Bielefeld, Universiẗat, Diss., 1976.

August Hermann Francke (1663-1727), the disciple of Philipp Jakob Spener and famous Halle Pietist, embraced a comprehensive worldview that combined theology, politics, and social life. The work of his Stiftungen (Foundations), which he established in Glaucha near Halle/Saale, permeated all levels of society with Pietist ideas--from wealthy nobility to poor orphans. With pastors trained by him venturing to England and the American colonies, the work of Francke's ministry would come to have a transatlantic influence. This study focuses on Francke's theology of the sacraments and his attempts to articulate his form of Pietism through the rituals of baptism and the Lord's Supper. These two sacraments played a central role in the religious activity of the Lutheran church, and we suggest that Francke's own sermons and writings on baptism and the Eucharist provide a rich source for understanding how his form of churchly Pietism informed and deviated from traditional Lutheran teachings. Thus this dissertation addresses two important areas of Pietism studies: 1) it provides a source-based introduction to Francke's theology of the sacraments and 2) it examines the ways in which Francke conflicted with Lutheran Orthodoxy. After a historical contextualization of Francke's rise to the status of a dangerous theologian in the eyes of the leaders of Lutheran Orthodoxy, this study considers how Francke addressed what he believed to be the important features of the sacraments. We evaluate the themes of the Taufbund (baptismal covenant) and worthiness at the Supper that consistently appear in his discussions of the sacraments. Furthermore we examine the influence such figures as Johann Arndt, Theophil Großgebauer, Lewis Bayly, and Miguel de Molinos had on Francke's thought. We argue that these religious figures, among others, played an important role in the appearance of Reformed and mystical ideas in the Glaucha pastor's theology. We consider the way he approached sacramental oaths, rebirth, exorcism, confession, and the Christian life in relation to baptism and the Eucharist. Therefore, this study provides a detailed look at the shape and content of August Hermann Francke's Pietist theology.

Zugl.: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2004/2005

Diss. - Freiburg i. B. / Bibliography: p. 180-186.

Der Briefwechsel zwischen August Hermann Francke und Philipp Jakob Spener, der im 19. Jahrhundert durch Gustav Kramer zum großen Teil schon publiziert wurde, ist im vorliegenden Band durch weitere Quellenbestände erweitert und nach modernen Kriterien der Briefedition dargelegt und kommentiert worden. Dadurch fällt ein neues Licht auf die Geschichte des Pietismus in der letzten Dekade des 17. Jahrhunderts. Schon die frühen Aktivitäten Franckes in Halle sind ohne seine guten Kontakte nach Berlin nicht denkbar. Dies gilt für seine Auseinandersetzungen mit der orthodoxen hallischen Stadtgeistlichkeit und dem Konsistorium ebenso wie für seine pfarramtliche Praxis in Glaucha, in der er auf Grund seiner hohen ethischen Anforderungen an die Gemeindeglieder Widerstand erfuhr, die dann durch seine Beziehungen zum Berliner Hof erfolgreich abgewehrt werden konnten. Diese waren die Voraussetzung dafür, daß die Ideen Franckes in die in dieser Zeit gegründete Universität Halle eingebunden werden konnte. Erst so konnte sich der Pietismus hallischer Prägung entwickeln. Vor dem Hintergrund des Problems, sein theologisches und pädagogisches Konzept in seiner Glauchaer Gemeinde nur bedingt durchsetzen zu können, ist die Gründung des Waisenhauses im Jahr 1698 zu begreifen. Hier konnten Menschen in der Weise geprägt werden, wie er es sich vorstellte. Der Horizont erweiterte sich durch ausgedehnte Beziehungen, missionarische Aktivitäten, wirtschaftliche und diplomatische Kontakte nach Skandinavien, das Baltikum, Russland, die Niederlande und England. Halle mit seinem Waisenhaus sollte als Ausgangspunkt und Modell der Besserung von Menschen und Gesellschaft dienen. Gleichzeitig (um 1700) wurde ein (zweites) Untersuchungsverfahrens eingeleitet, das Franckes Orthodoxie überprüfen sollte. In dem Zeitraum des hier vorgelegten Briefwechsels (1689-1704) vollzog sich Franckes Abwendung von Frömmigkeitsformen, die gesellschaftliche und kirchlich umstritten waren, hin zu etablierteren Weisen des Glaubensausdrucks. Dies führte zu deutlichen Spannungen auch innerhalb der Glauchaer Schulanstalt, die sich in dem Briefwechsel Franckes mit Spener spiegeln. Aber auch das Verhältnis der beiden verlief keineswegs immer harmonisch. Brüche zeigen sich durch längere Phasen des Schweigens beider Briefpartner und trotz diplomatischer Formulierungen, die Spener eigen waren, zeigt sich gelegentlich harte Kritik an Francke. Das Verhältnis zwischen Spener und Francke, das gekennzeichnet ist durch Anregung, Weiterführung, kritische Begleitung u.a. läßt sich durch die Analyse der Briefe an einem Beispiel gut demonstrieren: Für Speners Theologie war die „Hoffnung auf einen künftig besseren Zustand der Kirche“ grundlegend. Francke verband diesen Gedanken mit seinen konkreten Aktivitäten und „Projekten“. Durch sie wurde die Hoffnung durch einen „innerweltlichen Realismus“ konkretisiert.:Inhalt Vorwort Editorische Vorbemerkungen Abkürzungen und Siglen Abgekürzt zitierte Literatur und Quellen Briefe des Jahres 1689 Nr. 1 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.8.1689 Nr. 2 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.10.1689 Nr. 3 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.10.1689 Nr. 4 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.10.1689 Nr. 5 A.H. Francke an [Ph.J. Spener] 13.10.1689 Nr. 6 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.11.1689 Briefe des Jahres 1690 Nr. 7 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.7.1690 Nr. 8 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.8.1690 Nr. 9 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.10.1690 Nr. 10 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 18.12.1690 Briefe des Jahres 1691 Nr. 11 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.1.1691 Nr. 12 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.8.1691 Nr. 13 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1691 Nr. 14 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.11.1691 Briefe des Jahres 1692 Nr. 15 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [9.(?)1.1692] Nr. 16 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.1.1692 Nr. 17 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.1.1692 Nr. 18 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.1.1692 Nr. 19 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.1.1692 Nr. 20 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke [23.(?)] 2.1692 Nr. 21 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [23.2.(?)1692] Nr. 22 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.3.1692 Nr. 23 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.3.1692 Nr. 24 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.3.1692 Nr. 25 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.4.1692 Nr. 26 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.4.1692 Nr. 27 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.5.1692 Nr. 28 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.7.1692 Nr. 29 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 9.7.1692 Nr. 30 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.7.1692 Nr. 31 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.7.1692 Nr. 32 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 19.7.1692 Nr. 33 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.7.1692 Nr. 34 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.7.1692 Nr. 35 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.7.1692 Nr. 36 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.8.1692 Nr. 37 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.8.1692 Nr. 38 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 6.8.1692 Nr. 39 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [9.8.(?)1692] Nr. 40 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.8.1692 Nr. 41 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.8.1692 Nr. 42 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.8.1692 Nr. 43 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.8.1692 Nr. 44 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.8.1692 Nr. 45 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.8.1692 Nr. 46 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.8.1692 Nr. 47 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.8.1692 Nr. 48 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 3.9.1692 Nr. 49 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 6.9.1692 Nr. 50 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.9.1692 Nr. 51 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.9.1692 Nr. 52 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1692 Nr. 53 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.9.1692 Nr. 54 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.10.1692 Nr. 55 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 25.10.1692 Nr. 56 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 5.11.1692 Nr. 57 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.11.1692 Nr. 58 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.11.1692 Nr. 59 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.11.1692 Nr. 60 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 10.12.1692 Nr. 61 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.12.1692 Nr. 62 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.12.1692 Nr. 63 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.12.1692 Nr. 64 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.12.1692 Nr. 65 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.12.1692 Nr. 66 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.12.1692 Nr. 67 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.12.1692 Nr. 68 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1692 Nr. 69 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 31.12.1692 Briefe des Jahres 1693 Nr. 70 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 10.1.1693 Nr. 71 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.1.1693 Nr. 72 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 14.1.1693 Nr. 73 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.1.1693 Nr. 74 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.2.1693 Nr. 75 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 4.2.1693 Nr. 76 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.2.1693 Nr. 77 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.2.1693 Nr. 78 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.2.1693 Nr. 79 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.4.1693 Nr. 80 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 6.5.1693 Nr. 81 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.5.1693 Nr. 82 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.5.1693 Nr. 83 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.5.1693 Nr. 84 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.6.1693 Nr. 85 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.8.1693 Nr. 86 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.9.1693 Nr. 87 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.12.1693 Briefe des Jahres 1694 Nr. 88 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.2.1694 Nr. 89 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.2.1694 Nr. 90 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.2.1694 Nr. 91 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.3.1694 Nr. 92 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.5.1694 Nr. 93 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.5.1694 Nr. 94 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.11.1694 Nr. 95 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.12.1694 Briefe des Jahres 1695 Nr. 96 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.1.1695 Nr. 97 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.1.1695 Nr. 98 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.2.1695 Nr. 99 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.3.1695 Nr. 100 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.3.1695 Nr. 101 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.3.1695 Nr. 102 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 19.3.1695 Nr. 103 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.3.1695 Nr. 104 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.3.1695 Nr. 105 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.3.1695 Nr. 106 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener Anfang/Mitte April 1695 Nr. 107 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.4.1695 Nr. 108 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.6.1695 Nr. 109 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.10.1695 Nr. 110 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.10.1695 Nr. 111 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.11.1695 Nr. 112 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.12.1695 Nr. 113 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.12.1695 Nr. 114 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1695 Briefe des Jahres 1696 Nr. 115 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.2.1696 Nr. 116 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.3.1696 Nr. 117 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.3.1696 Nr. 118 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.3.1696 Nr. 119 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1696 Nr. 120 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.6.1696 Nr. 121 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.7.1696 Nr. 122 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.8.1696 Nr. 123 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.9.1696 Nr. 124 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 28.9.1696 Nr. 125 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1696 Nr. 126 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [31.]10.1696 Nr. 127 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.10.1696 Nr. 128 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.11.1696 Nr. 129 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.12.1696 Nr. 130 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.12.1696 Briefe des Jahres 1697 Nr. 131 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.2.1697 Nr. 132 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.2.1697 Nr. 133 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.3.1697 Nr. 134 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.3.1697 Nr. 135 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.3.1697 Nr. 136 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.4.1697 Nr. 137 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.5.1697 Nr. 138 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.6.1697 Nr. 139 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.6.1697 Nr. 140 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1697 Nr. 141 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1697 Briefe des Jahres 1698 Nr. 142 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.1.1698 Nr. 143 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.4.1698 Nr. 144 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.5.1698 Nr. 145 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.7.1698 Nr. 146 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.7.1698 Nr. 147 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.8.1698 Nr. 148 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.9.1698 Nr. 149 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1698 Nr. 150 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.10.1698 Nr. 151 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 5.10.1698 Nr. 152 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.12.1698 Briefe des Jahres 1699 Nr. 153 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.1.1699 Nr. 154 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.1.1699 Nr. 155 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.3.1699 Nr. 156 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.3.1699 Nr. 157 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1699 Nr. 158 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.4.1699 Nr. 159 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.4.1699 Nr. 160 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.4.1699 Nr. 161 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 25.4.1699 Nr. 162 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.4.1699 Nr. 163 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.5.1699 Nr. 164 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.5.1699 Nr. 165 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.6.1699 Nr. 166 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.6.1699 Nr. 167 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [27.6.(?)1699] Nr. 168 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.7.1699 Nr. 169 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.7.1699 Nr. 170 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.7.1699 Nr. 171 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.7.1699 Nr. 172 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.7.1699 Nr. 173 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 31.7.1699 Nr. 174 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 5.8.1699 Nr. 175 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.8.1699 Nr. 176 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.9.1699 Nr. 177 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.9.1699 Nr. 178 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.10.1699 Nr. 179 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1699 Nr. 180 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.10.1699 Nr. 181 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.10.1699 Nr. 182 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.10.1699 Nr. 183 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 28.10.1699 Nr. 184 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 4.11.1699 Nr. 185 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.12.1699 Nr. 186 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.12.1699 Nr. 187 [A.H. Francke] an Ph.J. Spener 19.12.1699 Nr. 188 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.12.1699 Nr. 189 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.12.1699 Briefe des Jahres 1700 Nr. 190 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.1.1700 Nr. 191 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.1.1700 Nr. 192 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [16./20.1.(?)1700] Nr. 193 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.1.1700 Nr. 194 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.1.1700 Nr. 195 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.2.1700 Nr. 196 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.2.1700 Nr. 197 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.2.1700 Nr. 198 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.3.1700 Nr. 199 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.3.1700 Nr. 200 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.3.1700 Nr. 201 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.3.1700 Nr. 202 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.3.1700 Nr. 203 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.3.1700 Nr. 204 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1700 Nr. 205 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [3.(?)]4.1700 Nr. 206 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.4.1700 Nr. 207 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.4.1700 Nr. 208 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.4.1700 Nr. 209 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.4.1700 Nr. 210 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.4.1700 Nr. 211 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.4.1700 Nr. 212 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.4.1700 Nr. 213 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.5.1700 Nr. 214 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.5.1700 Nr. 215 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.5.1700 Nr. 216 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.5.1700 Nr. 217 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.5.1700 Nr. 218 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [22.(?)5.1700] Nr. 219 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.5.1700 Nr. 220 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.5.1700 Nr. 221 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.6.1700 Nr. 222 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.6.1700 Nr. 223 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [5.(?)]7.1700 Nr. 224 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.8.1700 Nr. 225 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.8.1700 Nr. 226 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.8.1700 Nr. 227 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.9.1700 Nr. 228 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.9.1700 Nr. 229 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 28.9.1700 Nr. 230 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.10.1700 Briefe des Jahres 1701 Nr. 231 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.2.1701 Nr. 232 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 18.2.1701 Nr. 233 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.2.1701 Nr. 234 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.2.1701 Nr. 235 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.3.1701 Nr. 236 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.3.1701 Nr. 237 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.4.1701 Nr. 238 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.4.1701 Nr. 239 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 14.6.1701 Nr. 240 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 28.6.1701 Nr. 241 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.7.1701 Nr. 242 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 9.7.1701 Nr. 243 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.7.1701 Nr. 244 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 23.7.1701 Nr. 245 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 13.8.1701 Nr. 246 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.8.1701 Nr. 247 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.10.1701 Briefe des Jahres 1702 Nr. 248 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.5.1702 Nr. 249 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.7.1702 Nr. 250 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.8.1702 Briefe des Jahres 1703 Nr. 251 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.4.1703 Briefe des Jahres 1704 Nr. 252 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.1.1704 Nr. 253 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.2.1704 Nr. 254 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 29.11.1704 Nr. 255 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 9.12.1704 Register Personen Orte Sachen Bibelstellen / The correspondence between August Hermann Francke and Philipp Jakob Spener, most of which was already published in the nineteenth century by Gustav Kramer, has been expanded in this volume by other sources and has been edited and commented upon according to modern standards. This edition sheds new light on the history of Pietism in the final decade of the 17th century. For instance, Francke’s early activities in Halle would never have taken place without his good connections with Berlin. This is true not only for his conflicts with the orthodox clergy and consistory in Halle, but also for his pastoral duties in Glaucha, where he experienced resistance from his congregation due to the high ethical standards he demanded of them. His connections to the court in Berlin enabled him to emerge victorious in both of these conflicts. This created the basis for the successful implementation of his ideas in the University of Halle, which was established at this time. Only then could a form of Pietism develop with a distinctly “Hallensian” character. The establishment of the Halle orphanage in 1698 must be understood against the backdrop of the difficulty Francke had implementing his theological and pedagogical ideas in his congregation at Glaucha. At the orphanage, he could finally form people in the manner in which he had imagined. The possibilities for Francke to exert influence widened further through his extensive connections, missionary activities and economic and diplomatic contacts with Scandinavia, the Baltic States, Russia, the Netherlands and England. With its orphanage, Halle was to serve as a springboard and model for the improvement of people and society in general. At the same time (around 1700), a second investigation was instigated by the authorities to evaluate Francke’s orthodoxy. During the period of the correspondence presented in this volume (1698-1704), a clear departure from societal and ecclesiastical criticism of the forms of piety took place in favour of established patterns of religious expression. This led to significant tensions within the educational institution at Glaucha, which is reflected in the correspondence between Francke and Spener. The relationship between the two men was also not always harmonious. Fractures developed in the relationship, which are evident in the long periods of silence in the two men’s correspondence, and in spite of his typically diplomatic formulations, Spener’s harsh criticism of Francke is sometimes quite obvious. The relationship between Spener and Francke was characterized by inspiration, continuation, critical accompaniment, etc. This can be clearly demonstrated by analysing their letters regarding a specific issue: The “hope for a better future state of the Church” was foundational for Spener’s theology. Francke combined this idea with concrete activities and “projects,” through which said hope became concrete in an “inner-worldly realism.”:Inhalt Vorwort Editorische Vorbemerkungen Abkürzungen und Siglen Abgekürzt zitierte Literatur und Quellen Briefe des Jahres 1689 Nr. 1 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.8.1689 Nr. 2 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.10.1689 Nr. 3 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.10.1689 Nr. 4 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.10.1689 Nr. 5 A.H. Francke an [Ph.J. Spener] 13.10.1689 Nr. 6 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.11.1689 Briefe des Jahres 1690 Nr. 7 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.7.1690 Nr. 8 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.8.1690 Nr. 9 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.10.1690 Nr. 10 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 18.12.1690 Briefe des Jahres 1691 Nr. 11 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.1.1691 Nr. 12 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.8.1691 Nr. 13 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1691 Nr. 14 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.11.1691 Briefe des Jahres 1692 Nr. 15 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [9.(?)1.1692] Nr. 16 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.1.1692 Nr. 17 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.1.1692 Nr. 18 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.1.1692 Nr. 19 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.1.1692 Nr. 20 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke [23.(?)] 2.1692 Nr. 21 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [23.2.(?)1692] Nr. 22 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.3.1692 Nr. 23 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.3.1692 Nr. 24 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.3.1692 Nr. 25 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.4.1692 Nr. 26 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.4.1692 Nr. 27 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.5.1692 Nr. 28 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.7.1692 Nr. 29 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 9.7.1692 Nr. 30 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.7.1692 Nr. 31 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.7.1692 Nr. 32 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 19.7.1692 Nr. 33 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.7.1692 Nr. 34 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.7.1692 Nr. 35 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.7.1692 Nr. 36 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.8.1692 Nr. 37 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.8.1692 Nr. 38 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 6.8.1692 Nr. 39 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [9.8.(?)1692] Nr. 40 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.8.1692 Nr. 41 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.8.1692 Nr. 42 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.8.1692 Nr. 43 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.8.1692 Nr. 44 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.8.1692 Nr. 45 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.8.1692 Nr. 46 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.8.1692 Nr. 47 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.8.1692 Nr. 48 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 3.9.1692 Nr. 49 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 6.9.1692 Nr. 50 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.9.1692 Nr. 51 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.9.1692 Nr. 52 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1692 Nr. 53 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.9.1692 Nr. 54 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.10.1692 Nr. 55 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 25.10.1692 Nr. 56 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 5.11.1692 Nr. 57 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.11.1692 Nr. 58 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.11.1692 Nr. 59 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.11.1692 Nr. 60 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 10.12.1692 Nr. 61 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.12.1692 Nr. 62 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.12.1692 Nr. 63 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.12.1692 Nr. 64 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.12.1692 Nr. 65 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.12.1692 Nr. 66 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.12.1692 Nr. 67 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.12.1692 Nr. 68 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1692 Nr. 69 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 31.12.1692 Briefe des Jahres 1693 Nr. 70 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 10.1.1693 Nr. 71 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.1.1693 Nr. 72 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 14.1.1693 Nr. 73 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.1.1693 Nr. 74 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.2.1693 Nr. 75 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 4.2.1693 Nr. 76 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.2.1693 Nr. 77 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.2.1693 Nr. 78 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.2.1693 Nr. 79 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.4.1693 Nr. 80 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 6.5.1693 Nr. 81 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.5.1693 Nr. 82 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.5.1693 Nr. 83 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.5.1693 Nr. 84 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.6.1693 Nr. 85 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.8.1693 Nr. 86 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.9.1693 Nr. 87 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.12.1693 Briefe des Jahres 1694 Nr. 88 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.2.1694 Nr. 89 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 20.2.1694 Nr. 90 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.2.1694 Nr. 91 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.3.1694 Nr. 92 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.5.1694 Nr. 93 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.5.1694 Nr. 94 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.11.1694 Nr. 95 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.12.1694 Briefe des Jahres 1695 Nr. 96 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.1.1695 Nr. 97 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.1.1695 Nr. 98 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.2.1695 Nr. 99 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.3.1695 Nr. 100 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.3.1695 Nr. 101 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.3.1695 Nr. 102 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 19.3.1695 Nr. 103 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.3.1695 Nr. 104 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.3.1695 Nr. 105 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.3.1695 Nr. 106 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener Anfang/Mitte April 1695 Nr. 107 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.4.1695 Nr. 108 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.6.1695 Nr. 109 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.10.1695 Nr. 110 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.10.1695 Nr. 111 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.11.1695 Nr. 112 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.12.1695 Nr. 113 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.12.1695 Nr. 114 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1695 Briefe des Jahres 1696 Nr. 115 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.2.1696 Nr. 116 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.3.1696 Nr. 117 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.3.1696 Nr. 118 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.3.1696 Nr. 119 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1696 Nr. 120 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.6.1696 Nr. 121 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.7.1696 Nr. 122 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.8.1696 Nr. 123 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.9.1696 Nr. 124 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 28.9.1696 Nr. 125 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1696 Nr. 126 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [31.]10.1696 Nr. 127 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.10.1696 Nr. 128 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.11.1696 Nr. 129 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.12.1696 Nr. 130 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 22.12.1696 Briefe des Jahres 1697 Nr. 131 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 16.2.1697 Nr. 132 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.2.1697 Nr. 133 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.3.1697 Nr. 134 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.3.1697 Nr. 135 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.3.1697 Nr. 136 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.4.1697 Nr. 137 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.5.1697 Nr. 138 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.6.1697 Nr. 139 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.6.1697 Nr. 140 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1697 Nr. 141 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.12.1697 Briefe des Jahres 1698 Nr. 142 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.1.1698 Nr. 143 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.4.1698 Nr. 144 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 3.5.1698 Nr. 145 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.7.1698 Nr. 146 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.7.1698 Nr. 147 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 17.8.1698 Nr. 148 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.9.1698 Nr. 149 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.9.1698 Nr. 150 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.10.1698 Nr. 151 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 5.10.1698 Nr. 152 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 20.12.1698 Briefe des Jahres 1699 Nr. 153 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.1.1699 Nr. 154 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.1.1699 Nr. 155 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.3.1699 Nr. 156 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.3.1699 Nr. 157 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1699 Nr. 158 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.4.1699 Nr. 159 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 15.4.1699 Nr. 160 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.4.1699 Nr. 161 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 25.4.1699 Nr. 162 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.4.1699 Nr. 163 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.5.1699 Nr. 164 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 26.5.1699 Nr. 165 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.6.1699 Nr. 166 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.6.1699 Nr. 167 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [27.6.(?)1699] Nr. 168 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.7.1699 Nr. 169 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 8.7.1699 Nr. 170 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 11.7.1699 Nr. 171 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.7.1699 Nr. 172 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 29.7.1699 Nr. 173 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 31.7.1699 Nr. 174 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 5.8.1699 Nr. 175 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.8.1699 Nr. 176 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.9.1699 Nr. 177 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.9.1699 Nr. 178 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.10.1699 Nr. 179 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.10.1699 Nr. 180 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 17.10.1699 Nr. 181 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.10.1699 Nr. 182 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 21.10.1699 Nr. 183 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 28.10.1699 Nr. 184 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 4.11.1699 Nr. 185 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 9.12.1699 Nr. 186 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 12.12.1699 Nr. 187 [A.H. Francke] an Ph.J. Spener 19.12.1699 Nr. 188 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.12.1699 Nr. 189 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.12.1699 Briefe des Jahres 1700 Nr. 190 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.1.1700 Nr. 191 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.1.1700 Nr. 192 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [16./20.1.(?)1700] Nr. 193 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 23.1.1700 Nr. 194 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.1.1700 Nr. 195 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.2.1700 Nr. 196 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.2.1700 Nr. 197 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.2.1700 Nr. 198 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.3.1700 Nr. 199 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 16.3.1700 Nr. 200 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 23.3.1700 Nr. 201 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.3.1700 Nr. 202 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.3.1700 Nr. 203 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.3.1700 Nr. 204 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 31.3.1700 Nr. 205 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [3.(?)]4.1700 Nr. 206 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 10.4.1700 Nr. 207 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 13.4.1700 Nr. 208 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 14.4.1700 Nr. 209 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.4.1700 Nr. 210 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.4.1700 Nr. 211 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.4.1700 Nr. 212 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 27.4.1700 Nr. 213 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.5.1700 Nr. 214 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 8.5.1700 Nr. 215 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 12.5.1700 Nr. 216 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.5.1700 Nr. 217 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.5.1700 Nr. 218 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [22.(?)5.1700] Nr. 219 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.5.1700 Nr. 220 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.5.1700 Nr. 221 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.6.1700 Nr. 222 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.6.1700 Nr. 223 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener [5.(?)]7.1700 Nr. 224 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.8.1700 Nr. 225 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 24.8.1700 Nr. 226 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 24.8.1700 Nr. 227 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 7.9.1700 Nr. 228 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.9.1700 Nr. 229 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 28.9.1700 Nr. 230 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 2.10.1700 Briefe des Jahres 1701 Nr. 231 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 15.2.1701 Nr. 232 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 18.2.1701 Nr. 233 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.2.1701 Nr. 234 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.2.1701 Nr. 235 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 4.3.1701 Nr. 236 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 26.3.1701 Nr. 237 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 13.4.1701 Nr. 238 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.4.1701 Nr. 239 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 14.6.1701 Nr. 240 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 28.6.1701 Nr. 241 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 2.7.1701 Nr. 242 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 9.7.1701 Nr. 243 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 19.7.1701 Nr. 244 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 23.7.1701 Nr. 245 Ph.J. Spener an [A.H. Francke] 13.8.1701 Nr. 246 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 30.8.1701 Nr. 247 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 27.10.1701 Briefe des Jahres 1702 Nr. 248 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 30.5.1702 Nr. 249 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 1.7.1702 Nr. 250 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 1.8.1702 Briefe des Jahres 1703 Nr. 251 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 21.4.1703 Briefe des Jahres 1704 Nr. 252 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 25.1.1704 Nr. 253 Ph.J. Spener an A.H. Francke 18.2.1704 Nr. 254 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 29.11.1704 Nr. 255 A.H. Francke an Ph.J. Spener 9.12.1704 Register Personen Orte Sachen Bibelstellen

This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere.

This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere.

This is a dissertation about the Halle method, or the visual pedagogies of the Pietist Orphanage as they were developed in the German university town of Halle from 1695 until 1730. A “Pietist” was someone who was affiliated with an evangelical reform movement first initiated by Philipp Jakob Spener in the 1670s. A long and deeply entrenched historiographical tradition has portrayed the Halle proponents of this movement—especially their leader August Hermann Francke—as zealous, yet practical, Lutheran reformers who were forced to directly confront the ideals of early Enlightenment in conjunction with the state-building mandate of Brandenburg-Prussia. This has led to a persistent tendency to see Halle Pietists as “others” who cultivated their collective identity in opposition to so-called Enlightenment intellectuals, like Christian Wolff, at the same time as they exerted a marked influence on these same persons. As a result of this dichotomous portrayal over the years, the impact of the Halle method on educational reform, and on the meanings eighteenth-century Europeans attached to philanthropy more generally, has been misunderstood. I argue that the Pietist Orphanage holds the key to remedying several problems that have impeded our ability to understand the significance of Pietist pedagogy and philanthropy. This was a site specifically designed to introduce children to the conciliatory knowledge-making strategies of the first Berlin Academy of Science members and their associates. These strategies championed the status of the heart as an assimilatory juncture point and were refined in the schools of the Pietist Orphanage, which itself functioned as a visual showplace that viewers could observe in order to edify and improve themselves. It was the material expression of Halle Pietists’ commitment to a “third way” and marked their attempt to assimilate experience and cognition, theology and philosophy, absolutism and voluntarism. The dissertation examines several personalities who had a direct bearing on this conciliatory project: namely E. W. von Tschirnhaus, Johann Christoph Sturm, Leonhard Christoph Sturm, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Christian Wolff. It also examines how the method was applied in the Halle Orphanage schools and extended elsewhere. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Text in German, English and German summaries / Die Masterthesis zeigt auf, wie das Reich-Gottes-Verständnis die Theologie und die missionarische Praxis im hallischen Pietismus bei August Hermann Francke beeinflusst hat. Mittels einer Literaturarbeit wird in missionstheologischer Perspektive das hallische Gottesreich-Verständnis erforscht sowie aus missionsgeschichtlicher Sicht die Praxis der hallischen Pietisten dargestellt. Beide Blickwinkel werden miteinander in Verbindung gesetzt, so dass die Zusammenhänge zwischen Reich Gottes und Gemeindepraxis herausgearbeitet werden. Es zeigt sich, dass die Reich-Gottes-Rede die Rahmenbedingungen, den Bezugspunkt, die menschliche Partizipation, die Ganzheitlichkeit sowie die Reichweite des missionarischen Handelns in Halle maßgeblich beeinflusst hat. Auf Basis der Forschungsergebnisse werden Schlüsse und Praxisimplikationen für die heutige Diskussion um den Reich Gottes Begriff und die missionarische Praxis gegeben. / This study shows how the concept of the Kingdom of God has influenced the theology and missionary church practice of August Hermann Francke. By means of a literature study, the concept of the Kingdom of God in Halle Pietism is researched from a perspective of mission theology. In addition to that the church practice of Francke will be presented from a perspective of mission history. Both points of view are linked to each other so that the relations between the Kingdom of God and church practice are worked out. It is obvious that the view of the Kingdom of God has decisively influenced the framework, the point of reference, human participation, the holistic approach, as well as the range of missionary activity in Halle. On the basis of the research results, conclusions and practical implications for today’s discussion about the concept of the Kingdom of God and missionary practice are given. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

In the last decades a number of studies have shed light on early modern scientific experience. While some of these studies have focused on how new facts were forced out of nature in so-called experimental situations, others have charted long-term transformations. In this dissertation I explore a rather different facet of scientific experience by focusing on the case of the Prussian university town Halle in the period from the late seventeenth till the mid-eighteenth century. At this site philosophers, theologians and physicians were preoccupied with categories such as inner senses, inner experience, living experience, psychological experiments and psychometrics. In the study I argue that these hitherto almost completely overlooked categories take us away from observations of external things to the internal organisation of experience and to entirely internal objects of experience. Rather than seeing this internal side of scientific experience as mere theory and epistemology, I argue that it was an integral and central part of what has been referred to as the cultura animi tradition, that is, the philosophical and medical tradition of approaching the soul as something in need of cultivation, education, disciplination and cure. The study contains four empirical chapters. In the first chapter I analyse the meaning and function of experience in Christian Wolff’s philosophy understood as spiritual exercise and cultura animi. In the second chapter I examine experience in the theologian Hermann Francke’s cultura animi, focusing particularly on the relation between scientific experience and what scholars have referred to as religious experience. In the third chapter I chart aesthetic experience in Alexander Baumgarten’s aesthetics. In the fourth chapter I examine the role of experience in the medicine of Georg Ernst Stahl, Friedrich Hoffmann and their followers. The analysis of medical experience channels the discussion into questions regarding the relation between the cultura animi tradition and the kind of attitudes, practices and processes that have been connected to modern objectivity.