, coupled with findings from the fields of social psychology, sociolinguistics and English Language Teaching (ELT), were used to make suggestions for English language classrooms and for general pedagogy in Poland and Scotland to reconsider its content, in order to foster the learners’ self-growth, build their self-esteem and prepare them to recognise and address various forms of prejudice and stereotyping.

Esta Dissertação de Mestrado teve como objetivo o estudo da geologia e dos recursos minerais na região de Franca e Pedregulho (SP), e pretende contribuir para um maior conhecimento geológico e tecnológico sobre os litotipos e mineralizações ali presentes e reavaliar a concepção da evolução geológica da área durante o Mesozóico e o Cenozóico. Os trabalhos de campo na região foram voltados à observações dos aspectos geológico-estratigráficos e das principais ocorrências minerais presentes (argilas esmectíticas e diamantes). Deste modo, caracterizou-se a faciologia, granulometria, mineralogia, conteúdo de minerais pesados, petrografia das unidades sedimentares e magmáticas e os tipos e controles dessas mineralizações. Foram elaborados mapas geológicos e de ocorrências minerais, e mapas de pontos na escala 1:50.000, das folhas Franca (SF-23- V-A-V-1) e Pedregulho (SF-23-V-A-II-3), aqui apresentados na forma digital, em escala 1:100.000. Os estudos laboratoriais envolveram análises granulométricas, mineralógicas, químicas, petrográficas, de minerais pesados e microscopia eletrônica de varredura da fração argila. Os trabalhos concentraram-se nas rochas sedimentares suprabasálticas, que diversos autores ora consideram como parte integrante da Bacia Bauru, ora as destacam como seqüência à parte, de idade cenozóica, ou ainda de idade cretácea inferior, contemporânea ao Grupo São Bento. Os estudos realizados possibilitaram a obtenção de uma série de dados e informações que permitem a redefinição dessa unidade sedimentar, que nesta dissertação é referida como Formação Franca, e inserida no Grupo São Bento. A partir dos estudos efetuados também foram identificados, na área, dois tipos de depósitos de argilas: um residual e outro sedimentar, e vários garimpos de diamantes, alguns ativos e a maioria inativos. O depósito de argila residual ocorre associado à alteração dos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral (Jksg), localizados, principalmente, na Serra do Faquinha (Morro do Sapecado). Já os jazimentos de argilas sedimentares estão associados aos lamitos e argilitos da Formação Franca (Kf), correspondendo aos depósitos de Franca e Pedregulho. Com relação aos diamantes, tratam-se de depósitos de pequeno porte, lavrados em forma de garimpos, em períodos de maior ou menor intensidade. As minaralizações estão associadas a aluviões atuais e terraços sub-atuais, constituindo concentrações secundárias. Os principais aluviões diamantíferos estão distribuídos ao longo dos rios Canoas, Sapucaizinho e Santa Bárbara. / This dissertation analyses the geology and also both the existing and potential mineral resources in the Franca and Pedregulho region, northeastern São Paulo state, Brazil. The study undertaken is aimed to broadening the scientific knowledge on the geologic evolution of the area based on a detailed field investigation of the litotypes from both the stratigraphic and economic standpoints. In the latter, the major concern is related to the possible technological uses of specific mineral resources (e.g. clayey deposits). The field work focused on the observation mapping, and detailed interpretation of (i) the major geologic features of the area (ii) the shatigraphic structures, (iii) occurrences of significative clayey deposits, and (iv) past and current exploitation sites of diamond bearing placers. These field investigation also included facies analyses and mineralization control studies. In order to supplement the field work lab studies including granulometric, miscroscopic (heavy minerals) and petrographic analysis were also carried out. Three computer-based maps were produced as a result of this study: (i) geologic map, (ii) map of mineral occurrences and sites, and (iii) map of visited outcrops. All these maps were originally based on the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas\' topographic sheets (scale 1:50.000) named Franca (SF-23-V-A-V-1) and Pedregulho (SF-23-V-A-II-3) and, finally, converted to scale 1:100.000. The field work focused on the sedimentary rocks stratigraphically placed under the basaltic lavas of the Serra Geral Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous). The geologic origin of these rocks is controversial; while some authors consider them as a part of the Bauru Basin (Cretaceous), others interpret them as a part of a specific sequence that, in terms of geologic age, is contemporary to São Bento Group (Cenozoic or Lower Cretaceous). Information and data obtained as a result of this study enabled the author to define a new geologic unit in the studied area that was named Franca Formation. Stratigraphically, this unit is placed in the context of the São Bento Group. With regard to some identified clay deposits in the area, the author was able to classify them into two categories: (i) residual and (ii) sedimentary. The occurrence of the residual deposits is more frequent at Serra da Faquinha (Morro do Sapecado); in terms of geologic origin, these deposits are closely related to the basaltic lavas of the Serra Geral Formation (weathering and hydrothermal alteration). The sedimentary deposits are associated to clayey sediments of the Franca Formation (Cretaceous) and named in this study, as Franca and Pedregulho deposits. Several diamond deposits were also identified in the area; they occur as small placer deposits that have occasionally been exploited in a very rudimentary way over the years. The major occurrences of diamond bearing terraces are located alongside de Canoas, Sapucaizinho e Santa Bárbara rivers.

Orientador: Luís Alexandre Fuccille / Resumo: A redemocratização brasileira regulamentou as principais Políticas Públicas, que ampliaram as bases da organização do modo de produção e das relações sociais. A crise estrutural do capital tem criado impactos políticos e sociais que aprofundam as estratégias de reestruturação produtiva e de Estado, que flexibilizam e precarizam direitos. Como resposta, surge a Economia Solidária como um viés alternativo à garantia, criação e manutenção de postos de trabalho, e posteriormente, institucionaliza-se enquanto política pública para geração de trabalho, emprego e renda. A proposta desta dissertação tem como objetivo geral a questão das práticas desta Economia Solidária no município de Franca/SP: como estão organizados os empreendimentos solidários localmente (em termos econômicos e sociais) e quais seus desafios e perspectivas. Para isso, intentou-se ater às mudanças observadas no seio das organizações sociais e na garantia de direitos, entre os anos 1995 e 2016. Pretendeu-se fazer uma análise acerca dessas proposições à luz do método materialista-histórico-dialético, utilizando estudos bibliográficos, documentais e coleta e análise de dados, obtidos por meio de mapeamentos realizados por órgãos do Governo Federal, na busca da apreensão da totalidade e seus processos mediativos – contextualizando preceitos da práxis de organizações de trabalhadores. Os resultados apontam para uma política pública atrelada a interesses em cooptar organizações coletivas para a funcionalidade do sistem... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Brazilian redemocratization regulated the main public political, this expanded the basis of production modes and social relations. The structural crisis of capital creates a political and social impacts that deepen the strategies of productive and state restructuring, easing right flexible and precarious. As a response, the Social Economy emerges as a alternative bias for garantee, creation and maintence of Jobs post, and posteriorly, in institutionalized as a public policy for the generation of work, employment and income. The purpose of this dissertation has as general objective the question of the practices of this Social Economy in the city of Franca/SP: how are local solidarity enterprises organized (in economic and social terms) and what are their challenges and perspectives. For this, it was intended to stick to the changes observed within social organizations and the guarantee of rights, between the years of 1995 and 2016. It was intented to make a analysis about this propositions all the light of this materialist-historical-dialectical method, using bibliographic studies, documentals and collection of data analysis searching, obtained through mapping carried out by Federal Government agencies, seeking the apprehension of the totality and its mediative processes - contextualizing precepts of the praxis of workers organizations. The results pointed to a public politic linked to interests in collective companies for the use of the capitalist system, and the social e... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This master thesis focuses on multilingualism and interculturality in international projects and work environments. More specifically, it is oriented towards the context of European research projects. The aim of this thesis is to do a qualitative research on the perception and experiences with linguistic and cultural diversity of project partners who are working on European research projects that are funded by the biggest European Research and Innovation programme called Horizon 2020. In the theoretical part, the most important notions such as European research projects, interculturality, communication, multilingualism and lingua franca are defined. After the description of my research method, I proceed to the practical part that is devoted to the presentation and interpretation of interview results.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role of Anglicisms in the language of Ukrainian young adults, the motives of English borrowings&rsquo / usage, and the attitude of young people towards the presence of Anglicisms in the Ukrainian language. The study examined the language of young adults, newspapers and magazines, and popular TV programmes. Note fields, audio-recordings, and questionnaire were chosen for investigation of borrowings integrated in the Ukrainian language. The study revealed a constant usage of Anglicisms by young adults in Ukraine, despite their place of residence and occupation, focusing on the main areas where borrowings are used. It was suggested that English borrowings have become a significant part of the language used by young people in Ukraine.

Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in responding to the effects of the English language’s viability as a Lingua Franca. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is being used predominantly in communication from one non-native speaker to another, and descriptive studies are just beginning to emerge (Dewey 2007; Jenkins, 2000; Seidlhofer, 2004). This report offers a theoretical overview showing ELF’s increasing relevance, and reviews empirical studies that have investigated how ELF is manifesting in the field of language education. These empirical studies are gaining significant traction, specifically in relation to descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics (House, 2003; Mauranen, 2003). In order to investigate a formal description of ELF, recent empirical work is reviewed after two seminal articles were published that helped gain viability into ELF as a distinct research area (i.e. Seidlhofer, 2001; Mauranen, 2003). Such reviews of empirical studies through the use of corpora are not meant to distinguish ELF as a distinct variety of English, but to simply allow for a deep description of how ELF is being used currently. Also discussed are the developments to English language pedagogy and directions for future research as ELF scholars begin to re-conceptualize what is meant by language context and communication in ELF. / text

While the importance of English as a lingua franca (ELF) in business and the media is well-studied, little attention has been paid to ELF in tourism. This study analyzes postings on websites such as TripAdvisor (http://www.tripadvisor.com/), which feature non-professional reviews of international travel destinations and services, in order to evaluate the effects of cultural capital, stereotypes and relative power on: expectations of English availability in non-English speaking countries, evaluation of the language spoken by EFL speakers (e.g. hotel clerks, shop owners), and attitudes towards speaking the local language.This study explores the issue of speech accommodation between the tourists and the local hospitality industry workers and other residents (Giles, Taylor, and Bourhis, 1973; Giles, Coupland, and Coupland, 1991; Giles and Powesland, 1997) and the likely factors leading to convergence/divergence as indicated by attitudes towards language choices. Website excerpts will show the circumstances in which travelers expect the locals (who deal with tourists) to speak English as well as how much of the local language the travelers are willing to learn and use.Findings indicate that the tourists' willingness to take responsibility for linguistic accommodation, tolerance for restricted English proficiency levels, and attitudes towards being exposed to the local culture and language differ according to the presumed cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1986, 1991; Hanks, 2005) - often governed by stereotypes - and relative power of the interlocutors, the visited location and the local language. The role of ELF in the tourism sector and attitudes toward the local residents and language(s) are highly relativized, such that the specificity of the local context must be taken into account. Proficiency in the English language itself is, in some locations, the source of presumed higher status and symbolic of luxury. The second important dynamic demonstrated to affect the levels and type of language expectation is the degree to which the traveler desires interaction with and exposure to the local culture, or wants to stay with familiar experiences in an "environmental bubble" (Cohen and Cooper, 1986). The differences in expectation of ELF demonstrate that traveler attitudes towards specific locations are key to determining linguistic needs.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globalisation has led to the use of English lingua franca (ELF) in many international classrooms and in the majority of the South African tertiary education institutions. The South African situation and use of ELF is grounded in the historic developments of the country and an understanding that it is an international requirement for individuals to have access to English language skills to enable them to realise their potential and participate fully within South African society (CHE, 2002:4). While the development of the previously neglected field of African languages as scientific and academic languages remains a priority, examining the use of ELF in the South African tertiary classroom is essential; therefore, this study explores the use of ELF in the South African tertiary education classroom to understand the role of linguistic diversity in the learning environment. Particular attention is directed to the linguistic repertoires of students, their codeswitching behaviour and instances of miscommunication. The study was conducted at a university of technology and participants were observed during group work sessions, which culminated in a formal assessment. Questionnaires were also utilised to gain further data for analysis. Findings indicate that the role of English as a global economic language should not be underestimated. However, the promotion of multilingualism is advocated and attention should be given to not only the promulgation of language policies, but also their implementation. Furthermore, flexibility in language should be encouraged, with a move away from the traditional use of one language for teaching and learning to a translanguaging classroom and an assessment environment, which brings to the forefront the benefits of translanguaging, where one language is used to reinforce and increase understanding in the other languages (Garcia & Wei, 2014:64). This will assist students to reach their full potential in the tertiary education environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globalisasie het gelei tot die gebruik van Engelse lingua franca (ELF) in baie internasionale klaskamers, sowel as in die meerderheid van Suid-Afrika se tersiêre onderwysinsitute. Die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie en die gebruik van ELF is gegrond op die historiese ontwikkelings in die land. Elke student moet, om sy volle potensiaal te ontwikkel en volkome deel te wees van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, Engels taalvaardig wees, wat in elk geval 'n internasionale vereiste is (CHE, 2002:4). Terwyl die ontwikkeling van Afrika-tale (wat voorheen nie so baie aandag gekry het nie) as 'n wetenskap- en akademiese taal steeds die voorkeur geniet, moet die ondersoek in die gebruik van ELF in die Suid Afrikaanse klaskamers gesien word as ʼn uiters belangrike onderwerp. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die gebruik van ELF in die Suid-Afrikaanse tersiêre klaskamer. Die doel is dan om die rol van linguistieke diversiteit in die leeromgewing, naamlik die klaskamer, na te vors. Spesifieke aandag is gegee aan die studente se linguistieke vaardighede, kodewisseling en kommunikasiebreuke. Hierdie navorsing is gedoen by 'n universiteit van tegnologie en deelnemers is waargeneem tydens groepwerksessies. Die waarnemings is ten slotte saamgevat in 'n formele assessering. Vraelyste is ook gebruik om inligting te verkry vir verdere ontleding. Bevindings het bewys dat die rol van Engels as ʼn globale ekonomiese taal nie onderskat moet word nie. Alhoewel die bevordering van veeltaligheid bepleit word, moet aandag nie net gegee word aan die teorie van taalbeleide nie, maar ook aan die uitvoering hiervan. Buigsaamheid moet verder in taalonderrig aangemoedig word deur weg te beweeg van die tradisionele gebruik van slegs een taal vir onderrig en leer. Daar behoort dus meer as een taal in die klaskamer en op assesseringsgebiede gebruik te word; dit sal lei tot die versterking en beter verstandhouding tussen tale (Garcia & Wei, 2014:64). Dit sal leerders ondersteun om hulle volle potensiaal te bereik in ʼn tersiêre onderwys-omgewing.

This study aimed to explore whether non-native English-language teachers were aware of the existence of the English as a Lingua Franca paradigm and to examine their aspirations and preferences for themselves and their students as learners of English. Five research questions guided the study: 1) What variety of English do non-native teachers aspire to for themselves? 2) What variety of English do non-native teachers aspire to for their students? 3) What environments (native vs. non-native) do they consider to be most conducive for the acquisition of English? 4) Do they emphasize accuracy vs. intelligibility? 5) Is there a relationship between their aspirations and their preferences for accuracy and/or acceptability? The findings provided empirical evidence that non-native English teachers are aware of the different English varieties. The participating teachers seemed to put higher emphasis on intelligibility than on grammatical accuracy if they thought that certain utterances would not impede international communication. The results also revealed a dual orientation in participants' aspirations, where their awareness of the diversity of English varieties and their emphasis on intelligibility was paradoxically contradicted by their own strong preferences for native-like models of pronunciation and lexical knowledge.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas, Florianópolis, 2014. / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T17:54:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 327370.pdf: 7658647 bytes, checksum: 40089bb579fbd4a1e95df4cb0f689d25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Esta pesquisa interdisciplinar de doutorado tem como principal objetivo analisar a produção discursiva da branquidade a partir do corpo feminino em Vogue, entre os anos de 2001 e 2010. O corpo [branco] convocado pelo discurso de moda foi identificado a partir de uma análise documental e qualitativa de edições francesas e brasileiras deste periódico de alta moda e prêt-à-porter de luxo, bem como a violência simbólica que naturaliza o desejo colonizador masculino por meio das lentes dos fotógrafos. Tal análise demonstrou ainda como a erotização e a exotização do Outro e de si mesmo são geradas pelo cruzamento sociocultural e histórico de outras formas de dominação (de classe e de gênero/sexual), em diferentes contextos da mesma violência simbólica racial.